文章结构分析(UnderstandingTextStructure)

UnderstandingTextStructures,Whatisatextstructure?,A“structure”isabuildingorframework“Textstructure”referstohowapieceoftextisbuilt,Whatisatextstructure?,BuilderscanusedifferentkindsofstructurestobuilddifferentthingsAskyscraper,forexample,isadifferentkindofstructurefromahouse,Whatisatextstructure?,WritersusedifferentstructurestobuildtheirideasEachtextstructurecommunicatesideasinadifferentway,Chronologicalorder,AuthorsusechronologicalordertoexplainhowthingshappeninorderChronologicalorderisalsocalledsequenceortimeorder,Chronologicalorder,Youwillknowthatyouarereadingatextinchronologicalorderbecauseyouwillseewordslikefirst,next,later,then,andfinally,Chronologicalorder,Youwilloftenseechronologicalorderindirections:Haveyouevermademacaroniandcheese?Itssimple!First,boilsomewaterandmakesomemacaroni.Then,makeyourcheesesauce.Afterthecheesesauceisready,mixitwiththemacaroni.Baketheentirethingintheoven.Finally,itstimetoeat!,Chronologicalorder,Youwilloftenseechronologicalorderindirections:Haveyouevermademacaroniandcheese?Itssimple!First,boilsomewaterandmakesomemacaroni.Then,makeyourcheesesauce.Afterthecheesesauceisready,mixitwiththemacaroni.Baketheentirethingintheoven.Finally,itstimetoeat!,Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?,Pennsylvaniahasmanyhistoricsites.YoucanvisitRevolutionarywarsites,likeValleyForge.YoucanalsovisitimportantlocationsfromtheCivilWar,likeGettysburg.Finally,youcanalsoseethesiteofthefirstoilwellinTitusville.Pennsylvaniahasmanyneatplacestovisit!,Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.,Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?,Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.,Thisistheparagraphinchronologicalorder.Canyoufindthecluewordsthatshowthisorder?,Whichparagraphisinchronologicalorder?,Throughtheages,Pennsylvaniahasseenmanyinterestingevents.Thestatewasfoundedin1681byWilliamPenn.Later,PennsylvaniawasthesiteofimportantRevolutionaryWarbattles.Afterthat,PennsylvaniawashometonewfactoriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Today,Pennsylvaniacontinuestomakehistory.,Thisistheparagraphinchronologicalorder.Canyoufindthecluewordsthatshowthisorder?,Thinkaboutit!,Whatisastructure?Whatdoeschronologicalordermean?Whataresomecluewordsthatshowchronologicalorder?,Anothertextstructure,Butwhatifanauthordoesntwanttoshowhowsomethinghappenedinsequence?Theauthorwouldneedtouseanothertextstructure!,Anothertextstructure,SupposeanauthorwantedtoexplainhowthesetwobirdsaresimilaranddifferentChronologicalorderwouldntwork-thereisnoorderofeventsTheauthorwouldneedtousecompareandcontrast,Anothertextstructure,Thecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.,Compareandcontrastcluewords,Whenauthorsusethetextstructureofcompareandcontrast,theyoftenusespecialcluewordstoshowthistextstructure.Canyoufindthecluewordsintheparagraph?,Canyoufindthecluewords?,Thecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.,Heretheyare!,Thecardinalandthecedarwaxwingaretwocommonbirds.Bothhavecrestsontheirheads.Botharecommonatbirdfeeders.Butthebirdshavesomedifferences.Themalecardinalisabrightred,whilethewaxwingisbrown.Thecedarwaxwingoftenmigratesfromplacetoplace.Ontheotherhand,thecardinalstaysinoneplaceyearafteryear.,Compareandcontrastgraphicorganizer,Toorganizedetailsfromaparagraphincompareandcontrast,useaVenndiagram,Review,Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenchronologicalorderandcompareandcontrast?Howcancluewordshelpyouasareader?,Anothertextstructure,Sometimes,awriterwillwanttoexplainhowoneeventleadstoanotherThiskindoftextstructureiscalledcauseandeffect,Causeandeffectcluewords,Whenauthorswriteparagraphstoshowcausesandeffects,theyusewordslikecause,effect,asaresult,consequently,andso,Canyoufindthecluewords?,Thenightssnowstormhadmanyeffects.Peoplewereoutshovelingsnowfromtheirsidewalks.Thepowerlinesweredrapedwithice.Snowplowsdrovedowneverystreet.Childrenwerethehappiestofall.Theunexpectedsnowcausedschooltobecancelled!,Canyoufindthecluewords?,Thenightssnowstormhadmanyeffects.Peoplewereoutshovelingsnowfromtheirsidewalks.Thepowerlinesweredrapedwithice.Snowplowsdrovedowneverystreet.Childrenwerethehappiestofall.Theunexpectedsnowcausedschooltobecancelled!,Morewithcauseandeffect,Babypaintedturtlesspendallwinterintheirnests.Theyhavespecialchemicalsintheirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing.Asaresult,babypaintedturtlescansurvivefreezingtemperatures!,Morewithcauseandeffect,Babypaintedturtlesspendallwinterintheirnests.Theyhavespecialchemicalsintheirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing.Asaresult,babypaintedturtlescansurvivefreezingtemperatures!,Thisisthecause,Morewithcauseandeffect,Babypaintedturtlesspendallwinterintheirnests.Theyhavespecialchemicalsintheirbloodthatcankeeptheirbloodfromfreezing.Asaresult,babypaintedturtlescansurvivefreezingtemperatures!,Thisistheeffect,Review,Whichtextstructuretellsabouthowthingsaresimilaranddifferent?CompareandcontrastWhichtextstructureexplainshowthingshappenintimeorder?Chronologicalorder,Anotherkindoftextstructure,Sometimes,anauthorwillwanttoexplainaproblem,andthenshowoneormoresolutionsThiskindoftextstructureiscalledproblemandsolution,Anexampleofproblemandsolution,ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Everydayatrecess,studentswouldargueovertheslides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytakingcareofthearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreatsolution.Theyboughtanothersetofslidesthateveryonecouldenjoy.,Anexampleofproblemandsolution,ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Everydayatrecess,studentswouldargueovertheslides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytakingcareofthearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreatsolution.Theyboughtanothersetofslidesthateveryonecouldenjoy.,Canyoufindtheproblemandthesolutioninthisparagraph?,Anexampleofproblemandsolution,ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Everydayatrecess,studentswouldargueovertheslides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytakingcareofthearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreatsolution.Theyboughtanothersetofslidesthateveryonecouldenjoy.,Hereistheproblem,Anexampleofproblemandsolution,ParkSchoolhadaterribleproblem.Everydayatrecess,studentswouldargueovertheslides.Teachershadtospendtimeeverydaytakingcareofthearguments.Finally,oneteachercameupwithagreatsolution.Theyboughtanothersetofslidesthateveryonecouldenjoy.,Hereistheproblem,Hereisthesolution,Ofcourse,problemandsolutionisnotalwayssosimple,Often,authorswillsignalproblemandsolutionstructurewithcluewordslikeproblemandsolution,justlikeinthelastparagraphSometimes,authorswilluserelatedwords,Ofcourse,problemandsolutionisnotalwayssosimple,Synonymsforproblemincludedifficulty,struggle,uncertainty,worry,threat,andtroubleSynonymsforsolutionincludepossibility,hope,brightspot,answer,andfuture,Amoredifficultproblemandsolutionparagraph,TheChesapeakeBayfacesanuncertainfuture.Issuessuchaspesticides,toomanynutrients,andhabitatlossallthreatentheBayswaterqualityandanimallife.However,scientistsarehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.IfeveryoneintheChesapeakeBaywatershedworkstogether,solutionsmaybefound.,Amoredifficultproblemandsolutionparagraph,TheChesapeakeBayfacesanuncertainfuture.Issuessuchaspesticides,toomanynutrients,andhabitatlossallthreatentheBayswaterqualityandanimallife.However,scientistsarehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.IfeveryoneintheChesapeakeBaywatershedworkstogether,solutionsmaybefound.,Whatistheproblem?Whatisthesolution?,Amoredifficultproblemandsolutionparagraph,TheChesapeakeBayfacesanuncertainfuture.Issuessuchaspesticides,toomanynutrients,andhabitatlossallthreatentheBayswaterqualityandanimallife.However,scientistsarehopefulthatthefuturemaybebrighter.IfeveryoneintheChesapeakeBaywatershedworkstogether,solutionsmaybefound.,ProblemSolution,Textstructureswevelearnedsofar,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolution,Matchthecluewords!,however,ontheotherhand,similarity,like,unlike,Canyoufigureoutthetextstructurethatthesecluewordspointto?,Compareandcontrast,Matchthecluewords!,asaresult,consequently,therefore,so,cause,effect,Canyoufigureoutthetextstructurethatthesecluewordspointto?,Causeandeffect,Matchthecluewords!,problem,solution,threat,difficulty,hope,answer,possibility,Canyoufigureoutthetextstructurethatthesecluewordspointto?,Problemandsolution,Arethereanyothertextstructures?,Mostparagraphsthatwewriteinschoolcanbecalledmainidea,description,orstatementandsupportparagraphs,Mainideaparagraphs,Inthiskindofparagraph,theauthoroffersamainideastatement,andthensupportsthatstatementwithseveraldetails,Mainideaparagraphs,Thepondwasabeautifulplacetovisit.Thefallingleaves,alldifferentcolors,decoratedthesurfaceofthewater.Attheedgesofthepond,smallwildflowersgrew.Thegoldenforestglowedfaintlyinthedistance.,Mainideaparagraphs,Thepondwasabeautifulplacetovisit.Thefallingleaves,alldifferentcolors,decoratedthesurfaceofthewater.Attheedgesofthepond,smallwildflowersgrew.Thegoldenforestglowedfaintlyinthedistance.,Mainidea,Mainideaparagraphs,Thepondwasabeautifulplacetovisit.Thefallingleaves,alldifferentcolors,decoratedthesurfaceofthewater.Attheedgesofthepond,smallwildflowersgrew.Thegoldenforestglowedfaintlyinthedistance.,Mainidea,Alloftheothersentencesexplainwhythemainideaistrue,Mainideaparagraphs,Cluewordsintheseparagraphsmayinclude:Onereason,anotherreason,andforexample,Nowitsyourturn!,Onthenextfewslides,youwillreadsomeparagraphsabouttheGreatChicagoFireYourtaskistodecideonthetextstructureforeachoneUnderstandingthetextstructurewillhelpyoutounderstandeachparagraph,Whatsthetextstructure?,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolutionMainidea,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,Whatsthetextstructure?,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastProblemandsolution,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,Whatsthetextstructure?,Chronologicalorder,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,Whatsthetextstructure?,Chronologicalorder,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,Whatsthetextstructure?,ChronologicalorderNoticehowtheparagraphshowshoweventshappenintimeorder,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,Whatsthetextstructure?,UnderstandingthatthistextiswritteninchronologicalordercanhelpyoutounderstandhowtheGreatFirestarted,DanielSullivanwasthefirsttonoticetheflamescomingfromtheOLearybarnataround8:30pmonOctober8.Aproblemwiththealarmboxmadeitimpossibleforthepeopleintheareatocallforthefiredepartment.By9:30pm,theentireblockwasblazing.Inanother3hours,therewerefiresalloverChicago.Theheavywindcomingfromthelakeonlymadethefirebigger