SAT+阅读讲义+周婧妍.ppt

讲解人：考试部周婧妍Echo,SAT阅读,邮箱：zhoujingyan1819,CEO,-CEO,Attitude,C-Confident,E-Enjoyable,O-Optimistic,:Thereisnothingbetterthanbeingconfidentandtakingcareofyourselves.,:Dontthrowthegoodtimesaway.Enjoyit,enjoyit.Fornothingcomestothosewhohesitategrabyourdreamsbeforeitgetstoolate,CEO,:Beoptimisticguys,wewillhaveallinthefuture.,2020/6/6,2020/6/6,2000R600,Types,Sentencecompletion,Passage-basedreading,TypesofSentencecompletion,TypesofpassagesinReading,length,Subjects,Stlye,TypesofpassagesinReading,这部分加入一个超级链接，把这几种类型的文章分别找一篇。,length,Subjects:,persuasivestyle,expositorystyle,literayelements,情感基调,把握内容,观点和态度,态度立场,narrativestyle（小说，回忆录移民）,Stlye,2020/6/6,whenyouanswerpassage-basedreadingquestion,howcarefullyyoureadandhowwellyouunderstandtheinformationinapassagearemoreimportantthanhowmuchyouknowaboutthesubject.,importantissuesideasevents,背景知识需了解吗？,1.Inlines1-4,WaverlycharacterizesJunesadvertisementasbeing,2.Inline12,theauthorimpliesthatbeinghumaninclude_,3.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedthat_,4.Passage1suggeststhatThoreauwouldmostlikelyagreethatthepowerunleashedbymachine(inline22,passage2)was_,CharacteristicofQuestion,line,授人以鱼不如授人以渔,Approaches,思路,定位细节题,词汇题,Outline,Characteristics,词汇题,回顾:IBT,Thephrase“assistedin”inthepassageisclosedinmeaningto_InitiatedDominatedHelpedwithSetup,Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.,Asascientist,Ifindthatonlyonevisionofthecityreallygetsmyhacklesup-thenotionthatacityissomehow“unnatural,”ablemishonthefaceofnature.Inline1,“vision”mostnearlymeansFantasyB.IllusionC.ProphecyD.ConceptionE.Apparition,SAT,Inline1,“vision”mostnearlymeansAsascientist,Ifindthatonlyonevisionofthecityreallygetsmyhacklesup-thenotionthatacityissomehow“unnatural,”ablemishonthefaceofnature.,A.fantasy,B.illusion,C.prophecy,D.conception,E.apparition,Vision幻想，视力,Blemish瑕疵；污点；缺点,A幻想，空想B错觉C预言D概念E幽灵幻影,Hackle梳理,2020/6/6,IBT:,出题特点：,选词难，选项简单，难定位并推测，因此题干词汇不认识很难选对,选词简单，选项偏难，容易定位并推理，通过正确的思路便可准确选项,SAT:,定位找线索-同义，反义，语境,Approaches,线索：解题思路,线索：,1.破折号同义：平行结构（and）感情色彩相同4.反义：5.指示代词this,that,these,it,such.6.语境（context）难点,Inline1,“vision”mostnearlymeansAsascientist,Ifindthatonlyonevisionofthecityreallygetsmyhacklesup-thenotionthatacityissomehow“unnatural,”ablemishonthefaceofnature.,A.fantasy,B.illusion,C.prophecy,D.conception,E.apparition,A幻想，空想B错觉C预言D概念E幽灵幻影,符号：破折号,冒号，逗号,定位：line1关键线索：-破折号（解释说明）关键词：notion解题思路：notion的同义词,OG：490：15,Junkistheretoentertainonthebasest,mostcompromisedoflevels.,Entertain娱乐；怀抱,base卑鄙的；低劣的,解决使陷入危险结合D.使一致，调解E贬低，降低,Inline41,“position”mostnearlymeans:Hewrotethecallforthe1853conventioninRochester,NewYork,whichdemandednotonlythatwomenbepaidequallywithmenfortheirwork,butalsothatwomen,includingmarriedwomen,haverightswithmenintheownershipanddispositionofproperty.,ExplorationB.safeguardingofcharacteristicsofD.ControloverE.Paymentfor,同义词,探索B.保护C具有.