高中英语虚拟语气超级讲解与精练

高二英语虚拟语气超级讲解与精练(宁鲁中学外语组刘银超)语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。I. 虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用1.虚拟语气条件句中的应用：学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。(1).虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。虚拟情况条件状语从句主句与现在事实相反过去式（be的形式用were）would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+PP与将来可能相反过去式should+动词原形were+不定式would/should/could/might+动词原形如If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）If you had got up earlier yesterday, you would have caught the train.She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。）If I saw him tomorrow , I would pass your note to him .If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我们赶上早班火车，到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我们赶不上这班火车，我们就得在车站等一小时。（表不希望）(2). 混合型的条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。如条件从句用if I were.，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。如If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去了。(were表过去)If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我会去的。(were表现在) (3). 含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster.同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。 I would like to come. 我愿意来。(4). 不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。如：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。()If 引导的非真实条件句中的谓语部分有were, had, should时，可以把if去掉，而将were,had, should提到主语的前面，构成倒装结构。而且省略的if从句一般置于主句之前（尤其是在肯定句和否定句中）。多见于书面语。Had you not helped me， I should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。Had it not been for your help, we would not have achieved so much.我的练习，我做主：1If he had not missed the train, he _ by then. Amight get Bmight have got Cgot Dhad got 2If I _ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper. Adidnt run Bshouldnt run Chavent run Dhadnt run 3I would have gone to the meeting，if I _ more timeAhad had Bhave had ChadDwould have had4I could have done better if I _ more timeAhave had Bhad Chad had Dwill have had5If I _ you，I wouldnt return the callAbe Bam Cwas Dwere6 _ today，he would get there by FridayAWould he leaveBWas he leaving CWere he to leaveDIf he leaves7If I had hurried，I _ the train Awould catchBcould catch Cwould have caughtDhad caught8If you had been with us，you _ our excitementAhave understoodBunderstood Cwill understandDwould have understood9Without your help，we _ so muchAwill not achieve Bdidnt achieve Cdont achieveDwould not have achieved 10If he _ the storekeepers scissors, he would have forgotten to buy a pairAwould not seen Bhad not seen Chad seenDhas seen11But for water，it _ impossible to live in the desertAisBwasCwereDwouldnt be12 _ it_ for your help，I couldnt have made any progress AHad；not beenBShould；not been CDid；not beenDNot；be13Long _ the Party！AlivesBlive Cwill liveDshould live14If only I _ my car！Ahadnt lostBwould not lose Cdidnt loseDhavent lost15._ I be free tomorrow，I could go with youACouldBShouldCMightDMust16.What would have happened _, as far as the river bank.A.Bob had walked farther B.if Bob should walk fartherC.had Bob walked farther D.if Bob walked farther参考答案1.B2. D3A 4C5D6C 7C 8D9D10B11D 12A 13B 14A 15B 16.C.解析1. 对过去事情的假设，要用would / might have done sth.来表达。2. 根据would have finished可以推断应该是过去时，可以推断从句应该用过去完成时。5. 对现在的假设，如果是动词be，一般用were的形式。9. without, but for都是暗含条件的短语。它可以转换成条件句，即If we had not had your help，是对过去情况的假设，所以应该选D。2.虚拟语气在其他状语从句的中的运用：目的状语从句、方式状语从句和让步状语从句中的运用。(1).在以so that 和in order that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词要用：would/should/might/could/+动词原形。在lest that(以免、唯恐)，for fear that，in case that引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，结构用should + 动词原形。例如：I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛，以防断电。The teacher went there early in order that the students would not be alone in the classroom. 老师早早就到学校以免学生们单独呆在教室里。I lent him $50 so that he could buy the coat. 我借给他50美元以便他能买那件大衣。I hired a room so that I could stay alone. 我租了一个房间以便能一个人待着。He hurried on so that she might not meet him again. 他匆忙往前走以免她再碰到他。(2) 在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中可以使用虚拟语气,这类状语从句的谓语形式和一般虚拟条件句的谓语形式大致相同。主句从句要表达的含义状语从句的谓语动词as if/as though表示与现在事实相反过去式表示与过去事实相反过去完成时（had+P.P）表示与现在事实相反would/might/could+动词原形He often behaves as though he were better than us. 他经常做出一副比我们都强的样子。分析:这句话言外之意是其实他并不比我们强,只是装作这样。由主句He often behaves得知as though引导的状语从句与现在事实相反,因此谓语用相当于过去时的形式。He remembers it vividly as if it were yesterday. 这件事在他的记忆中仍旧鲜活,就像昨天发生的一样。分析:由句意可判断这件事实际上发生在较长时间以前。由主句He remembers it vividly得知as if引导的状语从句与现在事实相反,所以谓语用相当于过去时的形式。Carl talked about Paris as though he had been there himself. 卡尔谈起巴黎就仿佛他到过那里似的。