.Itwouldbeanotherdaybeforethefirewouldbecompletelyout.Bythattime,17,500buildingshadbeenburned.,Tryanother!,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolutionMainidea,WhywastheGreatChicagoFiresodisastrous?Afterall,Chicagohadfiredepartmentsandfirealarms.Onereasonfortheterriblefireisthatthealarmmalfunctioned.Thelocalfirecompanynoticedthefirebyaccidentasitwasreturningfromanotherfire.Asanotherproblem,awatchmanwhosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompaniestoalocationthatwasnearlyamileawayfromthefire.Becauseofthesetwoproblems,afirethatcouldhavebeencontrolledrapidlyspreadacrossthecity.,Tryanother!,CompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolution,WhywastheGreatChicagoFiresodisastrous?Afterall,Chicagohadfiredepartmentsandfirealarms.Onereasonfortheterriblefireisthatthealarmmalfunctioned.Thelocalfirecompanynoticedthefirebyaccidentasitwasreturningfromanotherfire.Asanotherproblem,awatchmanwhosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompaniestoalocationthatwasnearlyamileawayfromthefire.Becauseofthesetwoproblems,afirethatcouldhavebeencontrolledrapidlyspreadacrossthecity.,Tryanother!,Causeandeffect,WhywastheGreatChicagoFiresodisastrous?Afterall,Chicagohadfiredepartmentsandfirealarms.Onereasonfortheterriblefireisthatthealarmmalfunctioned.Thelocalfirecompanynoticedthefirebyaccidentasitwasreturningfromanotherfire.Asanotherproblem,awatchmanwhosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompaniestoalocationthatwasnearlyamileawayfromthefire.Becauseofthesetwoproblems,afirethatcouldhavebeencontrolledrapidlyspreadacrossthecity.,Tryanother!,CauseandeffectNoticehowthecauses(inblue)leadtotheeffect(inyellow),WhywastheGreatChicagoFiresodisastrous?Afterall,Chicagohadfiredepartmentsandfirealarms.Onereasonfortheterriblefireisthatthealarmmalfunctioned.Thelocalfirecompanynoticedthefirebyaccidentasitwasreturningfromanotherfire.Asanotherproblem,awatchmanwhosawtheflamesdirectedotherfirecompaniestoalocationthatwasnearlyamileawayfromthefire.Becauseofthesetwoproblems,afirethatcouldhavebeencontrolledrapidlyspreadacrossthecity.,Whattextstructureishere?,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolutionMainidea,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,Whattextstructureishere?,ChronologicalorderCauseandeffectProblemandsolution,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,Whattextstructureishere?,Problemandsolution,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,Whattextstructureishere?,ProblemandsolutionHereistheproblem,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,Whattextstructureishere?,ProblemandsolutionHereisthesolution,Afterthefire,thousandsofpeoplewerelefthomeless.Manyescapedthefirewithnothingexcepttheclothesontheirbacks.Providingallofthesepeoplewithfood,cleanwater,andshelterwasahugetask.Luckily,thecityquicklyformedaReliefandAidSociety.Thisgroupstartedgivingoutthefooddonationsthatwerepouringinfromothercities.Thesocietybuiltplacesforpeopletolive,gatheredthetoolsthatpeopleneededtorebuildtheirhouses,andevenvaccinated64,000peopleagainstsmallpox.,Canyoufindthetextstructure?,ChronologicalorderCompareandcontrastCauseandeffectProblemandsolutionMainidea,Chicagochangedinmanywaysafterthefire.Beforethefire,mostofthebuildingswerelessthanfivestorieshigh.Thebuildingsthatwereconstructedafterthefire,however,weresomeofthefirstskyscrapersinthecountry.Beforethefire,mostofthehousesweremadeofwood.Afterthefire,peoplechosetobuildtheirhousesoutofstoneorbrick.Therewerechangesinwherepeoplelived,aswell.Thepoorpeopleinthecitylivedclosetothecenterofthecitybefor