法律英语 第四课 司法系统.ppt

2020/6/3,法律英语,1,LessonFour,JudicialSystem,2020/6/3,法律英语,2,Goodorderisthefoundationofallthings.E.Burke,Britishstatesman良好的秩序是一切的基础。英国政治家伯克E,2020/6/3,法律英语,3,Background,美国司法制度的特点：贯彻三权分立的原则，实行司法独立；法院组织分为联邦和地方两大系统；联邦最高法院享有特殊的司法审查权。,2020/6/3,法律英语,4,StateandFederalCourts,ThroughouttheUnitedStatestherearetwojudicialsystems.Onesystemconsistsofstateandlocalcourtsestablishedundertheauthorityofthestategovernments.TheotheristheSupremeCourtandthefederalcourtsystem,createdbyCongressundertheauthorityoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.,2020/6/3,法律英语,5,2020/6/3,法律英语,6,2020/6/3,法律英语,7,Propernames,SecuritiesandExchangeCommission（美）证券交易委员会LaborRelationsBoard劳资关系委员会,2020/6/3,法律英语,8,美国联邦法院,2020/6/3,法律英语,9,TheU.S.SupremeCourtBuildinginWashingtonD.C.,2020/6/3,法律英语,10,TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuit美国联邦巡回法庭的上诉法庭,2020/6/3,法律英语,11,美国州法院,州最高法院终审上诉法院上诉法院中级上诉法院初审法院,州最高法院初审法院,2020/6/3,法律英语,12,SuperiorCourtsofGeorgia州高等法院,2020/6/3,法律英语,13,美国的法官,联邦和州最高法院的法官大法官，justice上诉法院和审判法院的法官法官，judge基层法院的审判人员治安法官，justiceofthepeace司法官，magistrate,2020/6/3,法律英语,14,Section2.ThejudicialPowershallextendtoallCases,inLawandEquity,arisingunderthisConstitution,theLawsoftheUnitedStates,andTreatiesmade,orwhichshallbemade,undertheirAuthority;-toallCasesaffectingAmbassadors,otherpublicMinistersandConsuls;-toallCasesofadmiraltyandmaritimeJurisdiction;-toControversiestowhichtheUnitedStatesshallbeaParty;-toControversiesbetweentwoormoreStates;-betweenaStateandCitizensofanotherState;-betweenCitizensofdifferentStates;-betweenCitizensofthesameStateclaimingLandsunderGrantsofdifferentStates,andbetweenaState,ortheCitizensthereof,andforeignStates,CitizensorSubjects.InallCasesaffectingAmbassadors,otherpublicMinistersandConsuls,andthoseinwhichaStateshallbeParty,thesupremeCourtshallhaveoriginalJurisdiction.InalltheotherCasesbeforementioned,thesupremeCourtshallhaveappellateJurisdiction,bothastoLawandFact,withsuchExceptions,andundersuchRegulationsastheCongressshallmake.TheTrialofallCrimes,exceptinCasesofImpeachment,shallbebyJury;andsuchTrialshallbeheldintheStatewherethesaidCrimesshallhavebeencommitted;butwhennotcommittedwithinanyState,theTrialshallbeatsuchPlaceorPlacesastheCongressmaybyLawhavedirected.,2020/6/3,法律英语,15,司法权适用的范围，应包括在本宪法、合众国法律、和合众国已订的及将订的条约之下发生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件；一切有关大使、公使及领事的案件；一切有关海上裁判权及海事裁判权的案件；合众国为当事一方的诉讼；州与州之间的诉讼，州与另一州的公民之间的诉讼，一州公民与另一州公民之间的诉讼，同州公民之间为不同之州所让与之土地而争执的诉讼，以及一州或其公民与外国政府、公民或其国民之间的诉讼。在一切有关大使、公使、领事以及州为当事一方的案件中，最高法院有最初审理权。在上述所有其它案件中，最高法院有关于法律和事实的受理上诉权，但由国会规定为例外及另有处理条例者，不在此限。对一切罪行的审判，除了弹劾案以外，均应由陪审团裁定，并且该审判应在罪案发生的州内举行；但如罪案发生地点并不在任何一州之内，该项审判应在国会按法律指定之地点或几个地点举行。,2020/6/3,法律英语,16,Part1:Courts,Fifty-twoseparatecourtsystemsintheU.S.52个独立的法院系统,Fiftystates,DistrictofColumbia,Federalcourtsystem,2020/6/3,法律英语,17,Thefederalcourtsarenotsuperiortothestatecourts;theyareanindependent,coordinatesystemauthorizedbytheUS.Constitution,联邦法院不凌驾于州法院之上；它们是由美国宪法授权的独立、并列的系统。