跨文化交际与口译基础翻译理论

跨文化交际与口译基础 翻译理论简介：Unit One I. 汉语词类的转换处理 II英语词类的转换处理Unit Two I. 汉语修饰性词组的英译处理 II. 英语中定语从句的翻译（I）Unit Three 英语定语从句的翻译（II）Unit Four 汉语句子的英译Unit Five II. 汉语主次信息句的英译处理 II. 英语句子成分的转译Unit Six 汉语长句的英译处理Unit Seven 英汉语言结构差异分析及英汉互译Unit Eight 汉语习语的英译Unit One I. 汉语词类的转换处理1. 汉语名词转换成英语动词(表示“形状、地位、态度、特点、印象、目的、定义的汉语名词常用动词翻译。)社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力 Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces.自然保护区的规定和管理应按照国务院有关规定办理Nature reserves shall be designated and administered according to the relevant provisions of the State Councils.2. 汉语动词转换成英语名词中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。Chinas successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.3.汉语动词转换成英语形容词（表示情感、知觉等心理状态的动词）她母亲为她的健康担忧。Her mother was anxious about her health.我们决不满足于现有的成就。We are not content with our present achievements.汉语动词转换成英语介词或介词词组我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是：第一，反对；第二，不怕。Our attitude on the question of world war is, first, we are against it, second, we are not afraid of it.我们全体赞成他的提议。We are all in favour of his suggestion.2 汉语形容词或副词转换成英语名词他试图用热情的款待把它的窘态遮盖过去。 He tried to cover up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality.空气是这样的清香，使人感到分外凉爽、舒畅。The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.II 英语词类的转换处理1. 英语名词转译成动词（A由动词派生的名词；B 具有动作意味的名词；C 以er结尾的表示身份或职业的名词；D作为习语主体的名词）He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽烟，但他父亲却一支接一支不停地抽。The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.电子计算机的应用可以大大提高劳动生产率。2.英语名词转译成形容词（由形容词派生的名词，以及有些不加不定冠词的名词作表语时） The people of some nations greet with others smilingly, but there are ethnic groups in which it is a rule to greet one another with tears in eyes. 有些国家的人民以微笑方式打招呼，但在有些宗教团体中，规定的方式是眼中含泪与人打招呼。Allow me, on behalf of the delegation that accompanies me and in my own name, to sincerely thank you for this and convey to you the message of friendship and fraternity of our people. 对此，请允许我以陪同我访问的代表团和我个人的名义，向你们表示诚挚的谢意，并向你们传达我们人民的兄弟般的友好情谊。3.英语动词转译成名词（英语中由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转换的动词）He was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his view. 他受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了迫害。And he warned that the improvement in bilateral relations might be jeopardized by a continuation of the war.他还警告说，如果战争继续下去，双边关系的改善有可能受到损害。4.英语形容词转译成动词。（英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语，译为动词。如able, afraid, angry, anxious. Ashamed, aware, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, delighted, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant, sorry, sure, thankful.） The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。A socially mature person does not necessarily like or respect all people, but he is tolerant and understanding and does not intentionally hurt anyones feelings.在社交方面成熟的人不一定要喜欢或尊敬所有人，但是它能容忍、谅解他们，而且不会故意去伤害他人。Unit TwoI. 汉语修饰性词组的英译处理1. 转化成从句以上就是我们同意继续进行两岸对话的条件The afore-said are conditions under which we will agree to continue talks between both sides of the Strait.找不找人帮忙的事由你来决定。Its up to you to decide whether we should look for helping hands or not.这就是故事中后来成为了著名天文学家的那个孩子。This is the young man in the story who was to become a great astronomer years later.2. 转化成动词不定式为什么人服务的问题，是一个根本的问题，原则的问题。To serve for whom is a cardinal problem, a matter of principle.四川是首先实行社会保险改革的省份之一。Sichuan is one of the first provinces to introduce a social insurance reform.我看到你健康、快乐而富有，心里很高兴。Im very pleased to see you happy, healthy and wealthy.3. 转化成分词或分词短语 统计数字还表明转而从事专业性工作的妇女人数有了相当大的增加。 Statistics also show a considerable rise in the number of women turning to more professional lines of work. 在被调查的妇女中，71.39%的人对“男尊女卑”的现象持否定或怀疑态度。 Among those women surveyed, 71.39% maintains a negative or skeptical attitude towards the idea that “ men are superior to women”. 企业要建立风险资金以补偿因管理不善而造成的亏损。 Risk funds will be set up to compensate for losses incurred because of poor management.4. 转化成介词短语 尽管有好多缺点，他是个勤奋的人。 With all his shortcomings, he is a hard-working man. 她听到丈夫被在野党刺杀的消息，痛不欲生。 