Ellipsis(省略)

,2.3EllipsisTheNatureofEllipsis,bydefinition,istheomissionofelementsnormallyrequiredbythegrammarwhichthespeakerwriterassumesareobviousfromthecontext,andthereforeneednotberaisedEllipsisandsubstitutionareverycloseandellipsiscanbeunderstoodassubstitutionwithoutasubstituteLikesubstitutionellipsisisarelationwithinthetext，andinmostinstancestheomitteditemsarepresentintheprecedingtext，ie，suchas,“IloveMarymorethanTom.”ellipsisisnormallyananaphoricrelation.CataphoricellipsistypicallyoccursinfrontofPlacedsubordinateclauses,suchas,“Havingnotknownwhattodo,heaskedtheteacherforhelp.”,EllipsisdevelopmentcriteriaQposefivecriteriaforellipsis：(1)Theelliptedwordsarepreciselyrecoverable.(2)Theelliptedconstructionisgrammatically“defective”.(3)Theinsertionofthemissingexpressionresultsinagrammaticalsentenceororiginalsentencewiththesamemeaningastheellipticalsentence(4)Themissingexpressionisrecoverablefromtheneighboringtext(ratherthanfromthestructuralorsituationalcontext)(5)Themissingexpressionisanexactcopyoftheantecedent.Asthesamplesproveinthefollowing,Idlikeyoutobeheretenminutesearliertomorrow,ifyoucould（）.Johnbroughtsomecarnations,andCatherine（）someroses.,1.Elementsthatcanbeelliptedinthenominalgroup：A.Ellipsisoftheheadandpost-modifier(ifany)Suchas,(1)HehadtoadmitthatSarahsdrawingswereasgoodashisown（）(headword)(2)AlthoughHelenistheoldestgirlintheclass，Julieisthetallest（）(headwordandpost-modifier).(3)Thispreviouslyunprotectedspeciesisnowclassifiedasanendangered（）(headword)(4)Theyveputsomechocolateasideforyou：sixbarsofplain（）andsixoffruitandnut（）(headword).,Moreexamples,andcheckwhichpartisomitted.1.IlikethebluehatwhereasMaryprefersthegreen.2.SofarBobhasmissedthreeclassesofthehistorycourse,andIhavefour.3.Themengotbackatmidnight.Bothweretiredout.4.Takethesepillsthreetimesaday.Andyoudbetterhavesomemoreofthosetoo.5.TheclownisthefinestIveeverseen.6.Applesarethecheapestinautumn.,B.Ellipsisofpost-modifieraloneGenerallyspeaking，post-modifiersareoptional，therefore，isnoteasyforustotellwhetherellipsisactuallyoccurssometimesThereadilyelliptedpost-modifieristheof-phrase，asin：(6)Ifyouneedanyofthatfirewoodtheycangiveyouplenty（）.(7)-A.Wouldyouliketotakemoreoftheapplepies?-B.Thanks,five（）enough,Ithink.,C.Ellipsisofpre-modifierandheadandpost-modifer(8)Thesecondhistoricalnovelshewrotewasverydifferentfromthefirst（）Inthissentence，thepre-modifyingadjectivehistorical，theheadnovelandthepost-modifiershewroteareelliptedD.Ellipsisofpre-modifierandhead(9)LiebknechsbestpentathlonperformanceiswellaheadofLessings（）Inthissentence，thepre-modifyingadjectivebest，thepre-modifyingnounpentathlonandthenounheadperformanceareomitted,2.EllipsisofPredicateVerbTheellipsisofpredicateverbsmeansinasetofthegrammaticalstructure,therepeatedorthesameverbstructureanditsoperatorcanbeentirelyorpartiallyomitted.Andtheomittedelementscanberestoredaccordingtotheoriginalstructure.1.-Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?-Swimming.2.-Whatishedoing?-Takingphotoes.3.MarycanbeatAnneasilyandPhillips,too.4.-WhoncanMarybeatmosteasily?-Phillips.5.-WestillhaventbeatenJapnesefootballteam.ButIbelievewewillsomeday.6.Hashesoldhisfurnitureyet?No,hejusthassomepaintings.7.Isshesuingthehospital?No,sheisthedoctore.,3.ClausalellipsisInclausalellipsis，theelementsthatcanbeomittedare:thepredicationinfiniteclauses，thepredicate(onlyincertainconstructions),to-infinitiveclauses，wh-clauses，andentireclausesTheclause，accordingtoQuirk，isdividedintotwoparts：thesubjectandoperator，andpredicationThefollowingareexamplesofellipsisofpredicationintheclauses,A.SamplesStudy(1)Imhappyifyouare.(2）Iftheyarenotreadybylunchtime，theyoughttobe（）(3)HisfatherwasatOxfordwhenHaroldWilsonwas（）(4)Tomwillbepraying，butIdontthinkMartinwill(be)（）.(5)WhenShirleyresignsfromthecommittee，Imsurethatanumberofotherpeoplewill(（）too)(6)-A.Whoscookingdinnertoday?-B.Johnis（）.Inthefollowingexamples，theonlyelementsthatremainintheellipticalclausesarethesubjectsGeorge(7)NigelfinishedtheexamearlierthanGeorge（）(8)-A.Whofinishedtheexamfirst?-B.George（）,4.Theellipsisofto-infinitiveclauseTheellipticalto-infinitiveclauseconsistsofthesingleparticleto,whichoccursnotonlyafterfiniteverbsbutalsoafterthemarginalmodalverbs“oughtto，usedto,beableto，begoingto，havetoandsupposedto”Normallythestranded“to”isunstressedTheellipticalto-infinitiveclauseismadenegativebyputting“not”before“to”Syntactically，theellipticalto-infinitiveclauseisusuallyrestrictedtothefunctionofcomplementationofverbssuchas“want”and“like”(9)Youcanusemycomputerifyouwantto.(10)Peopledontsaveasmuchmoneynowadaysastheyusedto.,5.Theellipsisofthewh-clausesTheellipsisofthewh-clausescanbereducedtothewh-word，inwhichcase，thewordnormallyreceivesstress，butthistypeofellipsisisrestrictedtowh-interrogativeclauses，eitherdependentorindependentTheword“not”isputafter“why”tomakeasuggestionoragreement(11)-A.Imsurewecanfindasolution-B.Yes，butwhen（）?(12)-A.Itmightbenicetoseeafilmthisafternoon-B.Yes，whynot（）?.,Anothermoresamples:-A.WhatdidIhit?-B.Nothing.-A.WhokilledCockRobin?-B.Aboy.-A.Howmuchdoesitcost?-B.Fivedollars.-A.Tillwhattimeareyoustayinghere?-B.Halfpastsix.-A.Whoseglovesarethese?-B.Shallys.-A.Whatdidyoudrawitwith?-B.Withapencil,6.Ellipsisofanentireclausemainlyconcernstheto-infinitiveclauseactingascomplementationtootherclauses，althoughitmayalsooccurwiththat-clau