英国文学史第四讲：17thC+literature+and+John+Milton.ppt

JohnMilton(1608-1674),TheEnglishRevolutionandtheRestorationJohnMilton(1608-1674)MiltonsWorksParadiseLostConclusion,1.Monarchyvs.Bourgeoisie2.Kingvs.Parliament3.OutburstofEnglishRevolution(1642-1649)4.SplitwithinRevolutionaryCamp5.Restoration6.ReligiousCloakoftheRevolution7.LiteratureofRevolutionPeriod,a.duringTudorDynasty(1485-1603),harmony=sharesameenemies;collaboration;monarchyofferedprotection;bourgeoisieenjoyedprotectionbyMonarchyb.whenallinternalandexternalfoeshadbeencrushed,monarchystrovetoconsolidateitsposition,tostrengthenitspower;whilebourgeoi-sieceasedtodependonMonarchy.c.thuscametheconflictbetweenQueenandParliament,17thcentury,theclashesovermonopoly(King)onmerchandises(commercialinterests)ledtoinconveniencestomerchantsandsharpriseinprices.Parliamentannouncedthatmonopolieswithoutitsconsentwereillegal.ButCharlesIdissolvedparliamentin1629,andruledthecountrywithanabsolutegovernmentfor11years(till1640).Severepersecutionshitthecapitalistclass.Consequently,therearoseademandforanewgovernment.,parliament:merchants;artisans;apprentices;peasantsking:conservativegentry;landlords;monopolists=royalistscivilwarin1642.lastedtill1649OliverCromwellreorganizedparliamentaryforcesintotheNewModelArmyin1645,victoryinNaseby,civilwarendedwhenCharlesIwascaptured,butheescapedfromcaptivity.SocivilwarbrokeoutagainuntilCharlesIwasre-capturedandexecutedin1649mountedtheguillotinescaffoldMonarchywasabolishedCommonwealth/RepublicwasdeclaredinEngland,Themiddlebourgeoisieandthebigbourgeoisiestruggledforsupremacyinparliament.Theordinarypeoplewhopreviouslyfoughtforparliamentwerenowdisappointedandfelttheyhadbeenbetrayed.RevoltswereputdownbyCromwell.DiggersMovementweresuppressedbylandlordsandsoldiers.“Everyonetalksoffreedom,butfewactforfreedom,actorsoffreedomareoppressedbytalkers/verbalprofessorsoffreedom.”,BourgeoisdictatorshipestablishedCromwell.CharlesIIwasrecalledin1660.RestorationPeriod.LaterwhenCharlesIIthreatenedtorestoretheoldabsolutemonarchy,hewasexpelled.William,princeofOrange,fromHolland,wasinvitedtobekingofEnglandin1688.Itwastheso-called“GloriousRevolution”becauseitwasbloodless,withoutrevivalofrevolutionarydemands.,fightGodsbattles.从旧约中偷来面具掩饰革命的本质目的。也有人称英国资产阶级革命为puritanrevolution.Puritanismdoctrine“divineduty”ishardwork,unceasinglaboronlytoaccumulatecapital.in1642,Londontheatreswerecloseddownfortheirextravaganceanddeteriorationandalsoforthepuritanicalabhorrenceof“worldly”pleasuresingeneral,concernedwiththesocialupheavalsofthetime,MiltondefendedtheEnglishCommonwealth,MiltonsLifeSketch,borninLondon;fatherwasascrivener公证人puritanandlovedmusicCambridge,ChristsCollege,goodatLatin;speechbeforethestudents;knowledgetomakethespiritofmanreachoutfarandwide;personalbeautyandstrictnessoflife(nocourting,nodrinking)madehim“theladyoftheChrists”MasterDegreein1632.,selfstudiedfor6yearsonclassical,Hebrew,ItalianandEnglishliterature,science,fession:tobeapoetmarriedin1642,butnomorethanamonth,hiswifewentbacktoherparentsandrefusedtoreturn.(divorceimpossible),Travelonthecontinent1638-1639metGalileoinItalyEyestrouble:fromboyhoodeyesdisease;in1652,totallyblind.(HiswifeMaryPowelldiedthatyear);in1656,remarried.(Hissecondwifediedinchildbirthseveralyearslater.);Miltonwrotehisonlylovepoem,asonnet,forhissecondwife,“OnHisDeceasedWife”(1658).,AftertheRestoration:arrested,imprisoned,booksburned;savedbyapoet,afterrelease,heretiredinsilenceafireinLondondestroyedhishouse;livinginpoverty,dependingonhisdaughtersin1674,hediedofgout痛风,1.Poems2.Pamphlets3.Epics,“OntheMorningofChristsNativity”(composedwhilestudyinginCambridge);“LAllegro”(aboutcheerfulsocialmood;composedaftergraduation);“Comus”(司宴乐的神；“假面具”，tobesettomusic);“Lycidas”(in1637,fortheprematuredeathofaclassmate)(anelegy),“OfReformationinEngland”tourgethoroughreligiousreformIn1643,aseriesofpamphletsonmarriageanddivorce;“incompatibilityshouldbesufficientcausefordivorce.”Areopagitica”(1644,forcensorshipofbooks.Appealforthefreedomofpress.)论出版自由,“DefenseoftheEnglishPeople”and“SecondDefenseoftheEnglishPeople”.(1654)“OurKingmadenotus,butwehim.Naturehasgivenfatherstousall,butweourselvesappointedourownking;sothatthepeopleisnotfortheking,butthekingforthem.”“TheReadyandEasyWaytoEstablishaFreeCommonwealth”(beforetherestoration;aclarioncallforresistancetotheimminentrestoration),“ParadiseLost”(1665)“ParadiseRegained”(1671)“SamsonAgonistes”(1674),*-*（bydictating）Epic“ParadiseLost”finishedin1655.onlyreceived10poundsforitsdifficultpublication,the“waste-paperprice.”“ParadiseRegained”1671Masterpiece“ParadiseLost”25yearsofcomposing.longepicin12books.Writteninblankverse.storiesfromtheOldTestament:thecreationtherebellioninHeavenofSatanandhisfellowangelstheirdefeatandexpulsionfromheaventhecreationoftheearthandofAdamandEvethefallenangelsinhellplottingagainstGodSatanstemptationofEvethedepartureofAdamandEvefromEden,ParadiseLost,God:aselfishdespot/tyrant;cruel,unjustinstruggleagainstSatanSatan:arebel,realhero;themoststrikingcharacterinthepoem“Godsurroundedbyangelswhoneverexpresstheirownopinions”resemblesthecourtofanabsolutemonarch.“Satanandhisfollowers,whofreelydiscussallissues”resembles