语言学教程Chapter 9. Language and Literature.ppt

Chapternine,Languageandliterature,9.1introduction,ThehistoryofstyleThedefinitionofstylisticsThefeaturesofstylisticsindifferentperiods:1960s1970s1980s1990sRemarksof申丹：plural-headsdevelopmentsDifferentschoolsofstylisticscompetefordevelopmentandnewschoolsemergenowandthen.,9.2somegeneralfeaturesoftheliterarylanguage,Featuresofliterarylanguagearedisplayedinthefollowingthreeaspects:1.phonology2.grammar3.semanticsLiteraylanguagediffersfromnon-literarylanguageinthattheformerisforegroundedintheabovethreeaspects.,Theterm“foregrounding”,DefinitionDeviationoflanguageinvolvesalllevelsoflanguage:vocabulary,sound,syntax,meaning,graphology,etc.Repetitionisalsoakindofdeviation.Alliteration,parallism,andmanyfiguresofspeecharetheexamplesofforegroundinginliterarylanguage.,9.2.1foregroundingandthegrammaticalform,Inliterarytexts,thegrammaticalsystemofthelanguageisoftenexploited,experimentedwith,orinMukaroskyswords,madeto“deviatefromother,moreeveryday,formsoflanguage,andasaresultcreatesinterestingnewpatternsinformandinmeaning”.,9.2.2literallanguageandfigurativelanguage,ThedefinitionsofthetwoIsnon-literarylanguagethesameasliterallanguage?Isliterarylanguagethesameasfigurativelanguage?Whatthedifferenceofthetwogroupsofideas?LiterarylanguageNon-literarylanguageLiterallanguageFigurativelanguage,Trope,Itisanotherwordforthefigurativeuseoflanguage,whichreferstolanguageusedinafigurativewayforarhetoricalpurpose.,Someformsoftrope,SimileMetaphorMetonymySynecdoche,Whypeopleuselanguageinafigurativeway?,Thefigurativeuseoflanguagehastheeffectofmakingtheconceptsunderdiscussionmoredomesticandacceptable.Readerscan,9.2.3theanalysisofliteraylanguage,Proceduresweshouldfollowwhenweanalyzethegrammaticalstructureandmeaningofaliterarytext...,Thefunctionofthefigurativeuseoflanguage,Itmightbetomaketheabstractseemconcrete;tomakethemysteriousorfrighteningseemsafe,ordinaryanddomestic,ortomaketheeverydayusageseemwonderfulandunusual.,9.3thelanguageinpoetry,9.3.1soundpatterning,Rhymeissalientfeatureofpoetry.Endrhymeoccursattheendofalineinapoem,thepatterniscVC.Thelastwordofalinehasthesamefinalsoundsasthelastwordofanotherline,sometimesimmediatelyaboveorbelow,sometimesoneormorelinesaway.Endrhymeisverycommoninsomepoeticstyles,andparticularlyinchildrenspoetry.Itisalsoafeatureinplaysandsongs.,9.3.2differentformsofsoundpatterning/differentrhymes,Internalrhyme:Alliteration:theinitialconsonantsareidenticalinit(Cvc).Assonance:itdescribessyllableswithacommonvowel(cVc).Consonance:itdescribessyllableswiththesameconsonants(cvC).Itisalsocalledhalf-rhyme.Reverserhyme:syllablessharingthevowelandinitialconsonant,CVc,ratherthanthevowelandthefinalconsonantasisthecaseinendrhyme,Cvc.Pararhyme:twosyllableshavingthesameinitialandfinalconsonants,butdifferentvowels(CvC),theypararhyme.Repetition:twoexactlysamesyllables.,9.3.3stressandmetricalpatterning,StressedsyllableUnstressedsyllableWhichsyllableisstressedisdecidedbytwoelements:1.2.Rhyme:therepetitionofasoundorsoundcombination.(韵）Rhythms（节奏）comeoutofthearrangmentofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Whenstressisorganizedtoformregularrhythms,thetermusedforitismeter.(韵律）Unitsofmeterarecalledfeet.(音步）,Thetypesoffeet,Iamb:Trochee:Anapest:Dactyl:Spondee:Pyrrhic:,Lineswithdifferentnumbersoffeet,Dimeter:alinewithtwofeet.Trimeter:Tetrameter:Pentameter:Hexameter:Heptameter:Octameter:,9.3.4conventionalformsofmeterandsound,CoupletQuatrainsBlankverseSonnetFreeverseLimericks?Whatisthedifferenceofblankverseandfreeverse?,Thepoeticfunctionsofsoundandmetre,Whydopoetsusesoundandmetricalpatterningintheirpoetry?.5.6.,9.3.6howtoanalysepoetry?,Areasofdiscussionshouldbecoveredwhenweanalysepoetry?1.2.-a-b-c-d-e-f,9.4thelanguageinfiction,Threelevelsofdiscoursetoaccountforthelanguageoffictionalprose(i.e.anovelorshortstory)1.2.3.Atleasttherearesixviewpointstoanalysethediscoursestructureofafictionalprose.,I-narrators/thefirstpersonnarration,叙述者以“我”的口吻说话，并且他本人就是小说中的一个人物。如：TheCatcherintheRye,WutheringHeights,MobyDick.StrongpointsofitWeakpointsofit,Third-personnarration,叙述者是故事的局外人，他谈到作品本身的人物时，只呼其名或以“他”、“她”、“他们”来称呼。如TomJonesbyHenryFielding,Schema-orientedlanguage,Givenandnewinformation,deixis,9.4.2speechandthoughtpresentation,(1)speechcanbepresentedinfiveways:1)2)3)4)5)freeindirectspeechexamples,Thoughtpresentation,(2)thoughtcanbepresentedalsoinfiveways.AstheeffectsassociatedwithNRT,NRTAorITareroughlythesameasthoseassociatedwithspeechpresentation,attentionwillbefocusedonthediscussionofDTandFIT.,Directthought,TheusageofitThedifferenceofdirectthoughtandsoliloquy.,Freeindirectthought,ThetypicaleffectofitThemarkeddifferenceofFISandFIT,streamofconsciousnesswriting,Limitedpointofviewofthethird-personnarration,Thefeaturesofstreamofconsciousnesswriting,ThemostfreeversionofDTHighlyellipticalsentencestructure,Prosestyle,AuthorialstyleTextstyle,9.4.4howtoanalysethelanguageoffiction,.5.6.,9.5thelanguageindrama,Aplayexistsintwoways-onthepage,andonthestage.Thedifferentfeaturesofthetwotypesofplay,9.5.1howshouldweanalysedrama?,DramaaspoetryDramaasfictionDramaasconversation,9.5.2analyzethedramaticlanguage,1.ductionerrors4.thecoopera