英美文学史复习资料

英美文学史复习资料英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫Artistic features:1. Using alliteration头韵 2. Using metaphor暗喻 and understatement含蓄陈述Geoffery Chaucer杰弗里乔叟The founder of English poetry.三个阶段：1玫瑰传奇2特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德longest complete poem3坎特伯雷故事集：Significance :first time to use heroic couplet(英雄双韵体) by middle EnglishIIThe Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.1. 1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey. 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.牧人日历 The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalinism Morel2. Thomas托马斯莫尔14781535 One of the greatest English humanists乌托邦nTwo books:1.on the social conditions of English 2.on an ideal communist society Baconl3. Francis弗兰西斯培根15611626nThe first English essayist.father of english eassy.1学术的推进2.3随笔58 essaysn4. Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）帖木耳大帝n马耳他岛的犹太人5. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚l15641616共37playsHistorical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V；Richard II；Henry VIII四大喜剧:第二阶段皆大欢喜; 第十二夜; 仲夏夜之梦; 威尼斯商人四大悲剧:哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗; 李尔王; 麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 III The 17th Century1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿16081674（失明后写 失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。）Epics:失乐园（亚当Adam夏娃Eve受魔鬼撒旦Satan诱惑偷尝禁果，被God逐出伊甸园Eden）n复乐园Dramatic poem:力士参孙.2. John Bunyan约翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)Religionary Allegory:天路历程n3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）4. John Dryden:革命时期的保皇派代表royalistIVThe 18th Century1Enlightment 3位代表Addison,Steele,Pope Johnsonl2. Samuel塞缪尔约翰逊17091784 Dictionary =英语大词典n3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特16671745格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts: Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国 Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛一个小小的建议n书战木桶的故事n 一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福l16601731鲁宾逊漂流记5. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯17301774poems:荒村novel:威克菲尔德牧师传n6.感伤主义sentimentalism and pre-romanticism:Blake& Burns7 William Blake威廉布莱克17571827天真之歌.经验之歌 天堂与地狱的婚姻n8 Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18thcentury.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 约翰安德生，我的爱人 一朵红红的玫瑰n 友谊地久天长 不管那一套n 我的心在那高原上VThe Romantic PeriodThe romantic period beganin 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges , and endin 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death.“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯17701850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyThe Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治17721834 The Lake Poets 古舟子颂 柯里斯塔贝尔 忽必烈汗 半夜冰霜 忧郁颂 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦17881824唐璜恰尔德哈罗德尔游记该隐当初我们俩分别4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯麦布女王伊斯兰的反叛钦契一家诗辩无神论的必要性Lyrics:Ode to the West Wind西风颂致云雀A Defense of Poetry -critical worksSong to Men of England-greatest political lyric Keatsl5. John约翰济慈17951821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂秋颂忧郁颂Five long poems:nEndymion, Isabella, The eve of St.Agnes ,Lamia, Hyperion Scottl6 Walter沃尔特斯科特17711832(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels罗伯罗伊艾凡赫VIThe Victorian PeriodCommon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.1. Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯18121870（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer第一阶段：1.Sketches by Boz特写集2匹克威克外传3奥利弗特维斯特（雾都孤儿）4Nicholas Nickleby5.老古玩店6.Barnaby Rudge第二阶段：1Amercian Notes美国札记2，Martin Chuzzlewit宗教色彩，圣诞小说： .3圣诞颂歌 4 The Chimes 圣诞颂歌 5The Cricket on the Earth 灶上蟋蟀6董贝父子7大卫科波菲尔自传体第三阶段1 荒凉山庄2.艰难时世3.little dorrit4双城记(London & Paris)5 远大前程6 我们共同的朋友7未完成：Edwin Drood2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉麦克匹斯萨克雷18111863or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan)3 Jane Austen简奥斯丁l17751817浪漫主义时期的批判现实主义.理智与感情傲慢与偏见(chapter I)爱玛曼斯菲尔德庄园诺桑觉寺劝导3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特18161855 简爱 雪莉 教师4. Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特18181854 呼啸山庄 5.Anne Bronte安妮。勃朗特Agnes GreyThe Tenant of the Wildfell Hall6.Robert Louis Stevenson金银岛7. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德185619004 Comedies:认真的重要温德米尔夫人的扇子一个无足轻重的女人理想的丈夫Novel:多利安格雷的画像Fairy Stories:快乐王子故事集 Hardyl1 Thomas托马斯哈代18401928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） Novels 德伯家的苔丝人物：Angel Clare,Alec 无名的裘德人物：Fawley, Arabella Donnm,(all body) Sue Bridehead(all mind) 绿荫下远离尘嚣 卡斯特桥市长还乡PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列国2.George Bernard Shaw乔治伯纳萧18561950(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist PlaysPlays Unpleasant华伦夫人的职业鳏夫的房产Plays Pleasant武器与人左右命运的人Plays人与超人匹格玛利翁苹果车圣女贞德1. David Herbert Lawrence劳伦斯男女关系儿子与情人(autobiographical)虹n恋爱中的女人查特莱夫人的情人 Joycel2. James詹姆斯乔伊斯18821941（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness尤利西斯(S_O_C)一个青年艺术家的肖像芬尼根的苏醒都柏林人 3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅沃尔芙18821941（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousnessNovels达洛维夫人到灯塔去浪雅各布的房间奥兰朵幕间 Yeats l1. 叶芝18651939（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）collections苇风 责任塔 旋转的楼梯Poems复活节，1916第二次来临/再世到拜占庭航行2. Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家）Poems四个四重奏Plays大教堂谋杀案美国文学史复习1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林1）Poor Richards Almanac 穷人查理德的年鉴 2）“The Way to Wealth”致富之道 “The Autobiography”自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，the first greatprose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”见闻札记, thefirst modern short storiesand the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服记A History of New York纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉3.James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”皮袜子故事集，包括“The Deerslayer”杀鹿者、“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人、“The Pathfinder”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prairie”大草原, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。The Spy 间谍The Pilot 领航者The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.作品：“Nature”论自然、“Essays”随笔录 “The American Scholar”美国学者, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。his most important works are “Representative Men”代表and “English Traits”英国人、“Poems”诗集。5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗“In Walden”沃尔登成名作“Civil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 随笔。非暴力不合作6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑“Mosses from an Old Manse”古厦青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像“The Scarlet Letter”红字人物：Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl7、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔“Moby Dick”白鲸人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格 Ishmael讲故事的人，Starkbuck 星巴克8、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 free verse (自由诗体) 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚 “Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗 Poems 特点：most of the poems in “LeavesofGrass”are about man and nature.9、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森 “I died for Beauty” 我为美而死（诗歌）Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same “Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径“my life closed twice before its close”“mineby the right of the white election”10.Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.阿伦.坡“The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂谢府崩溃记、“The Raven”乌鸦the title poem of a collection“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述异集first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。11.Howells“A modern instance一个现代的例证“The rise of Silas Lapham”塞拉斯。拉帕姆的发迹12.James“The Amercian”美国人“Daisy Miller”黛西，米勒“The portrait of a lady”贵妇人画像“The ambassador”奉使记“The Wings of the Dove”鸽翼“the golden bowl”金碗13.Mark Twain马克.吐温 美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品) 特点：local colorist地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写 “Life on the Mississippi”14、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞 代表作：“Sister Carrie”嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood. “The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲 “An American Tragedy”美国悲剧，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreisers greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。15、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人 “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliots poetry as a whole. “Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔传统和个人天才, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. “The Waste Land”荒原现代主义的标志 “Four Quartets”四个四重奏poem “Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧16.Robert Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑17、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家 诺贝尔代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation” “A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”18、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳 诺贝尔作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。 作品：“The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”19.John Steinbeck约翰.斯坦贝克 诺贝尔“Of Mice and Men”人鼠之间 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”愤怒的葡萄regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。20. Eugene ONeill诺贝尔“The Emperor Jones”琼斯国王、“Anna Christie”安娜.克里斯蒂、“The Hairy Ape”毛猿“Long daysJourney”自传21.Saul Bellow犹太人 诺贝尔从1941年到1987年的4O余年间，贝娄共出版了9部长篇小说。早期创作有结构优美的挂起来的人“Danglin Man”（1944）、 受害者“The victim”（1947），颇为评论界注目。奥吉玛琪历险记“The adventure of Augie March”（1953）的出版，一举成名，奠定了他的文学地位。由于把“丰富多彩的流浪汉小说与当代文化的精妙分析结合在一起”，这部小说成为当代美国文学中描写自意识和个人自由的典型之作。陆续出版了 雨王汉德逊“Hederson the Rain King”（1959）、赫索格“Herzog”获得4项奖（1964） 、赛姆勒先生的行星Mr Sammlers Plannet”（1970）、 洪堡的礼物 （1975）、 系主任的十二月 （1981）、 而今更见伤心死 （1987）、偷窃（1989）等。这些作品袒露了中产阶级知识分子的精神苦闷，从侧面反映了美国当代“丰裕社会”的精神危机。赫索格成为美国轰动一时的畅销书。此外，贝娄还出版过中短篇小说集且惜今朝（1956）和莫斯比的回忆（1968），剧本最后的分析（1965）以及游记耶路撒冷去来（1976）、散文集集腋成裘（1994）等。22.Salinger犹太人Jewish“The Catcher of the Rye”麦田里的守望者名词解释1.Active romanticism:Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the romanticists split into two schools.Some romantic writers expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal,though a vague one,of a feature society free from oppression and exploitation.These were the younger generation of romanticists represented by Byron,Shelley and Keats.2.Passive Ronmanticism:Owing to difference in social and political attitudes,the romanticists split into two schools.Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgoisie,and by the way of protesting against capitalist development turned to the feudal past.These were the elder generation of romanticists,sometimes called escapist romanticists,including Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey.3.English Critical Realism:English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists decribed with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.English critical realists included Charles Dickens,Thackeray,the Bronte Sisters and so on.4、Lost Generation：Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.The famous writers were Hemingway,Fitzgwrald.5.Imagism:Imagism was an Anglo-Amercian poetic movement flourishing in the 1910s. Its program was formulate