中西文化差异、比较

实验目的,1.宏观地了解中西方文化差异。2.借鉴西方文化中的有利因素，更好地发展完善自我。3.培养学生了解西方文化的兴趣，提高学习的积极性。,ThislectureisbasedonanarticleofmineLinesandCircles,WestandEastpublishedsuccessivelyinEnglishToday(CambridgeUniversityPress),AsianStudies(OxfordUniversityPress),TheQuest(AnAmericanphilosophicaljournal)andSocialSciences(AChinesejournal).,LinesandCircles:AContrastiveStudyofWesternandChineseCultures,环性与线性中西文化比较,LinesandCircles:AContrastiveStudyofWesternandChineseCultures环性与线性中西文化比较,ZuoBiao,Whatisculture?,Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,law,morals,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.EdwardTylor(1871)(aBritishanthropologist),文化的定义,文化是一个错综复杂的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗以及作为社会成员的人所获得的其他一切能力和习惯。爱德华泰勒(1871)英国人类学家,Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicitofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditional(historicallyderivedandselected)ideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues.Culturesystemsmay,ontheonehand,beconsideredasproductsofaction,ontheotherhand,asconditioningelementsoffutureaction.AlfredKroeberandClydeKluckhohn(twoAmericananthropologists,1961）,Whatisculture?,文化是由通过符号所获得并传播的显性及隐性行为模式所构成，这种行为模式形成人类群体的特征，包括它们在人工制品中的体现；文化的核心部分是传统的（源于历史并经历史选择的）观念，尤其是价值观。文化系统，一方面可被视为人们行为的产品，另一方面又可被看作是规约未来行为的条件。克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩美国人类学家,文化的定义,Whatisculture?,Cultureisthetotalrangeofactivitiesandideasofagroupofpeoplewithsharedtraditionswhicharetransmittedandreinforcedbymembersofthegroup.CED,文化是具有共同传统的群体的活动和观念的总和，这些传统为这一群体的成员加以传播并加强。剑桥英语词典,文化的定义,WhatisCulture?,Cultureisthetotalpatternofhumanbehavioranditsproductsembodiedinthought,speech,actionandartifacts.Cultureisacomplexoftypicalbehaviororstandardizedsocialcharacteristicspeculiartoaspecificgroup.WNID,文化是人类行为及其产品的总和，表现为思想、言论、行动及制成物品。文化是某一群体所特有的典型行为或规范化的社会特征的综合。韦氏新国际词典,文化的定义,EssentialsofCulture,External（外在文化/有形文化）*behaviorlanguage,gestures,customs行为语言、手势、习俗等*productsliterature,art,music,artifacts产品文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等Internal（内核文化/无形文化）*ideasbeliefs,values,morals观念信仰、价值观、道德观等,EssentialsofCulture,Dead（死文化）*products(achievements)literature,art,music,artifacts,architecture产品文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等Living（活文化）*ideasbeliefs,values,morals观念信仰、价值观、道德观等*behaviorlanguage,gestures,customs行为语言、手势、习俗等,Cultures:UniversalityandIndividuality文化的共性与个性,Commonalityofhumannature人性趋同,Penetrativenessandfusibility渗透性及可融性,Accumulationandtradition积淀与传统,LinearityandCircularity线性与环性,Contrastinrespectof:,Worldview（宇宙观）Corevalues（核心价值观）OutlookonArts(艺术观)Outlookontime（时间观）Modesofthinking（思维模式）Linguisticexpression（语言表达）,Howistheworldobservedandviewedinbothcultures?在中西两种文化中人们是怎样看待世界的？,ManandNature,人与自然,1.Worldview宇宙观,Lineardivisionandcircularenclosure（线分环合）,Western:onedividingintotwo(一分为二)Chinese:twocombiningintoone(合二为一),Opposites:Western:independenceandoppositionChinese:interdependenceandintegration,西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线分明，强调二元的并存与对立；中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。