,2020/6/3,法律英语,18,Federalism联邦制度,Thepresenceoftwoparallelcourtsystemoftenraisesquestionsconcerningtherelationshipofthestateandfederalsystems,presentingimportantissuesoffederalism.两种并列的法院系统的存在经常带来州与联邦系统关系的问题，提出了重要的联邦制度问题。,2020/6/3,法律英语,19,TheU.S.SupremeCourt,TheU.S.SupremeCourt,composeofninejustices,sitsasthefinalandcontrollingvoiceoverallthesesystems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。,2020/6/3,法律英语,20,Two-tieredsystem两级审判制Nebraska内布拉斯加,Three-tieredsystem三级审判制,Trialcourt初审法院,Twolevelsofappeal两级上诉,Anylitigant,2020/6/3,法律英语,21,Inthefederalsystem,Trialcourt(初审法院)theU.S.DistrictCourt(94)美国地区法院IntermediateappellatecourtsTheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuit美国联邦巡回法院的上诉法院(11+2)TheU.S.SupremeCourt美国最高法院,哥伦比亚特区上诉法院联邦特别法院的巡回法院,2020/6/3,法律英语,22,11districts,2020/6/3,法律英语,23,Variousspecializedtribunals,USBankruptcyCourt,USArmedForcesCourtofAppeals,USCourtofInternationalTrade,USTaxCourt，USClaimsCourt,2020/6/3,法律英语,24,Eachcourtofappealshasfourormorejudgeswhositinpanelsofthreetoreviewdistrictcourtdecisions,aswellassomedecisionsofadministrativeagencies.每个上诉法院都有4个或更多法官，他们组成3人小组，审议地区法院的裁决和行政机关的一些决定。,2020/6/3,法律英语,25,Alosinglitigantinthecourtofappealsmay,insomecases,beabletoobtainreviewbytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.在上诉法院败诉的诉讼人有时可以取得美国联邦最高法院的复审。,2020/6/3,法律英语,26,Casesinthestatecourts,2020/6/3,法律英语,27,Since1988,reviewbytheSupremeCourtincivilcasesisdiscretionary;virtuallyallcivilappealsasofrighttothehighestcourthavebeenabolished.从1988年开始，最高法院对民事案件的复审有决定权；实际上，所有民事案件都作为权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。,2020/6/3,法律英语,28,Thehighestcourtplaydifferentrole,CaliforniaOnlycriminalcasesinwhichcapitalpunishmenthasbeenimposedareappealabletothestatesupreme.,NewyorkAgreatofmanycasesareappealabletothestateshighestcourt.,2020/6/3,法律英语,29,Inthefederalcourts,exceptinafewverylimitedcircumstances,appealstotheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtarediscretionary,bywritofcertiorari.在联邦法院，除了极个别情况外，通过调案复审令，向美国最高法院的上诉是自由决定的。,2020/6/3,法律英语,30,Thecourt联邦最高法院,Decideswhatarethemostimportantquestionsthatdeserveitsattention.哪些是值得其关注的最重要的问题。Willrefusetoreviewdecisionsraisingissuesthatitfeelsarenotascrucial.将拒绝复审它认为不是至关重要问题的裁决。,2020/6/3,法律英语,31,Itsupervisestheadministrationoflawbythelowercourtsonanadhocbasis.联邦最高法院按照特殊的原则监督较低层次法院对法律的管理。,2020/6/3,法律英语,32,InNewYork,Appealstothestateshighestcourtareasrightinagreatmanycasesprovidedforbystatute.在纽约等州，将各种案件上诉到州最高法院是法律赋予的权利。,Assurethatcasesarecorrectlydecided,2020/6/3,法律英语,33,Part2:Judges,州法院的法官一般是民选的但有时候也有立法机关选举的。在少数州内，州长根据一个特别委员会的提名委员会提出的名单任命法官。在少数州内，法官由州长任命，但必须经过立法机关确认。联邦法官，由总统任命，须经参议院确认，通常候选人名单应送交美国律师公会的一个委员会，通常只有该委员会同意后才进行任命的。法官任期一般是若干年，而不是终身制，在少数州和所有的联邦法院，法官是终身职的。