现在完成时讲解及练习

现在完成时1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。2.时间状语：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑问句：have或has提前6.它主要适用于下面的几种情况：1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗？3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。1)一个句子应该用什么时态只能取决于它需要表达的意思，以及它所处的语言环境。例如：He speaks English .（一般现在时，说明动作发生的经常性。）He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .（一般过去时，说明动作发生的时间。）He is speaking English.（现在进行时，说明动作正在进行。）He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.（现在完成时，这里说明动作的总和。）2）在含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般现在时来表示将来时；如果主句的谓语动词是过去将来时，那么从句的谓语动词就只能用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.I would not play tennis if it rained the next day.3) 有些动词表示无法持续的动作，它们一般不宜用于进行时态中。这类动词常见的有：be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。4）关于现在完成时的时间状语问题常和有些副词连用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , notyet , always等等。B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子里，因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间，属于表示具体过去时间的状语。但是可以用before 来表示以前的意义，因为它只表示以前，而不知什么时候的以前。C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子，不可以和以for表示的一段时间的状语连用。在这种情况下，应该用It has been ；since的句式来表达。如：He has joined the army for five years. （错误）It has been five years since he joined the army.（正确） 能与现在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：(1) since(自从)：不管用作介词、连词还是副词, 句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时：I havent seen her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?(2) so far(到目前为止)： So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。We havent had any trouble so far. 到目前为止，我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。 (3) in for, during the past last years(在过去年中)：In the past two years Ive seen him little. 过去两年我很少见到他。I have been here (for) the last past month. 最近一个月里我都在这儿。(4) up to until now(到现在为止)：Up to now, the work has been easy. 到现在为止这工作还算容易。 I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到现在为止我还没有听到他一点音信。(5) Its will be the first time that(第一次)：Its the first time Ive come here. 这是我第一次来这儿。现在完成时练习一、单项选择1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they _whats happened to him . knew . have known . must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ?. already .never .ever . still3、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year. is writing .was writing .wrote .has written 5、-Our country _ a lot so far .-Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has changed ; better . changed ; better6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . have seen . saw .see9、-These farmers have been to the United States . -Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone10、-_ you _ your homework yet ?-Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish 三、汉译英4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。5、 她去过上海。6、 他这些天上哪儿去了？ 过去完成时态讲解与练习定义：过去完成时是表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作、事情。它表示的是发生在“过去的过去”的动作，只有在和过去某个时间或动作相比较的时候才会使用过去完成时。构成： 基本形式: had + 过去分词。如:We had reached the top of the hill before midnight. 在半夜之前我们已登上了山顶。 否定形式: had + not + 过去分词。如:They hadnt finished the work when we got there. 我们到那儿时,他们还没有完成工作。 一般疑问句形式: had提到句首,回答用Yes, 主语 + had. / No, 主语 + hadnt. 如: Had he told you to go there earlier yesterday? 他昨天告诉过你早点儿到那儿吗? Yes, he had. (No, he hadnt.) 是的,他告诉了。(不,他没有。)用法：1、用在“after / before / when + 过去时态从句”或有“by+过去时间”的句子中。例如：by then, by before nine oclock yesterday, by the end of last year, by the age of twenty, by the time I arrived Mother had already cooked supper before I returned home. 在我回到家前,妈妈已经把饭做好了。2、在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When I returned home, my guest had already left. I did not see the film because I had seen it before.3、常用在主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中. 如told, said, knew, heard, thought, asked等动词后的宾语从句。例如： My father asked me if I had finished reading that book. 爸爸问我是否读完那本书了。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. He asked what I had said.现在完成时和过去完成时的区别：现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果, 过去完成时强调对过去的影响或结果。1. 单项选择1He asked me _ during the summer holidays.A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I beenD. where had I gone2. What _ Jane _ by the time he was sever?A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done3. I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt4. She _lived here for _ years.A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _ the dinner already.A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked6. She said she _ the principle alreadyA .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen7. She said her family _ themselves _ the army during the war.A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with8. By the time he was ten years old, he _.A. has completed university B. has completed the universityB. had completed an university D. had completed university9. She had written a number of books _ the end of last year.A. for B. in C. by D. at10. He _ to play _ before he was 11 years old.A had learned, piano B. had learned, the pianoC. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano.2.用动词的适当形式填空1. We _ (paint) the house before we _ (move) in.2. That rich old man _ (make) a will before he _ (die).5. I _ (turn off) all the lights before I _ (go) to bed.6. Paul _ (go) out with Jane after he _ (make) a phone call.14. We were surprised at what she _already _(do)15. She _(not go) to Qingdao because she _ (go) there before.16. He _(not tell) you the news yet.17. He said he _already_(give) the book to the teacher.3.句型转换2. She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）_.3. They began to climbed the mountain after they had bought all the food and drink.（否定）_4. By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）_5. Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问）_将来完成时定义将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。构成will/shall+have+完成式用于第一人称，will+have+完成式用于其他人称。实例a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.将来完成时的构成将来完成时的构成是由shall/will + have +过去分词构成的。Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？将来完成时的用法表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。表示推测，相当于must have done结构。You will have heard of this, I guess.我想你已经听说过这件事了。I am sure he will have got the information.我相信他一定得到了这个信息.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间we will have been married a year on june 25th到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了练习题1. By the summer, Elizabeth_ here for ten years .A. will work B. works C. will have worked D. has worked2. I. hope you_ the instructions ready before I come tomorrowA. to get B. shall get C. will get D. will have gotten .3. No sooner_ than the accident happened. A. he had gone B. had he gone C. his going D. he went4. Hardly_ when the bus suddenly pulled away. A. they had got to the bus stop B. had they got to the bus stop C. did they get to the bus stop D. they got to the bus stop5. Mother doesnt know much t