特征D控制E支付Convention会议Ownership所有权,Inline41,“position”mostnearlymeans:Hewrotethecallforthe1853conventioninRochester,NewYork,whichdemandednotonlythatwomenbepaidequallywithmenfortheirwork,butalsothatwomen,includingmarriedwomen,haverightswithmenintheownershipanddispositionofproperty.,ExplorationB.safeguardingofcharacteristicsofD.ControloverE.Paymentfor,同义词,定位：line41关键线索：and关键词：并列的ownership解题思路：ownership同义词,探索B.保护C具有.特征D控制E支付,OG：607：17,Intact完整的，未受损失的Moral道德的，精神上的Distinguish区分，辨别Deception欺骗，骗术Immunity豁免权Idiocy白痴Sorrowfully悔恨的，悲哀的Diagnose断定，诊断A.优秀的，杰出的丰富的，富裕的C.杰出的人物D.绝对的，完全的，专制的E.压制的，难以忍受,Inline21,“position”mostnearlymeans:Itdidnttakelongforadultstotelluswhatitwas,however,andtheywerentveryhappy.Theycallitprimitive,communistic,filthy,smutty,andobscene;wecallitrockandroll.,A.FundamentalB.archetypalC.self-taughtD.barbaricE.original,感情色彩相同,A.基本的B原型的C自学的D野蛮的E原始的，创新的,定位：line21关键线索：and关键词：communistic,filthy,smutty,obscene解题思路：filthy,smutty,obscene均为贬义词，因此选择感情色彩相同的即可,OG：523：20,fatigue疲劳ambition抱负A.推进；推进力直觉，本能C.运动，作战D.生命力，活力E.动力，冲力,OG：579：18,fatigue疲劳ambition抱负A.推进；推进力直觉，本能C.运动，作战D.生命力，活力E.动力，冲力,反义词,A.Customary,C.Unvarying,D.Recurring,E.average,Inline3,“regular”mostnearlymeansNewYorkwasdarkerthanIexpected,and,inspiteofthecleansingrain,dirtier.UsedtothesensualcurvesofPuertoRico,myeyeshadtoadjusttotheregular.,B.agreeable,A习惯的B令人愉快的C恒久的，不变的D循环的E平均的inspiteof尽管dirty脏的Usedtodoing/sth过去常常做某事，过去习惯于做某事Beusedtodoing现在常常做某事Beusedtodosth被用来做某事Sensual视觉的Curve曲线，弯曲adjustto调整,调解,A.Customary,C.Unvarying,D.Recurring,E.average,Inline3,“regular”mostnearlymeansNewYorkwasdarkerthanIexpected,and,inspiteofthecleansingrain,dirtier.UsedtothesensualcurvesofPuertoRico,myeyeshadtoadjusttotheregular.,B.agreeable,A习惯的B令人愉快的C恒久的，不变的D循环的E平均的,定位：line3关键线索：时间词usedto和adjustto关键词：sensualcurves解题思路：curves的反义词,OG：489：8,Notmerely/notonly/notjustbut(also)不但.而且A.物质，原因，事件要求C.反对，缺点D.可能性E.怀疑,A.RankB.RoleC.PolicyD.viewE.location,Thisideaoriginatedatthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,thoughithadprecedents.Itisthepositionofmanyartcritics.,Inline36,“position”mostnearlymeans,Originate起源，发生Precedent先例,A等级B角色C政策D观点E地位,A.RankB.RoleC.PolicyD.viewE.location,Thisideaoriginatedatthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,thoughithadprecedents.Itisthepositionofmanyartcritics.,指示代词,A等级B角色C政策D观点E地位,定位：line36关键线索：it关键词：idea解题思路：idea同义词,Inline36,“position”mostnearlymeans,Inline12,“conjureup”mostnearlymeansAmongthesidebenefitsofthemuseumsexhibitionofearlyphotographsofEgyptisthatitcaninspireyoutoreadtheclassicFlaubertInEgypt.Lookingatthephotographsfromthe1850safterreadingthebook,youshouldbeabletoconjureuptheFrenchauthorjustoutsidethepictureframe.,Context(语境),Benefit利益，好处Exhibition展览，展示Inspire鼓舞，激发A召集B描述C想象D恳求E留住,Inline12,“conjureup”mostnearlymeansAmongthesidebenefitsofthemuseumsexhibitionofearlyphotographsofEgyptisthatitcaninspireyoutoreadtheclassicFlaubertInEgypt.Lookingatthephotographsfromthe1850safterreadingthebook,youshouldbeabletoconjureuptheFrenchauthorjustoutsidethepictureframe.,A.convene,B.portray,C.imagine,D.entreat,E.detain,Context(语境),定位：line12关键线索：蓝色部分的语意关键词：outside解题思路：根据选项选择语境符合的即可,A召集B描述C想象D恳求E留住,OG：542：18,Blue-ribbon一流的，最高的荣誉Panel座谈小组A预兆，征兆B标志，象征，符号C姿态，手势D象征，迹象E数字，人物,OG：552：17,Plentyof许多A娇小的，可爱的，（反义词：homely)B温和的，适度的C平等的D吉兆的，幸运的E普通的，平凡的,只看选项同义词可以吗？