,AncientGreekPhilosophers古希腊哲学家,Thales泰勒斯（624547BC）,Heracleitus赫拉克利特（540480BC）,Plato柏拉图（427347BC）,Plato柏拉图,ThedevelopmentofwesternphilosophyisaseriesoffootnotestoPlato.-Whitehead西方哲学的发展是对柏拉图的一系列脚注。怀海德,Plato柏拉图,Platosdistinctionbetweenthesensibleworldandtheidealworld柏拉图关于感觉世界与理念世界的区分PlatosTheoryofFormscontrastsrealitywithphenomena;soulwithbody;knowledgewithopinion;reasonwithsensation;andrationalitywithemotion.柏拉图的理念论把实在和现象、灵魂和肉体、知识和意见、理性和感觉、理智和激情相对应。,ModernPhilosophers西方近现代哲学家,Descartes笛卡尔(15961650),Kant康德(17241804),Russell罗素(18721970),Philosopher:Descartes（French),Substancedualism（实体二元论）:mattervs.mind（物质与心灵）Descartesdividedtheworldintoextendedsubstance(matter)andthinkingsubstance(mind),andthesetwohavemutuallyincompatibleproperties.Accordinglythesoulisentirelydistinctfromthebody.笛卡尔把世界划分为广延的实体(物质)和能思维的实体(心灵)，这两种实体的性质是不相容的。因此，灵魂与身体是截然区分的。,ChristianityandBibleChristianity:GodandManGodcreatesManandMansinsagainstGod.基督教：上帝创造人，人违抗上帝而犯罪。,Godoccupiesadominantposition.,ThemeofBible:Humanredemption圣经主题：人的灵魂拯救,West:lineardivision,Scientist:Archemedes（阿基米德,287212BC）,Givemebutonefirmspotonwhichtostand,andIwillmovetheearth.只要给我一个稳固的立足点，我就能移动地球。,TaoconsistsinYinandYang.TheBookofChanges(600BC),易经：一阴一阳之谓道。,Chinese:circularenclosure,PhilosophicalConcept:Tao（道）,TaogavebirthtotheOne;theOnegavebirthsuccessivelytotwothings,threethings,uptotenthousand.Thesetenthousandcreaturescannotturntheirbackstotheshade(Yin)withouthavingthesun(Yang)ontheirbellies,anditisthisblendingofthebreaths(YinandYang)thattheirharmonydepends.TranslatedbyArthurWaley,老子：道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和。道德经第42章,LaoTzu（571-471BC),天地与我并生，而万物与我为一。Heavenandearthco-existwithme,andIamidentifiedwitheverythingintheuniverse.,庄子（369286BC）,Taoisubiquitous,eternalandinexplicable.道的普遍性、永恒性和深奥性,天人合一天人感应,天地之气，合而为一，分为阴阳，判为四时，列为五行。,Theenergyofheavenandearthareaunifiedone.ItconsistsinYinandYangandmanifestsitselfinfourseasonsandfiveelements.GardenerMurphy,董仲舒179104BC,天亦有喜怒之气，哀乐之心。以类合之，天人一也。,Heavenalsohasfeelingslikedelightandanger,joyandsorrow.HeavenandMancanbeclassifiedunderthesamecategory.,ChineseCircularity：Idioms,天人感应HeavenandManinteractwitheachother./Naturalphenomenaandhumanaffairsfindresponseineachother.天理人情ThelawofnatureandfeelingofManareinunison.,ChineseCircularity：Idioms,天从人愿Heavenaccordswithhumanwishes.天怒人怨Natureisangrywhilepeopleresentful.,天意人缘Heavenswillbringsabouthumanaffinity.天与人归NatureandManturntoone.,ChineseCircularity:Literature,Poeticlines:花迎喜气皆知笑，鸟识欢心亦解歌。王维Flowerssmileonthehappyoccasion;Birdssingwiththejoyfulcongregation.,ChineseCircularity:Literature,Poeticlines:高树多悲风，海水扬其波。曹植Treesswayinamournfulgale;Wavessurgelikehillanddale.,Poeticlines山河破碎风抛絮，身世浮沉雨打萍。文天祥Catkinsscatteredbywind,Mymotherlandisbeingdisintegrated;Rainstrikingduckweed,Isinkagainstthetide,broken-hearted.,Chinese:circularenclosure,Philosophy:Tao(YinandYang)Lao-tzu,Chuang-tzu,DongZhongshuIdioms天人感应，天理人情，天从人愿，天怒人怨，天意人缘，天与人归Literature(Poeticlines)王维、曹植、文天祥,Theone-dividing-into-twolinearworldviewcontributestothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinexploringnatureandtoManssurvivalthroughhisstruggleagainstnature.Thetwo-combining-intoonecircularworldviewfacilitatesthedevelopmentofethicsintransformingsocietyandbenefitsManssurvivalinseekingharmonywithnature.,一分为二的线性宇宙观强调二元的并存与对立，有利于发展科技探索自然，在与天奋斗中求生存；合而为一的环性宇宙观注重二元的依存和统一，有利于发展伦理改革社会，在天人和谐中求生存。