分析:由句意可判断实际上,卡尔并没到过巴黎。由主句Carl talked about Paris可知,as though引导的从句与过去事实相反,因此谓语应当使用相当于过去完成时的形式had been。 He sat there as if nothing had happened. 他坐在那里好像什么事也没发生过一样。分析:由句意可判断应该发生了不寻常的事情。由主句He sat there可知,as if引导的从句与过去事实相反,谓语要用相当于过去完成时的形式had happened。 He opened his mouth as if he would say something 他张开嘴好像要说什么。 It looks as if it might snow 看来好像要下雪了。注意:as if 引导的方式状语从句若表示有明显迹象的确实要发生某事时，或可能被设想为真实的时候，可用陈述语气。在look, seem, taste, smell后,as if引导的从句中有时要用陈述语气。It looks as if they are in trouble. 看起来他们好像遇到了麻烦。The milk tastes as if it has gone bad. 这奶喝起来好像已经坏了。分析:同上述情况不同的是,这两句话表示的都是真实情况。第一句话表示有迹象表明他们遇到了麻烦；第二句话表示从牛奶的味道可知牛奶真的坏了,因此这两句话都应该用陈述语气。The clouds are getting darker and darker, It looks as if it is going to rain.云越来越黑了，看上去好像要下雨了。分析：从前半句提供的情景，我们可以看出了下雨是非常可能的，因此as if 从句中用陈述语气。(3) 在even if , even though, whatever, lest, so long as等引导的让步状语从句中有时用虚拟语气,表示推测、让步、防备等含义,其中从句中情态助动词might, could, would等可以省略,谓语动词用动词原形；主句谓语可以是现在时、过去时或将来时形式。Though everyone desert you, I will not.即使每个人都离开你,我也不会。Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.不管他如何辩护,我们都不能容忍这种不忠的行为。So long as a volume hold together, I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance.只要一册书是装订在一起的,我并不在乎它的外观。Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.我们静静地坐在河边以防鱼儿游走。分析:这几个例句中的状语从句分别由though, whatever, so long as, lest引导,表示假定、推测、让步和防备的情况,谓语都使用了虚拟语气,其谓语动词be, desert, be, hold, swim前面分别省去了情态助动词should, would, might, could, might, 用相当于动词原形的形式。注意:1) 在有些让步状语从句中,用may(might, would)动词原形构成谓语,把从句中具有中心意义的动词或形容词放在句首,用倒装语序:Come what may, we will stand together shoulder by shoulder. 不管发生什么情况,我们都要肩并肩站在一起。Rich though you might be, you cannot spend your money lavishly. 你就是富有,也不能挥霍无度。Try as I would, I cannot prevail upon him to follow my advice. 不管想什么办法,我都不能劝服他按我的意见行事。分析:come, rich和try在这几个让步状语从句中都是中心词,因此被提到句首以示强调,后面部分用倒装语序。2) if, though, whatever, lest, so long as引导的状语从句谓语也可用陈述语气:Though we are poor, were still happy. 虽然我们穷,但我们仍然很快乐。As long as you are happy, it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你开心,做什么都没关系。II.虚拟语气在其他从句的应用（第二课时）虚拟语气除主要用于条件句外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用(1)“常用在It is (was)+形容词 / 过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括：important，natural，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent ，desirable，possible，astonishing，advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory，crucial，eager，essential，fitting，imperative，improper，necessary，obligatory，preferable，proper，urgent，vital，shocked，requested，amazing，strange，odd，ridiculous，surprising，unthinkable，incredible等等。例如：It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识，更要有实践经验，这一点很重要。It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间，真是太奇怪了。Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （带有“要求”的含义）Its better that he go at once. （带有“建议”的意思）It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once Its strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak politely. Its right that you should think that way. 用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonightIm ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off有人建议推迟会议。It is settled that you leave us, then? 注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。(2) It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.) that. 从句中用“should+v”, should也可以省略。Its a pity that you should be so late for the meeting.It is a pity that she should fare so badly.It is my proposal that he should be sent to study further abroad.以上句式也可以陈述语气。 Its a pity that you cant dance.2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1). 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用“should+动词原形”（should可以省略）常用的动词有：记忆方法：“一个坚持、两个命令、三个建议、四个要求”。“一个坚持”指insist(坚持要做，坚决要求，强调动作)“两个命令”指order , command“三个建议”指suggest , advise , propose“四个要求”指demand , request , require , ask还有urge（强烈主张、强烈要求），prefer（宁愿），maintain（主张），object, arrange（安排）, desire（渴望，要求），intend(打算、建议、主张)direct(命令)，move(提议)，recommend(推荐、建议)如：The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。She asks that she ( should ) be given an opportunity to try this method.He desires that you (should) see him at once.他渴望你立刻去看他。Would you prefer that I (should) go with you ? 你愿意我和你一起去吗？He recommended that I (should) buy new tyres.他建议我买新轮胎。The general directed that the troops (should) attack.将军命令部队进攻。The socioligist maintained that a demotic society would lower the nations standards. 这个社会学家认为平民社会会降低国家的素质。注意：只有suggest作“建议”、insist意为“坚持认为”解时，从句用虚拟语气，当suggest意为“表明、说明、暗示”，insist意为“坚持说、坚持认为”时，从句不用虚拟语气。例When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时，父亲用表情表示了默许。