She is overwhelmed with sorrow at the news that her husband was assassinated by the opposition party. 游行的人们手舞鲜花和彩旗，走过天安门广场。 The paraders marched through Tian An Men Square with flowers and banners in their hands. 5. 惯用法的灵活处理 她人长得好看，脑子又聪明。 She is as pretty as wise. 高等学校中具有高级职称的教师人数已占专职教师总数的32%。 The number of professors and associate professors accounts for 32% of the full-time faculty members in institutions of higher education. 这事说来容易做来难。 Its easier said than done. II. 英语定语从句的翻译 (I)一 限制性定语从句1. 译成前置定语Those who sacrifice themselves for the peoples cause are the real heroes of history.为了人民事业牺牲自己的人是历史上真正的英雄。Everything that we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested us. 我们对在工业博览会上所看到的每样东西都非常感兴趣。He therefore resolved immediately to tell him the fact which we have above slightly hinted.因此，他马上决定把我们在上面隐约提到的那件事告诉他。2. 译成并列句I have strong opinions which wouldnt suit you.我有坚决地主张，怕对你么不合适。Vicky was an energetic student who labored at her dissertation on a little-known 14th century poet.维基是一个精力充沛的学生，她不辞辛劳地撰写那篇关于14世纪一位鲜为人知的诗人的学位论文。It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他街道那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。二 非限制性定语从句1. 译成并列句He took the idea to Bill, who liked it and ordered a secret study, made to see if it could be done.他把这个想法汇报给比尔，比尔对此很感兴趣，命令进行秘密研究，看看是否可行。Anybody is better than Matt, who has neither honour, nor ability, nor capital.谁都比迈特强，他既没名誉，又没能力，也没资金。Actually, it isnt. Because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种认识并不存在。2. 译成独立句I hope your success, which is an inspiration to me, will continue.你的成功对我是个鼓舞，我希望你不断取得成功。Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that computations were accurate.不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算是准确地。He had talked to Vice-President, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 他和副总统谈过话。副总统向他保证，凡是能做到的都将竭尽全力去做。Unit Three英语定语从句的翻译 (II)三、分述法1将关系代词还原He was first introduced to the students at the English corner on the campus by his friend Lin Pingzhi who was already a postgraduate at the university.他是在校园的英语角由的朋友林平之首次介绍给学生的，林平之当时已是该校的研究生了。One day Miss Elizabeth wrote a letter to Jane Austin, who was a famous English woman write. 有一天，伊丽莎白小姐写了一封信给简.奥斯丁，奥斯丁石以为著名的英国女作家。 At dinner I found myself placed between Mrs Bradley and a shy drab girl who seemed even younger than the others. 席间我发现我座位两边分别是布莱德雷太太和一位腼腆的乏味的姑娘。这姑娘看上去比其他人都要年轻。 Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truths sake. 我们这个职业在传统上恪守这样一个信条，这个信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德。2. 简化或概括先行词I received the impression of a brutal, clever, competent man who, in business matters, at all events, would be pitiless.我对这个人的印象是又残酷又精明能干。这种人在生意上无论如何都是毫不殉情的。 Aunt Harriet lived in that leisurely age when servants were employed to do homework. 哈丽特姑妈生活在一个有限的时代，那时家务事是可以雇佣人来做的。3. 主从糅合，重新组织In countries where people remain in one town or city for most of their lives, the social customs are different.有些国家的人民几乎终身未离开一个市镇，所以社会风俗颇为不同。As I came in, Mr. Thompson, who owned the taxicab that used to stand at the corner of our street, waved to me from a table.我进来时，那个开出租车的汤普生先生坐在一张桌子边向我招手。他的车子经常停在我们的街角上。This poem, which almost everybody knows is written by Tennyson.特纳森写的这首诗，几乎人人皆知。 四带有状语功能的定语从句 1.译成表示“原因”的分句 We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以在黑夜也能看得清楚。 He would have to be careful not to offend the foreman, who could give him the sack at any time. 2. 译成表示“结果”的分句 Late last century all the universities in the United States adopted the credit system which benefited students a great deal. 上个世纪末，美国所有大学都采用了学分制，学生从中受益匪浅。There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 这个方案富于创造性，别出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很喜欢3. 译成表示“让步”的分句 He insisted on buying another car, which he had no use for . 他坚持要再买一辆车，尽管他并没有这个必要。 He lived his life apart from the workers on whose skill he depended. 他不跟工人们在一起生活，虽然他离不开他们的熟练技巧。4. 译成表示“目的”的分句 He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention.他想写一篇文章，以便引起公众对这件事的注意。 We recognize the need to establish and develop instituitions which help to tame the excessive use of power. 