,These“warheads”wereactuallyspearpoints,elegantlychippedtosharpnessonbothedgesandfinishedoffwithagroove,orflute,downthecenterofeachside.,DefeatedB.terminatedC.CompletedD.DisposedofE.Consumedtotally,词义辨析不准确：,Warhead弹头Spear矛Elegant优雅的，讲究的Chip削Sharpness锐利Groove凹槽Flute长笛，凹槽A打败B终止C完成D处置E消耗,These“warheads”wereactuallyspearpoints,elegantlychippedtosharpnessonbothedgesandfinishedoffwithagroove,orflute,downthecenterofeachside.,DefeatedB.terminatedC.CompletedD.DisposedofE.Consumedtotally,解析:Terminate表示会议，行程的结束。一般表示事件中途被停止。Complete表示一件事情，或者制作工序完成。,词义辨析不准确：,A打败B终止C完成D处置E消耗,Iwatchedthehandratherthanthelocation,foritseemedtohavepowerovertheterrain,andwhenitstoppedforLewisvoicetoexplainsomething,Itwasasthoughallstreamseverywherequitrunning,hangingsilentlywheretheyweretoletthepointtobemade.,FlowingB.droopingC.incliningD.unfinishedE.suspended,选项同义词：,quit放弃，停止.流动的B.垂直而下C.倾斜而下D.未完成E.悬浮的,Iwatchedthehandratherthanthelocation,foritseemedtohavepowerovertheterrain,andwhenitstoppedforLewisvoicetoexplainsomething,Itwasasthoughallstreamseverywherequitrunning,hangingsilentlywheretheyweretoletthepointtobemade.,FlowingB.droopingC.incliningD.unfinishedE.suspended,选项同义词：,流动的B.垂直而下C.倾斜而下D.未完成E.悬浮的,雷区：,1.不要只看选项的同义词2.选项词义理解不清,态度题,态度题：,正负评价：正评价：证实，支持，认可，赞扬，肯定负评价：批评，指责，情感：恐惧，惊讶，孤独，立场：主观，客观，武断,证实：,支持：,赞扬：,verify,testify,solidify，corroborate,confirm;,正评价,commend,compliment,acclaim,extol,exalt,laud,tout,eulogize,accolade,反驳：,refute,disprove,contradict,oppose,despise,defy,despise,defy,指责：,denounce,condemn,scold,reprehend,chide,blame，censure,rebuke,蔑视：,态度题：,问法：,定位原文，根据语境，语气确定情感方向。,1.情感词（形容词,副词，动词-）,2.根据句义判断语气-,3.根据文章主旨态度判断,4.让步转折句中，态度以“但是”后的态度为评判标准,解题思路：,题干中呈现attitude,tone,reaction,response,feelingsentiment,expression,view,regard.,Approaches：,ThepoliticalstrategiesofVilaBrasilaredirectedbythecurrentpresidentoftheneighborhoodassociation,anuneducatedandilliteratedockworker.However,VilaBrasilsneighborhoodpresidentmakesupforhislackofformaleducationwithakeenpoliticalacumen.AlthoughthecharterofVilaBrasilsneighborhoodassociationexpresslyforbidsusingtheorganizationforpoliticalpurposes,thepresidenthassuccessfullyusedhisinfluencetodelivervotestocandidateswhoreciprocatewithprivilegesforthefavela,Strategy:战略，策略Current:通用的，现在的Association:联盟illiterate:文盲的，不识字的Dock:码头Makeupfor弥补，补偿Keen敏感的，渴望的Acumen聪明，敏锐Forbid禁止deliver发表，投递Candidate候选人reciprocate报答，酬答Privilege特权favela贫民区Disparage蔑视B.adoration崇拜C.Apathy冷漠D.contempt轻视E.paranoia妄想症,情感词,ThepoliticalstrategiesofVilaBrasilaredirectedbythecurrentpresidentoftheneighborhoodassociation,anuneducatedandilliteratedockworker.However,VilaBrasilsneighborhoodpresidentmakesupforhislackofformaleducationwithakeenpoliticalacumen.AlthoughthecharterofVilaBrasilsneighborhoodassociationexpresslyforbidsusingtheorganizationforpoliticalpurposes,thepresidenthassuccessfullyusedhisinfluencetodelivervotestocandidateswhoreciprocatewithprivilegesforthefavela,Accordingtothepassage,theauthorsattitudetowardtheVilaBrasilspresidentisoneof_,A.DisparageB.adorationC.apathyD.contemptE.paranoia,蔑视崇拜冷漠轻视妄想狂,Nikhilfearsbeingdiscovered,havingthewholecharadesomehowunravel,andinnightmareshisfilesareexposed,hisoriginalnameprintedonthefrontpageofthestudentnewspaper,Charaderd看手势猜字谜游戏Unravel解开Expose揭露,A.Anxiety焦虑B.Sorrow为而悲伤C.Anger使发怒D.Defiance蔑视E.excitement兴奋,Nikhilfearsbeingdiscovered,havingthewholecharadesomehowunravel,andinnightmareshisfilesareexposed,hisoriginalnameprintedonthefrontpageofthestudentnewspaper,ThesentenceabovechieflyrevealsNikhilsfeelingofA.anxietyB.sorrowC.angerD.defianceE.excitement,Nikhilfearsbeingdiscovered,havingthewholecharadesomehowunravel,andinnightmareshisfilesareexposed,hisoriginalnameprintedonthefrontpageofthestudentnewspaper,ThesentenceabovechieflyrevealsNikhilsfeelingofA.anxietyB.sorrowC.angerD.defianceE.excitement,Althoughheusedhisrespectablebirthanddescenttoportrayhimselfasagentleman,Cromwellhadareputationforbeingaviolateman,andhistoryrelatesmanystoriesofhissuddentemperandrough,evenvulgarlanguage.Inalmostanyotheratmosphere,itislikelythatamanofsuchuncertaintemperamentwouldhavetoiledinobscurity.,A.Verify核实B.Conjecture推测C.Sarcasm讽刺D.Exemplification模范，范例E.Inquiry探究,Decent血统portray描绘Reputation名声，名望Violate违反，侵犯Temper脾气rough粗暴的Vulgar粗俗的toil辛苦，艰难地进行Obscurity身份低微,Althoughheusedhisrespectablebirthanddescenttoportrayhimselfasagentleman,Cromwellhadareputationforbeingaviolateman,andhistoryrelatesmanystoriesofhissuddentemperandrough,evenvulgarlanguage.Inalmostanyotheratmosphere,itislikelythatamanofsuchuncertaintemperamentwouldhavetoiledinobscurity.,A.Verify核实B.Conjecture推测C.Sarcasm讽刺D.Exemplification模范，范例E.Inquiry探究,句义,WhyisVenussounlikeearth?TheanswercanonlylieinitslesserdistancefromtheSun.,ThetoneofthestatementaboveisbestdescribedasA.Regretful遗憾的B.Guarded谨慎的C.Skeptical怀疑的D.Decisive果断的E.amused愉快的，顽皮的,AllalongtheburnishedfootpathsofGreekStreet,theshopkeepersareoutalready,thesecondwaveofearlyrisers.Ofcoursetheyregardthemselvesasthefirstwave.Thegrim（糟糕的）processionoffactoryworkerslessthanandhouragomightaswellhavehappenedinanothercountryinanotherage.,Theshopkeepersattitudetowardtheworkerswhoaredescribedinthesentencesaboveis_A.Ambivalent矛盾的B.Dismissive轻蔑的C.Combative好战的D.Fearful恐怖的E.suspicious可疑的，怀疑的,主旨,IsupposetheyshouldhavestoppedtostareattheaudacityofayounggirlbarelytwentyyearsoldcomingtoPariswithnothing,toonativetoknowsheshouldbeafraid.Exceptthatiftheyhadseeninsideme,theydhaveknownhowfrightenedireallywas,huddleedovermyjournalinthattinybedroomwhilethecigarettesmokeandmutedvoicesdrifteduplazilyfromthehostellobby,watchingtheskygrowdarkandwonderingifimadetherightdecision.OvertwomillionpeopleliveinParisanditsenvirons,butthatnightifeltliketheonlypersonalive.,Audacity大胆的，厚颜无耻的,Afraid害怕的，恐怖的,Frightened害怕，恐怖,huddleedover整理,Muted柔和的，无言的,Environs郊区,IsupposetheyshouldhavestoppedtostareattheaudacityofayounggirlbarelytwentyyearsoldcomingtoPariswithnothing,toonativetoknowsheshouldbeafraid.Exceptthatiftheyhadseeninsideme,theydhaveknownhowfrightenedireallywas,huddleedovermyjournalinthattinybedroomwhilethecigarettesmokeandmutedvoicesdrifteduplazilyfromthehostellobby,watchingtheskygrowdarkandwonderingifimadetherightdecision.OvertwomillionpeopleliveinParisanditsenvirons,butthatnightifeltliketheonlypersonalive.,itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorfelt_A.angryandafraid（生气和害怕）B.lonelyandscared（孤独和害怕）C.frustratedandfurious(挫败的，激烈的)D.shyanduncertain（害羞和不确定性）E.confidentandexcited,Practice:,OG：405：21,Ultimate:最终的，基本的academic:学术的Accolade:赞扬creation:创作，创造Subfield分区urban:城市的Ecology:生态学devoteto把.奉献于,A.赞同B.好奇C.不确定D.惊讶E.沮丧,Practice:,OG：459：10,Squaremile平方英里key关键的Determinant决定因素widespread普遍的，广泛的,A.渴望的B.沮丧的C.着重的，显著的D.矛盾的E.致歉的,Practice:,OG：480：24,Downcast沮丧的necessary必要的Respectful恭敬的，有礼貌的humility谦卑Quake震动，颤抖,A.冷漠的和情绪消沉B.生气和困惑，迷惑的C.战胜，挫败和辞职，顺从D.恐慌的和不确定性E.怨恨和蔑视，轻视,Practice:,OG：551：9,T.B.BlackstoneLibrary,Practice:,OG：551：9,A.骄傲，自大B.不祥之兆C.确信D.缺乏自信E.讽刺的，挖苦的,Practice:,OG：725：12,glean收集insight洞察力,A.挫败B.放弃，委任C.矛盾的D.某些程度上的鼓励E.坚定不移的自信,Practice:,OG：763：8,A.怨恨B.欣赏C.迷惑D.敬畏E.嘲笑,Honed磨光的，亚光的Heuristically启发式的探索的,举例作用题,问法：1.theauthormentions/quotes/cites/compared/usesthto/inorderto2.theexampleinlineXsuggests/emphasizes/illustrates.3.thereferencetoXprovides/presentsanexample/examplesof.4.thefinalparagraghprimarilyservesto,解题思路：,瞻前顾后，找观点排除选项，找同义有时徘徊本句中,ChoiceofLanguagefrequentlyplaysasignificantroleinthedevelopmentoftheHispanicAmericanwritersvoiceandmessage.Ilacklanguage,wroteCherricMoraga,authorofLovingintheWarYears:Loquenuncapasoporsuslabios.Theuseoftwolanguagesinthetitleitselfexpressesthedifficultythattheauthorperceivesinnarratingpersonalexperienceinonelanguagewhenonehasliveinanother.,Perceive感知，理解Narrate叙述,A.怨恨B.欣赏C.迷惑D.敬畏E.嘲笑,ChoiceofLanguagefrequentlyplaysasignificantroleinthedevelopmentoftheHispanicAmericanwritersvoiceandmessage.Ilacklanguage,wroteCherricMoraga,authorofLovingintheWarYears:Loquenuncapasoporsuslabios.Theuseoftwolanguagesinthetitleitselfexpressesthedifficultythattheauthorperceivesinnarratingpersonalexperienceinonelanguagewhenonehasliveinanother.,TheauthorcitesMoragasbookprimarilyinorderto_A.emphasizethechallengesthatsomeHispanicAmericannovelistB.Celebrate（赞美）theachievementsofayoungHipanicAmerciannovelistC.demonstratetheexpressivenessofawriterwhohasmasteredseverallanguagesD.confirmthatAmericanwritersareexploring（探索）newartisticapproachesE.illustrateadilemma(困境)thatHispanicAmericanwriteroftenface,Thethreelevelsdiscussedinlines57-81（Aglimpse.forces）serveprimarilyto_.A.presentseveralargumentsinsupportofafundamentalclaim.B.organizetheauthorsopinionsfrommosttoleastimportantC.illustrateaprocessofreasoningfrominitialassertiontoultimateconclusionD.grouphypotheses（假说）thataddresstwoopposingprinciplesE.comparealternativetheoriesproposedbythescientificcommunity,Aglimpseofdowntown,infact,illustratesthatthecitycanbethoughtofasanaturalsystemonatleastthreedifferentlevels.Atthemostobviouslevel.Atasomewhatdeeperlevel.finally,.,theauthorcomparescitiestobeaverdamsandanthills(inline33-36)inordertoA.explainhowsomeecologicalsystemsworkBsuggestthatallthreearetheproductsofnaturalimplusesC.assertthatallthreeareultimatelydetrimentaltonature.