love is a fallacy爱情是谬误.ppt

loveisafallacy,第二组,ByMaxShulman,NoteAboutTheAuthor,Name:MaxShulmanBorn:Mar14,1919inSt.Paul,MinnesotaDied:Aug28,1988inLosAngeles,CaliforniaOccupation:WriterActive:50sMajorGenres:Comedy,RomanceCareerHighlights:HouseCalls,RallyroundtheFlag,Boys!,TheTenderTrapFirstMajorScreenCredit:HalfaHero(1953),MaxShulman(March14,1919August28,1988)isa20thcenturyAmericanwriterbestknownforhistelevisionandshortstorycharacterDobieGillis,aswellasforbest-sellingnovels.Hiswritingoftenfocusedonyoungpeople,particularlyinacollegiatesetting.ShulmanworksincludethenovelsRallyRoundtheFlag,Boys!andSleepTillNoon.Hewasalsoaco-writer,withRobertPaulSmith,ofthelong-runningBroadwayplay,TheTenderTrap,starringRobertPreston,whichwaslatermadeintoasuccessfulmovie.,Author,However,heisprobablybestrememberedforhiscreationofthecharacter“DobieGillis”,whowasthesubjectofaseriesofshortstoriescompiledunderthetitle,TheManyLovesofDobieGillis,whichbecamethebasisforaCBStelevisionseriesofthesamename,andhadpreviouslybeenthesubjectofafilm.,Author,Shulmanwasalsoascreenwriter（编剧）.Hewasoneofthecollaborators（合作者）onatelevisiondocumentary（记录）,LightsDiamondJubilee光明的周年纪念,whichwassupposedlyacelebrationofthe75thanniversary（周年）oftheinventionofthelightbulbbyThomasA.Edison.,CharlesLamb(1775-1834),ThomasCarlyle(1795-1881),JohnRuskin(1819-1900),Englishessayistandcritic.,Englishauthor,Scottishwriter.,Englishcriticandsocialtheorist.Awriteronartandarchitecture.,Warmingup,Whatislove?Whatislogic?Whatislogicalfallacy?,Whatislogic?,Brieflyspeaking,wemightdefinelogicastheformalsystematicstudyoftheprinciplesofvalidinferenceandcorrectreasoning.Logicisusedinmostintellectualactivities,butisstudiedprimarilyinthedisciplinesofphilosophy,mathematics,semantics,andcomputerscience.Logicexaminesgeneralformswhichargumentsmaytake,whichformsarevalid,andwhicharefallacies.Butthisisaroughdefinition,becausehowlogicshouldbeproperlydefinedisactuallyquiteacontroversialmatter.,Whatislogicalfallacy?,Usually,anargumentisdeductivelyvalidwhenitspremisesprovideconclusiveevidencefortheconclusion.Otherwiseanargumentthatfailstobeconclusivelydeducedisinvalid;itissaidtobefallacious.Threekindsoffallacy:1.materialfallacy-initsmaterialcontentthroughamisstatementofthefacts.2.verbalfallacy-initswordingthroughanincorrectuseofterms.3.formalfallacy-initsstructurethroughtheuseofanimproperprocessofinference.,Logicalfallacy:逻辑谬论,逻辑论证，即提出支持某些论题或结论的论据。论证有两个部分组成：论点所支持的结论，与引证结论的某些前提。而结论是经由前提所推导出来的。当前提为结论提供确凿证据时，论据的演绎推理便有效；反之则会成为谬论。成为谬误的方式有三种：a内容，即事实陈述错误；b措词，即术语使用错误；c结构（或形式），即推导过程错误。那么，逻辑谬误可分为三类，即内容（material）谬误，措词（verbal）谬误以及形式（formal）谬误。,Logicalfallaciesinthisstory,1.DictoSimpliciter(以偏概全)2.HastyGeneralization(草率推断)3.PostHoc(牵强附会)4.ContradictoryPremises(自相矛盾)5.AdMisericordiam(文不对题)6.FalseAnalogy(错误对比)7.HypothesisContrarytoFact(违背事实)8.PoisoningtheWell(井中投毒),Theexamplesoflogicalfallacies,1.DictoSimpliciter(以偏概全)Myroommatethinksthatphilosophylessonisveryhard,soismine,thus,everyonethinkthatthephilosophylessonisdifficult.2.HastyGeneralization(草率推断)Gunsandhammer,aswellasmetalcanberecognizedasmurdertools.Butlimitedpurchaseofhammersareridiculous,thuslimitedtobuygunsarealsoridiculous.,3.PostHoc(牵强附会)ThelastfivetimesthatIvewornmywhitepants,somethingdepressinghashappened.Imnotgoingtowearthosepantsagain!,4.ContradictoryPremises(自相矛盾)Thereisapersonwhosellsshield(盾)aswellasspear(矛).Heboastsofhisshield,saying:“Myshieldisstrongandclinking,anysharpthingcangetthroughit.”Whileatthesametimeheboastsofhisspear,andsay:“Myspearissharppole,nothingcanpierced.”Someoneaskshim:“Ifyouuseyourspeartostabyourshield,whatwillbetheresult?”Themanistongue-tired,hecantsayaword.,5.AdMisericordiam(文不对题)A:Whatyoueattodayforbreakfast?B:Lastnight,Iaterice,overnightatelobster.6.FalseAnalogy(错误对比)Thebirdsnestismadebybird,sothebullpenisalsomadebycow.,7.HypothesisContrarytoFact(违背事实)Pointingtothedeer,intentionallysayhorse8.PoisoningtheWell(井中投毒)Youaretold,priortomeetinghim,thatyourfriendsboyfriendisadecadent(颓废的)wastrel(废物).Whenyoumeethim,everythingyouhearhimsayistainted(污染的).,Questionsonthetext,Whatsthemainideaofthetext?Whatisthepurposeofthisstory?,Mainideaofthetext,Thistextisapieceofnarrative（叙事）writing,andthewholestoryishumoroussatire（讽刺）.Thewriter,MaxShulman,issatirizingormakingfunofasmug,self-conceited（自负的）freshmaninalawschool.Thefreshmanismadethenarratorofthestorywhogoesonsmuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimselfatanyconceivableopportunity.Hestrugglesagainsttwoantagonists（n.对手）:PeteyBurch,hisroommatewhosegirlfriendheplanstosteal;andPollyEspy,thegirlheintendstomarryaftersuitablere-education.Inordertosmartenherup,thenarratordecidestogiveheracourseinlogic.Hesucceedstoowellbecausethewholethingbackfires（事与愿违）onhimwhenPollyrefutes（驳斥）allhisargumentsaslogicalfallaciesbeforefinallyrejectinghim.Attheendofthestory,thereaderfeelsthenarratorhasgotwhathedeserved（应得的）.Hehasbe