Statecourtjudgeareusuallyelected,commonlybypopularvote,butoccasionallybylegislation.inasubstantialminorityofstates,thegovernorappointsjudgesfromalistsubmittedbyaspecialnominatingboard,inasmallgroupofstates,judgesareappointedbythegovernorsubjecttolegislativeconfirmation.Thefederaljudgesareappointedbypresidentsubjecttoconfirmationbythesenate.ButthenamesofcandidatesforthefederaljudiciaryaresubmittedtothecommitteeofAmericanbarassociationandtheappointmentisusallymadeonlywithitsapproval.thejudgesonlyserveatermoftheyearratherthanforlife.Ifhisserviceissatisfactory,itiscustomarytoreturntoofficeassittingjudge.inafewstatecourtsandinthefederalcourtthejudgessitforlife.,2020/6/3,法律英语,34,美国的法官，除属于某些低级法院者除外。均由律师队伍中选，在英国，法官则由称作是王室律师的巴律师尖子中选。英美法系国家的法官和律师之间，由于经历相似，大家有某种同行友谊和互相同情的感觉，对律师辩论，审判长是能谅解的，因为过去也许他自己也用过这些论点。那些辩护律师也能体会法官的品格，因为他们也许过去曾一起为同一方当事人或在同一起案件分别为对方当事人当过律师。英美法系的法官比起他们大陆同行来，威信更高，其部分原因在于一般都觉得在英美法系中只有比较优秀的律师才能当上法官。Judegesinus,withexceptionsinsomeminorjudiciary,areselectedfromtherankoflawyers.InEnglandtheyarechosenfromtheselectgroupofbarristersknowasqueenscounsel.(国王（女）的律师通译王室法律顾问，仅系授予的荣誉称号，不替国王当什么顾问，有此称号的律师非经特别许可证不得经办以国王为对手的案件。此律师可以出庭时在法栏内辩护（BAR），而一般的巴律师只能在法栏外辩护。Similarbackgroundsandexperienceprovideacetainfeelingoffellowshipandmutualsympathybetweenthecommon-lawbenchandthebar.Thepresiding-judgecanviewtheargumentsofcounselwithunderstanding,forhemayusedthemhimselfinpriorday.Thecontendingcouselcanappreciatethequalitiesofthejudge,fortheymayhavepracticedwithhimoragainsthimatthepast.Theprestigeoftheenglishandamericanjudiciaryisgreaterthanthatoftheircivil-lawcounterparts,partlybecauseofthegeneralfeelingthatonlythebetterlawyersgetjudicialposts.,2020/6/3,法律英语,35,Part2:Judges,Fewerthan1/20-federal,state,county,municipalcourtjudge在从事法律职业的人中，不到1/20的人担任联邦、州、县和市法院的法官。Berequiredtobeadmittedtopracticebutdonotpracticewhileonthebench.被要求具有开业律师资格，但在担任法官期间不得开业。,2020/6/3,法律英语,36,Threesalientcharacteristics,Theranksfromwhichjudgesaredrawn提拔法官的队伍Themethodoftheirselection挑选法官的方法Theirtenure法官的任期,2020/6/3,法律英语,37,Judgesaredrawnfromthepracticingbar,lessfrequentlyfromgovernmentserviceortheteachingprofession.法官主要从执业律师中选拔，很少从政府公务员或教师中选拔。,2020/6/3,法律英语,38,Theoutstandingyounglawgraduateswhoactforayearortwoaslawclerkstothemostdistinguishedjudgesofthefederalandstatecourtshaveonlytherewardoftheexperiencetotakewiththemintopracticeandnotthepromiseofajudicialcareer.那些杰出的年轻法学毕业生，作为为联邦和州法院最著名的法官工作了一两年的法律职员，只是获得了实践经验的报偿，而没有得到从事司法职业的承诺。,2020/6/3,法律英语,39,Itisnotuncommonforavacancyonahighercourttobefilledbyajudgefromalowercourt,eventhiscannotbesaidtobetherule.较高级别法院的空缺由较低级别法院的法官来填补，在美国并非罕见，但这并不是惯例。,2020/6/3,法律英语,40,Thelegalprofessionisnotentirelyunawareoftheadvantagesofacareerjudiciary,butitisgenerallythoughtthattheyareoutweighedbytheexperienceandindependencewhichAmericanlawyersbringtothebench.法律界并非没有意识到职业法官的优势，但人们普遍认为，职业法官的优势被过高地估计，相对于美国律师带给法律界的经验和独立性而言。,2020/6/3,法律英语,41,Manyoftheoutstandingjudgesofthecountryshighestcourtshavehadnopriorjudicialexperience.