我们认识到需要建立和发展一些机构以有助于对权力滥用的控制。5 译成表示“条件、假设”的分句Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.如果以为理性知识可以不从感性知识得来，他就是一个唯心论者。He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily如果有人敢于公然反抗世界公众舆论而一意孤行，他一定是个鲁莽之徒。 五、As 引导的定语从句 1As 引导的定语从句位于句首（将其置于句首或句末） As is very natural, man cant live without air. 没有空气人就不能生存，这是很自然的。 As is known to all, a body at rest will not move unless it is acted upon by a force. 众所周知，静止的物体没有外力的作用就不会移动。 2As 引导的定语从句位于句中和句末（译成前置定语） The patient did not have a heart attack as the doctor had feared. 患者并没有像医生所担心的那样复发心脏病 The facts of science are not, as some think, dry and lifeless. 科学的某些事实并不像有些人所想象的那样枯燥乏味。Unit Four 汉语句子的英译一、句子主干的确定1. 主语的确定 A. 汉语句子主题与句子的主语一致 中国进入了百年来发展最快最好的历史时期。 China has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development in this century. 双方决定共同致力于建立面向21世纪的建设性战略伙伴关系。 The two sides decided to commit themselves to the establishment of a constructive strategic partnership oriented toward the 21st century. 互访达到了增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、共创未来的目的。 These visits have reached the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together。B. 汉语句子的主题与句子的主语不一致，灵活处理主语的选择 这位母亲很为有个漂亮聪明的女儿而骄傲。The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.已经有数千人在持续一年的内战中丧生。Thousands of people have died in the Civil War, which broke out a year ago.The Civil War, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives.The death toll of the Civil War, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.民族地区的经济社会获得不断的发展The minority concentrated regions have witnessed continued economic and social development.The economy and society of the ethnic minority area have been developed continuously.Continued economic and social development has been achieved/ attained in the minority concentrated areas. C. 汉语无主句的处理 1). 汉语祈使句译成英语祈使句 请打开课本，翻到第245页 Please open your textbook and turn to page 245. 宁为鸡首，不为牛后 Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse. 小心轻放 Handle with care.2). 用英语的被动结构译 在合同中，详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.今年年底将落实机构改革方案，把政府工作人员的人数减少一半。An institutional restructuring plan involving a 50% reduction in the number of government functionaries will be put in place at the end of the year.没有爱心就无法了解人生。Life cannot be understood without much charity. 3). 采用“There be” 的结构翻译没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。Without facility, there would be no difficulty, without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的时间不多了 There is little time left.要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。Development means change; without change, there can be no development.4). 用it 作主语译出要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.要成功，就要付出劳动。 It will cost you much labor to succeed in anything.活到老，学到老 It is never too old to learn.5). 增添适当的代词或名词作主语只准州官放火，不许百姓点灯One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。If one does not enter the tigers den, how can he get a tigers cub.弄得不好，就会前功尽弃If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.二. 谓语的确定 1. 汉语连谓句的处理 他预先了课文后开始写作文。 Having prepared the text, she began to write the composition. 招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目 The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Singapore to hold talks on different projects. 我们都有责任保护妇女儿童的合法权益 We all have the responsibility to safeguard the legal rights and interests of women and children. 2. 汉语兼语句的处理事态的发展迫使他重新考虑自己的决定The march of events compelled him to reconsider his decision.母亲听到孩子在摇篮里哭The mother heard the baby crying in the cradle.报纸上批评这位作家没有真实地反映生活Newspapers criticized the author for he failed to present a true picture of life in his works.Unit Five I. 汉语主次信息句的英译处理1. 译成非谓语动词或独立结构最近二三十年来，世界的科学技术发展日新月异，专业化的分工更心，协作的规模更大 In the last 20 or 30 years, world science and technology have made mew headway day by day, resulting in a more minute division of labor on the basis of specialization and in more extensive cooperation. 要积极发展乡镇企业和小城镇，加强农业综合开发，引导农业剩余劳动力合理转移和有序流动 Vigorous efforts should be made to develop rural township business and small towns, enhance comprehensive agricultural development, guiding surplus rural labors to rational shift and orderly migration.2. 