,2.CoreValues价值观,Linearindividualityandcircularintegrity线单环整,W:individualism-orientedandright-basedC:collectivism-orientedandduty-based,西方文化以个体主义为导向，以权利为基准；中国文化以团体主义为导向，以义务为基准。,Westernlinearindividuality单点独进，个人价值实现,Developingindividualpotentials,realizingindividualobjectivesandseekingindividualinterests.,西方文化的线性表现为直线的单点独进，强调个人潜力的发挥、个人目标的实现以及个人利益的追求。,Chinesecircularintegrity整体向心，群体价值取向,Harmonizingcommunityrelationships,actualizingcommunityobjectivesandsafeguardingcommunityinterests.,中国文化的环性表现为圆环的整体向心，注重群体关系的和谐、群体目标的统率和群体利益的维护。,IndividualismCollectivism,1.Everybodytakingcareofhimself2.“I”consciousness3.Independencefromorganizations4.Emphasisonindividualinitiative5.Privacyimportant6.Beliefinindividualdecisions,1.Peopleprotectedbyfamiliesorclans2.“We”consciousness3.Dependenceonorganizations4.Emphasisonaffiliationwithorganizations5.Sharingimportant6.Beliefincommunitydecisions,个体主义团体主义,1.各人关心自己2.“我”的意识强3.独立于团体4.强调个人努力5.隐私重要6.相信个人决定,1.个人受家庭或家族保护2.“我们”的意识强3.依赖团体4.注重团体归属5.共享重要6.信任群体决策,Westernlinearindividuality西方：单点独进，个人价值实现,Individualism个体主义Socialsystems社会制度Self-actualization自我实现Privateinterests私人利益Independence独立意识,Westernlinearindividuality西方：单点独进，个人价值实现,Parallellines两线平行,(Lawofsurvivalofthefittest),适者生存法则,Intersectinglines两线相交,Chinesecircularintegrity整体向心，群体价值取向,Harmonizingcommunityrelationships,actualizingcommunityobjectivesandsafeguardingcommunityinterests.,中国文化的环性表现为圆环的整体向心，注重群体关系的和谐、群体目标的统率和群体利益的维护。,Chinesecircularintegrity整体向心，群体价值取向,Confuciusproposition:天下为公,君子应先人后己。Apublicspiritshouldruleeverythingunderthesunandagentlemanshouldputothersinterestabovehisown.,Aimsinlife:修身、齐家、治国、平天下。Cultivatepersonalmoralcharacter,putfamilyaffairsinorder,administerprincipalityaffairswellandpacifythewholecountry.,Couplets：风声、雨声、读书声，声声入耳家事、国事、天下事，事事关心Thesoundsofwind,rainandreadingeachcomeintomyears.Theaffairsofthefamily,stateandworldareallkeptinmymind.顾宪成：东林书院对联,Chinesecircularintegrity整体向心，群体价值取向,Proverb：天下兴亡，匹夫有责。Everyonehasashareofresponsibilityforthefateofhiscountry.,Literature:先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。Showconcernoverstateaffairsbeforeothers,Andenjoycomfortsafterthem.,Chinesecircularintegrity整体向心，群体价值取向,JeanBricksChina(1995)：Privateinterestsarevestedinthegroup,thatis,inthefamilyorinthecommunity,andnotintheindividual.Trueself-fulfillmentfortheindividualliesinfulfillingsocialresponsibilitiestothegreatestextentpossible.Infact,theestablishmentofharmonioussocialrelationsisseenasanabsolutenecessity,withoutwhichanydevelopmentisimpossible.,珍妮布列克的中国(1995)：私人利益存在于群体之中，也就是存在于家庭或社团之中。真正的个人自我实现在于最大限度地完成各种社会责任。说实在的，建立和谐的社会关系被看作是绝对必要的，没有这一条，任何发展都是不可能的。,ASurveyoftheValuesofPresent-dayUniversityStudents,当今中国大学生价值观调查,FourLevelsofPrinciple,Utterdevotiontootherswithoutthoughtofself.毫不利己，专门利人。