美国最高法院中有许多杰出的法官没有以前当法官的经历。,2020/6/3,法律英语,42,Statecourt,Statecourtjudgesareusuallyelected,commonlybypopularvote,butoccasionallybythelegislature.州法院法官一般由公众投票选举产生，偶尔由立法机关任命。Thepubliclacksinterestinandinformationonthecandidatesforjudicialoffice公众缺乏对法官候选人的兴趣和信息Theoutcomeiscontrolledbyleadersofpoliticalparties.结果往往被政党领袖所控制。,2020/6/3,法律英语,43,情况有所改变,Manylocalbarassociationhaveundertakentoevaluatethequalificationofcandidatesandtosupportoropposethemonthisbasis.许多地方律师协会承担评价候选人资格的责任，并在此基础上支持或反对候选人。,2020/6/3,法律英语,44,Thesubstitutionofasystem,Thegovernorappointsjudgesfromalistsubmittedbyaspecialnominatingboard由地方长官从特别提名委员会提交的名单中任命法官。Thejudgethenperiodicallystandsunopposedforreelectionbypopularvoteonthebasisofhisorherrecord.此后法官要定期以自己的实绩为基础，接受没有竞争对手的公民投票选举，以获得连任。,2020/6/3,法律英语,45,Inasmallgroupofstates,Judgesareappointedbythegovernorandsubjecttolegislativeconfirmation.在少数州，法官由地方长官任命，并由立法机关批准。,2020/6/3,法律英语,46,Federaljudges,AppointedbythePresidentsubjecttoconfirmationbytheSenate.由总统任命，参议院批准。Politicalinfluence政治影响AppointeesareusuallyofthePresidentsorgovernorsownparty.被任命者往往是总统或地方长官的亲信。,2020/6/3,法律英语,47,Federaljudiciary,NamesofcandidatesforthefederaljudiciaryaresubmittedtoacommitteeoftheAmericanBarAssociationandappointmentisusuallymadeonlywithitsapproval.联邦法官候选人名单要提交到美国律师协会委员会，只有获得其同意才能进行任命。,2020/6/3,法律英语,48,Chiefjudgeorchiefjustice,Befilledamongthemembersofthecourtbyrotation,byseniorityofservice,orbyvoteofthejudges.首席法官从法官中产生，可以通过轮换、依据服务资历或法官选举产生。,2020/6/3,法律英语,49,Tenure任期,Judgescommonlyserveforatermofyearsratherthanforlife.法官通常有任期年限，而不是终身制。,2020/6/3,法律英语,50,Returntoofficeforsittingjudgeswhoseservicehasbeensatisfactory.那些工作令人满意的现任法官能连任Inafewstateandfederalcourts,thejudgessitforlife.在少数州和联邦法院，法官是终身制的。,2020/6/3,法律英语,51,Ajudgemayberemovedfromoffice法官可能被免职,Onlyforgrossmisconduct重大失误,Onlybyformalproceedings正规程序,2020/6/3,法律英语,52,Theindependenceofthejudiciaryisalsoencouragedbytherulethatajudgeincursnocivilliabilityforjudicialacts,evenifguiltyoffraudandcorruption.司法独立受到以下规则的鼓励，即法官的司法行为不承担民事责任，即使出现了诈骗和贪污犯罪。,2020/6/3,法律英语,53,TheAmericanBarAssociationscodeofJudicialConduct美国律师协会的“法官行为守则”,Towhichjudgesareexpectedtoadhere律师应该遵守的准则,2020/6/3,法律英语,54,CodeofJudicialConduct,1.Ajudgeshallupholdtheintegrityandindependenceofthejudiciary.2.Ajudgeshallavoidimproprietyandtheappearanceofimproprietyinallofthejudgesactivities.3.Ajudgeshallperformthedutiesofjudicialofficeimpartiallyanddiligently.,2020/6/3,法律英语,55,4.Ajudgeshallsoconductthejudgesextra-judicialactivitiesastominimizetheriskofconflictwithjudicialobligations.5.Ajudgeorjudicialcandidateshallrefrainfrominappropriatepoliticalactivity.6.ApplicationoftheCodeofJudicialConduct.,2020/6/3,法律英语,56,Codeofprofessionalresponsibility,Canon1:alawyershouldassistinmaitainingtheintegrityandcompentenceoflegalprofession.Canon2:alawyershouldassistthelegalprofessio