译成介词短语这些都应该向他们去进行教育，加以纠正，而不是简单地去进行斥责。 Those mistakes should be corrected by educating them and not by simply dressing them down. 中国执行改革开放，争取在50年到70年间发展起来 By pursing a policy of reform and opening to the outside world, China is striving to become developed within 50 to 70 years.3. 译成动词不定式 改造军队的政治工作，使官兵一致，军民一致 Overhaul the political work in the army in order to achieve unity between officers and men and between the army and people. 正确运用宏观调控的方式和手段，把握好时机和力度，保持宏观经济环境的稳定。 We should employ correctly the means and methods of macro-control, grasp the opportune time and use appropriate dynamic to maintain the stability of the macroeconomic environment.4. 译成状语从句 复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，它能迅速地求出准确的解答 In complicated calculations we can use a computer, because it quickly gives us an exact solution. 天已经相当晚了，我们决定在那座庙里过夜As it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at the temple for the night.II、英语句子成分的转译 1. 主语的转译 A. 主语转译为谓语 In recent years increasing attention had been paid to the economic benefit in the production of our factory. 近年来，我厂生产越来越注重经济效益 Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp. 应当始终注意保护仪器，使其不沾染灰尘和受潮 B. 主语转译成宾语Much progress has been made in computer science in the last 20years. 计算机科学在近20年取得了很大的进步 After some underground nuclear tests, large numbers of tiny aftershocks are recorded during the next few weeks.在进行某些地下核试验以后的几星期内，可以记录到大量微弱的余震。C. 主语译成状语The more sight of it turned ones mind. 只要看它一眼，人们就会动心 The world has witnessed different roads to modernization. 在世界上已有了不同的现代化道路。/ D. 主语转译成定语 Without air, the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature. 没有空气，地球的温度会发生极大的变化 He has a different opinion from others. 他的观点与众不同 2. 谓语的转译It is surprising that the naughty boy behaved very well in such a big party. 令人吃惊的是，在这么盛大的晚会上那个顽皮男孩的表现相当不错。 Water with salt conducts electricity very well. 盐水的导电性能良好。 3. 宾语的转译 Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。 The secretary cast impatient glances at the young man, turned away without answering his question. 秘书不耐烦地看了看这个年轻人，转过头去，没有理睬他的问题。4. 状语的转译 We know that oxygen is necessary for the breathing of animals and plants, and for burning. 我们知道，动植物呼吸和燃烧都需要氧气。 Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating.除了谈论学生作弊现象的上升，全国各地的大学已决定采取实际行动。 5. 定语的转移 There is a large amount of energy wasted due to friction. 由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。 The earth was formed from the same kind of materials that makes up the sun. 构成地球的物质与构成太阳的物质是相同的。 We should have a firm grasp of the fundamentals of computer science. 我们应该牢固掌握计算机科学的基本知识。Unit Six汉语长句的英译处理一. 对译（Corresponding interpreting of sentences） 对译的过程大体可以用这样一句话概括起来：抓住主干，搭好架子，添加细节，注意活用动词句型。 .今天，专心致志进行现代化建设的中国人民，更需要有一个长期的和平国际环境好良好的周边环境。 Today, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever a long-term international environment of peace and a favorable neighboring environment. 我感谢陆哈佛大学校长登庭博士的邀请，使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节，来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。 I wish to thank Dr. Neil L. Rudenstine, President of Harvard University, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall. 二. 断句翻译 汉语重意和，几层意思经常揉在一起在一个层次中表达，英语重形和，注重语言层面上的条理性，须在语言的排列上突出句子的主次成分汉语中，所以汉译英时应先找出长句的主句为句子的中心，其他相关意思的扩展靠有内在联系的句子、短语等用连词、从句、不定式、分词、介词等将内部的关系显化。 我们应该相互尊重，相互学习，取长补短，共同进步。 We should respect and learn from each other and draw upon others strong points to offset ones own deficiencies for achieving common progress 我们应该牢牢把握中美关系的大局，妥善解决分歧，不断超者增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、共创未来的目标前进。 We should take a firm hold of the overall interests of China-U.S. relations and settle our differences properly so as to reach the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together. 十月的北京，秋高气爽，秋色宜人。世界旅游组织第15届全体大会今天在这里隆重开幕。 At this October time when Beijing is offering us its charming autumn scenery in a most fresh air and clear weather, the 15th General Ass