The boy insisted that he didnt cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)The boy insisted that he shouldnt cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)Mother insists that Im a bad boy.妈妈认为我是一个坏孩子。2). wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。 从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。 I wish it were true我但愿这是真的。 从句的谓语动词还可用“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。 表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“had +过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词”I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天来过电话。We wish you had come to our New Years party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。3). “would rather/had rather , would sooner, would just as soon表示“宁愿、但愿”，后面的宾语从句谓语用过去式或动词原形表示对将来的要求， Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die. I would rather you go tomorrow. I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past.表愿望，宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义主句从句要表达的含义状语从句的谓语动词wouldrather/had rather/would sooner表示与现在事实相反过去式表示与过去事实相反过去完成时（had+P.P）表示与现在事实相反过去式（动词原形）I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。4). 有些动词，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如：I never thought he should refuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。She did not expect that you should come.她没有预料你会来。3. 虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的应用表示“要求、建议、命令”的名词suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand, insistence,requirement , idea等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should +动词原形或省略should。The workers requirement was that their working conditions be improved.My advice is that you (should) treat her well.我的忠告是你应该善待她。He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once.他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建议是我们应该告诉他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。4. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用在“It is (high/about) time +(tha)从句”句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式。这个句型中的that常常省略。从句的动词用过去时，有时用“should+动词原形”其含义是“该做某事的时候了”。It is time the children went to bed.孩子们早该上床睡觉了。（表示催促）Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。 It is time we left.我们该走了。 It is time we went to bed.我们该去睡觉了。5. 表示“祝愿、愿望”句型中的虚拟语气。(1)祝愿句常用动词原形或may引导的倒装句。Long live the Communist Party of China！中国共产党万岁！God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你。（或说成May God bless you）God damn it! 该死的！The devil take you! 见鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那样吧。(2)表示现在或过去不能实现的一种愿望，if only后用动词过去式或过去完成时。如：If only that photo werent missing!要是那张照片不丢该有多好啊！Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _your advice.(上海春季高考)A.followed B.would follow C.had followed D.should follow答案是C。“看我现在遇到的麻烦！要是我当初听从你的忠告就好了。”现在已经遇到了麻烦的原因是当初事实上没有听从你的忠告。应用if only 接谓语动词过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。6. 虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系：从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响。1) 用于主语从句。试比较：It is important that he should know about this.他必须知道此事。It was important that he should know about this.他必须知道此事。2) 用于宾语从句。试比较：I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建议我们明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建议我们第二天走。She said, “If I were a boy I would join the army.”她说，“我如是男孩，就参军。”She said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她说她如是男孩就参军。但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则。试比较：“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said.“假如我知道它是如何运行的话，我就会告诉你该怎么办，”他说道。He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do.他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话，他就会告诉我该怎么办。“If I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius,” he said.“我如知道你所有问题的答案，我就是天才了。”他说道。He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a genius.他说他如知道我所有问题的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气，其后从句的时态则多受其影响，现在时态应随之而变为过去时态。如：I would think he was wrong.我看他是错了。(须用was,试比较：I think he is wrong)It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是对的。(须用was,试比较：It seems that she is right)我练习，我酷！1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have readB. had read C. should have readD. are reading2.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if they _ friends for years.A. should beB. would be C. have beenD. had been4.It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately.A. speakB. spoke C. will speakD. to speak5.He looked as if he _ ill for a long time.A. was B. Were C. has been D. had been6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _.A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours7.I wish that I _ with you last night.A. wentB. c