（对.不利）D.pointedoutthatdifferentspeciesflourish（繁荣）indifferentenvironmentE.callattentiontoparticularobstaclesfacingcitiestoday.,Itseemstomethatweshouldbeginourdiscussionofcitiesbyrecognizingthattheyarentunatural,anymorethanbeaverdamsoranthillsareunnatural.,thefinalparagraghprimarilyservestoA.restatetheelementsofadilemmaB.summarizetheauthorsevidenceC.heightenanemotionalimpactD.suggestafocusforfurtherresearchE.emphasizetheauthorsposition,Soletmestatethisexplicitly:Acityisanaturalsystem,andwecanstduyitinthesamewaywestudyothernaturealsystemsandhowtheygottobethewaytheyare.,重要,Practice:,Technologicaladvancesbuilduponeachother,increasingtechnologicalabilitiesfasterthanmostpeopleanticipate.Imagine,forexample,howastoundedevenagreatseventeenth-centuryscientistlikeIsaacNewtonwouldbebyourcurrentglobalcommunicationsystem,werehealivetoday.,TheauthormentionsIssaacNewtoninordertoA.EmphasizetherapidrateoftechnologicalinnovationB.AcknowledgetheimpactofaprofoundthinkerC.CriticizetheinflexibilityofNewtonscontemporariesD.SpeculateaboutNewtonsinfluenceoncurrentresearchE.Highlightthevalueofscientificcuriosity.,写作手法题:修辞,Simile:,是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like,as,asif,asthough等,Metaphor：,Eg:1.teacherislikeagardener.2.Helookedasifhehadjuststeppedoutofmybookoffairytalesandhadpassedmelikeaspirit.,这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的,Eg:Failureisthemotherofsuccess.,Analogy：,aformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphor,whichusuallyconcentratesononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesofpointsofresemblance.,Etiquette(礼仪)tosocietyiswhatapparel（衣服）istotheindividual.Withoutapparelmenwouldgoinshamefulnudity（赤裸）whichwouldsurelyleadtothecorruptionofmorals;andwithoutetiquettesocietywouldbeinapitiable（可怜的）stateandthenecessaryintercoursebetweenitsmemberswouldbeinterferedwithbyneedlessoffences（犯罪）andtroubles.,礼仪之于社会犹如衣着之于个人。人若不穿衣服，就会一丝不挂，令人耻笑，必然导致道德败坏，社会要是没有礼仪，就会陷入可悲的境地，而社会成员之间所必需的交往就会被无谓的冲突和纠纷所干扰。,Etiquettetosocietyiswhatapparelistotheindividual.,Ifsocietywereatrain,theetiquettewouldbetherailsalongwhichonlythetraincouldrumbleforth;ifsocietywereastatecoach,theetiquettewouldbethewheelsandaxis,onwhichonlythecoachcouldrollforward.Thelackofproprieties（礼仪）wouldmakethemostintimatefriendsturntobethemostdecidedenemiesandthefriendlyoralliedcountriesdeclarewaragainsteachother.Wecanfindmanyexamplesinthehistoryofmankind.ThereforeIadviseyoutostandonceremony（礼仪）beforeanyoneelseandtotakepainsnottodoanythingagainstetiquettelest（以免）yougiveoffencesormakeenemies.,假定社会是一列火车，礼仪就好比轨道，火车只能沿着它隆隆前进。假定社会是一辆贵宾车，礼仪就好比轮子与轴，马车只有靠它们才能滚滚前进。缺了礼节，最亲密的朋友会变成死敌，友好或结盟的国家会兵戎相见。我们可以从人类历史上找到许多这种例子。因此我劝你对于任何人都要讲究礼仪，并且尽力不做违背礼仪的事，以免冒犯他人或者树敌。,1）Aist