(Extremealtruism)Oneforallandallforone.我为人人,人人为我。Seekingprivateinterestssubjectivelyandbenefitingothersobjectively.主观为己，客观为人。Everyonepursueshisowninterests,orHeavenandEarthwilldestroyhim./EachforhimselfandDeviltakethehindmost.人不为己，天诛地灭。(Extremeegoism),行为准则四层次,Whichofthe4levelsdoyouregardasyourlifetenetandprincipleofconduct：UOSE19974.4%74.2%21.4%020002.5%57.2%32.18.2%20021.2%53.3%35.4%10.1%20040.6%37.5%43.2%18.7%,ResultsoftheInvestigation,Theindividualism-orientedlinearvaluesplayapositiveroleinadvocatingindependenceandself-reliance,overcomingconstraintofconventions,givingplaytopersonalpotentialsandencouragingindividualinitiative.Thecollectivism-orientedcircularvaluesplayapositiveroleinadvocatingdueconsiderationoftheoverallsituation,overcomingego-centricity,givingplaytocollectiveadvantagesandencouragingteamwork.,以个体主义为导向的西方线性价值观对于倡导自强自立，克服因循守旧心理，发挥个人潜力，树立个人进取精神有着积极意义。以团体主义为导向的中国环性价值观对于倡导顾全大局，克服自我中心观念，发挥群体优势，树立团队协作精神有着积极意义。,3.OutlookonArts艺术观,Linearstrengthandcirculargrace线刚环柔W:sky-orientedoutlookdisplayingstrengthC:earth-basedoutlookexhibitinggrace,西方文化的艺术观表现为直线朝上，向往天空，展示刚性的力度；中国文化的艺术观表现为环顾四周，眷恋大地，展示柔性的优雅。,C-WDifferenceinTermsofChoreography(舞蹈艺术),ChineseNationalDanceCurves,graceLookingearthwardsWalkingandrunningCircularhandmovement中国民族舞蹈曲线美，优雅型;拧倾曲圆，眷恋大地;走跑为主，环形手势。,WesternBalletLines,strengthLookingskywardsHoppingandbouncingLinearhandmovement西方芭蕾直线美，力量型;开绷直流，向往天空;蹦跳为主，线形手势。,Chinese:CurvesandcirclesClosenesstotheearthIntegrationwithNature中国古典建筑多曲线美飞檐反宇亲近大地天人合一,Western:LinesandpinnaclesScrapingtheskySeparationfromNature西方建筑多直线美平顶尖拱向往天空天人分离,C-WDifferenceinTermsofArchitecture,对景,漏窗,对景,桥廊,三门,ArchitecturalContrast建筑艺术对比,Circular：Closenesstotheearth；realityandstabilitystressed.,Linear：Piercingthesky；fantasyandinnovationvalued.,环性：环抱大地重视现实和稳定,线性：刺破苍穹重视幻想与革新,4.Outlookontime时间观,Linearextensionandcircularrotation线伸环旋,Western:extension,senseoftimeshortage,futurevaluedChinese:rotation,senseoftimeabundance,pastcherished,西方文化视时间如直线延伸，单向飞逝，去而不返，因而有时间紧缺感，往往向前看，着眼于未来；中国文化视时间如圆环旋转，冬去春来，周而复始，故而有时间充裕感，常常向后看，立足于过去。,43B.C.RomanPoet,“Timeisthedevourerofeverything.”Ovid,16081674EnglishPoet,15641616EnglishPlaywright,时间是一切事物的吞食者。奥维特,“Timeisthesubtlethiefofyouth.”-Milton,“Timeismostbriskandgiddy-paced.”-Shakespeare,时间是窃走青春的神秘盗贼。弥尔顿,时间步伐如此迅疾，令人眼花缭乱。莎士比亚,QuotationsfromPoets诗人语录,Westernlinearextension,Proverbs:“Timeandtidewaitfornoman.”“Timelostisneverfoundagain.”谚语：岁月不待人；时间一去不复返。,韩愈768824,孔子551479B.C.,Confuciussaidontheriverbank:“Thepassingoftimeisliketheflowingofwater.”,Theeasylossoftimeeffectsmydejection;Thefourseasonspassinquicksuccession.,Chineselinearoutlookontime中国线性时间观,子在川上曰：逝者如斯夫。,韩愈幽怀：但悲时易失，四序迭相侵。,春与秋其代序。（屈原：离骚）Springalternateswithautumn.,日月光华，旦复旦兮。(尚书大传上卷）Thesunalternateswiththemoon;Dayscomeoneafteranothersoon.,失之东隅，收之桑榆。Whatislostatsunrisecanberegainedatsunset.冯异,Idiom:时来运转Thefavorofthetimecyclebringsgoodluck.,Analects（论语）：Iengageinintrospectioneverydayon3points:whetherIhavedoneanythingunfaithfulordishonestorhaveshunnedmystudies.,吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传而不习乎？曾子,FarewellRemarks（告别语）慢走，慢用，慢慢看，慢慢做，慢慢商量，慢慢欣赏,Metaphor:Timeflieslikeanarrowanddaysflitlikeashuttle.光阴似箭，日月如梭。,Diary:Recordingwhathasbeendone.日记：记载已经发生的事。,Respectauthoritiesandtheaged.尊重权威，敬重老人。,Lookingback向后看,Itmightbesaidthatthelinearviewontimeencouragesboldexplorationandpromotesscientificcreationwhileitscircularcounterpartmotivatesself-examinationandcontributestosocialstability.,线式时间观向前看，重求知，有利于鼓励开拓创新；环式时间观则向后看，重修身，有利于促进稳定守序。,5.Modeofthinking思维模式,W:Dissectingthingsintopartsandanalyzingtheirrelationships,thinkingintermsoflogic(逻辑思维）andabstractreasoning（抽象推理）,Lineardissectionandcircularsynthesis线切环综,C:Synthesizingpartsandexaminingthewhole,thinkingintermsofimages（形象思维）andintuitiveinsight（直觉顿悟）,西方文化如同直线切划，细分明析，注重抽象推理，善长逻辑思维。,中国文化犹如圆环内封，综观合察，寻求直觉顿悟，善长形象思维。,ReferringtoWesternmodeofthinking,QianXuesen(1986)said:“Abstractivethinkingseemstobelinearorbranch-like.“抽象思维似乎是线型或枝型的。”钱学森,ReferringtoChinesemodeofthinking,ShenXiaolong(1990)said:“Thisisacirculardialecticmodeofthinkingwithastrongplastic,flexibleandstochasticnature.“这是一种有着极强可塑性、伸张性、随机性的圆式辩证思维方式。”申小龙,Modeofthinking思维模式,Westerndissectionvs.Chinesesynthesis,W:Analyticalmodeofthinking西：分析型思维模式C:Syntheticmodeofthinking中：综合型思维模式W:Morelogic-oriented(abstraction,precisionandclarity)西：更重逻辑（抽象，精确与清晰）C:Moreimage-oriented(imagination,implicitnessandfuzziness)中：更重形象（想象，隐含与模糊）,W:Encyclopedia,classification,animals,plants,objectsdivided,sub-divided西：百科全书层层切分，种类归属分明。,C:Leishu,political,socialandethicaldataarrangedcircularly,emperor-centered中：类书是以皇帝为中心的环式体例。,C:Unity,harmony,correspondenceandtransition中：文章强调起承转合，注重通篇的过渡自然及和谐一致。,W:Cleardivisionintheorganizationofarticles西：文章的标题、章、节、段脉路清晰，一目了然。,Westernmedicine,examinepartsofthebodythroughtestsandX-rays西医看病，先给病人胸透、胃透、验血、验尿，分而检之，再作诊断。,Chinesemedicine,generalphysicalcondition,pulse,complexion,tonguecoating中医看病，望、闻、问、切，注意的是全身性的综合症状。,Westerncuisine,strictly-followedrecipe,ingredientsofprecisequantity西餐厨师烹饪，各种配料严格计量，操作程序步步分清。,Chinesecuisine,intuitiveacquisitionoftheskillthroughrepeatedpractice,casualmixingofingredients中餐厨师学厨艺，并不注重定量描述，而是通过模仿，直觉地把握师傅的烹饪技术。,Westernpainting,likenessinappearance,details:lines,shadesofcolor,lightspectrum,Chinesepainting,resemblanceinspirit,essence,imagination,brevity,exaggeration,西方油画注重形似，通过线条、色彩、光线等细节刻意仿真。,中国画追求神似，运用概括、夸张的手法及丰富的联想表现物象的神韵。,W:AlexandertheGreat(356-323BC),lineofconquest(Macedonia,Greece,Palestine,Syria,Iran,Egypt),C：TheFirstQinDynastyEmperor(259-210BC),circleofdefense(theGreatWall,theHimalayas,theocean,亚历山大大帝戎马一生，实现线性的征服。,秦始皇下令修建长城，实现环性的防御。,西方人食用苹果，也不忘线式切分，然后去核去皮食之。,Westernerseatapplesbycuttingthemlinearlyintopieces.,Chinesepeopleeatapplesbypeelingthemcircularlyandpreservingtheroundshape.,中国人食用苹果却不忘用环式削皮，保全圆形整体。,WesterndissectionChinesesynthesis,AnalyticalmodeofthinkingMorelogic-oriented(abstraction,precisionandclarity)EncyclopedicworksOrganizationofarticles:CleardivisionWesternmedicineWesterncuisineWesternpaintingApple-eating:cutting,SyntheticmodeofthinkingMoreimage-oriented(imagination,implicitnessandfuzziness)类书,Emperor-centeredunity,harmonyandcorrespondenceChinesemedicineChinesecuisineChinesepaintingpeelingaround,Thelinearmodeofthinkingcharacterizedbyanalyticalreasoningandemphasisonclarityandprecisionisconducivetotheoreticalconstruction.Thecircularmodeofthinkingcharacterizedbysyntheticinsightandstressonfuzzinessandimplicitnesscontributestoempiricalrevelationoftruth.,线性思维模式长于分析推理，推崇清晰精确，有利于理论建构；环性思维模式强于综合顿悟，讲求模糊含蓄，有助于体察真谛。,6.Linguisticexpression语言表达,Linearbranch-likeconnectionandcircularwave-likemoving线枝环波,English:tree-typesentencestructurewithdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunkline,Chinese:topic-prominentsentencestructureandwave-likemovingofthediscourse,西语的线性特点表现为句子结构以直线枝形铺排，由主到次，递相迭加，犹如枝繁叶茂的大树。,汉语的环性特点体现在语段以环状波式流动，浪花无律，形散意合，好似波涛滚滚的大江。,Englishtree-likesentencestructure英语的线性树式句子结构,Trunkline:S+V+(O)主干线：主语+谓语+（宾语）Branchesandsub-branches:Adverbialsandattributes支线及分支线：状语和定语Hypotactic,connectives形合语言，连接词语explicitcohesion显性联接Productandfacilitatorofabstractthinkingandformallogic线性语言是抽象思维和形式逻辑的产物，反过来又促进抽象思维和形式逻辑的发展。,English:lineartree-likesentencestructure（线性树式结构）,Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead.JimmyCarter吉米卡特,Branchesandsub-branches:Adverbialsandattributes,Trunkline:S+V+(O),Chinese:circularbamboo-likesentencestructure（环性竹式结构）,从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,Thechunksofasentenceseemtobeconnectedandyetseparated,likesectionsofabamboolinkedbythejointsandyetrelativelyindependentandself-contained.,句子的各部分似分似连，形散意合，像竹节那样，相对独立，但意义又相互关联。,Chinesewave-likediscourse汉语的环性波状语篇,Paratactic:fewerconnectivesandlackofinflections意合语言：少用连接词语，缺乏形态变化Implicitcoherence隐性连贯contextandlanguagefeel上下文和语感Topic:prominentStructure:flexibleCompositeconstruction:looseandplastic话题突出，结构灵活，以神统形，组合自由。Discourse:evolvefreelyinwave-likemanner语篇展开犹如环弧状的浪花，此起彼伏，似连似分，高低无序，但却沿着一定的（语义）方向流动。,English:fixedpointofsight（视点固定）,“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcant.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcant.”“Ican.”“youcant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,“我会揍你的。”“不，你不会。”“是的，我会的。”“不，你不会的。”“我会的。”“你不会的。”“会！”“不会！”,“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcant.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcant.”“Ican.”“youcant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcant.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcant.”“Ican.”“youcant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？来呀，你揍啊！,Chinese:movingpointofsight（视点流动）,“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcant.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcant.”“Ican.”“youcant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！瞧就瞧，我才不怕呢！,Chinese:movingpointofsight（视点流动）,Pleasecompare:,Youwonthaveanyclassesthisafternoon,willyou?No,wewont.,你们今天下午没课吧，是吗？是的，没课。,Chinesemovingpointofsight（视点流动环环扣紧）,Englishfixedpointofsight（视点固定一线到底）,ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese(3),Rhythmicspeechorwritingislikewavesofthesea,movingonwardwithalternatingriseandfall,connectedyetseparated,likebutdifferent,suggestiveofsomelaw,toocomplexforanalysisorstatement,controllingtherelationsbetweenwavea