高中英语语法复习--动词不定式的用法

动词不定式专题复习动词不定式的形式：动词不定式的用法1. 不定式作主语原则上，可用动词不定式直接作句子的主语，通常用it作句子的形式主语，而把不定式移到后面，形成“It + 谓语 + 动词不定式”的句型。如：To catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea. It is not a good idea to catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning. To learn a foreign language well takes painstaking efforts. It takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well.若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前面加上“for + 名词或代词”结构，或是“of + 名词或代词”结构。It is a great pleasure for me to talk with him. It is very kind of you to help me .可用于“of + 名词/代词 + 动词不定式”结构中作主语补足语的形容词是指那些可以表示人或事物的性质或品质的好坏的形容词。这些词如：careful， cruel， foolish， bold， brave， good， honest， kind， rude， polite， nice，stupid， selfish， silly， wicked， wise， thoughtful， wrong等。2. 不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种情况：一是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，二是“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式”。“动词+带to的不定式”结构：常见的以不定式作宾语的动词有afford， appear， agree， ask， believe， decide， demand， desire， fail， hope， intend，learn， mean， offer， promise，refuse， wish等。如：I cant afford to buy a house.“动词+疑问代（副）词+不定式”结构：常见的这类动词有advise， decide， forget， know， learn， remember， see， tell， think， teach， wonder，discover， understand， guess， explain等。这类疑问代（副）词what， when， which， where， how， whether等（不包含why）。如：She does not know how to go there. He will tell you how to deal with it.在不定式作宾语时，有时我们会使用it作形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面。如：They consider it inappropriate to have classes in the evening.（4）可以作形容词的宾语。这一类形容词有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious等。例如：I”m determined to give up smoking.He is willing to help us.（5）在tell, advise, allow, forbid, learn, show, decide等词的后面常用“连接词+不定式”作宾语。例如：We must decide whether to go or stay.I don”t know how to get in touch with him.3. 不定式作表语不定式作表语时，主语通常是一个名词，不定式短语或者从句。The bosss plan is to start building the skyscraper immediately. To work means to earn a living. What you have to do is to push the button.4. 不定式作定语不定式作定语相当于一个定语从句，它修饰以下几类名词：由动词派生或转化而来的名词，它们所对应的动词通常有不定式作宾语。这类名词主要有：attempt， claim， decision， plan， promise， intention， need，resolution，tendency， wish， failure， threat等。Another attempt to climb the mountain will be made next month. In his speech he expressed his determination to achieve the goal. 由可能与不定式搭配的形容词派生出来的名词。这类名词主要有：anxiety， patience， ability， willingness， ambition等。Her eagerness to learn a foreign language obvious. 不定式作定语还可用来修饰代词something， anything， everything， nothing.不定式做后置定语。Do you have anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者是you）Do you have anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else）She has everything to lose and nothing to gain.由only， last， next， 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语。Jim is the only student to answer the question correctly in his class. You are the last to undertake the blood test.不定式常作为定语修饰there be结构的真实主语。在there be结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式有时用主动形式，有时用被动形式。当说话人考虑的是必须有人完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式。如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须被完成时，不定式则用被动形式。例如：There is a lot of work to do.（Somebody has to do the work.）There is a lot of work to be done.（The work has to be done.） 有些抽象名词。主要有：reason， right， time， effort， chance， way等。如： the time to go to school， the way to get to the clinic， the chance to win the game.(7)如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.I have something to say.He has a lot of homework to do .He is looking for a room to live in .There is nothing to worry about.不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，即使是及物动词，不定式后面仍须有相应的介词。 Please give me a pen to write with.不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live. 他没钱没地方住。(8)不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：1)动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。 2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。 3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college. 我们都有上大学的机会。5. 不定式作状语 不定式作状语相当于一个状语从句，表示形为的目的、结果或原因。 表示目的。在这种情况下，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语。 He stayed there to see what would happen.在强调不定式目的状语时，不定式前可加in order， so as等。如：She asked me to drive her to the airport in order to catch the 5：00 plane. He moved the TV set to the meeting-room so as to let everyone watch it.用soas to， such（）as to， enough to， tooto， only to等表示结果，如：Have you got enough room to seat all of us？She is too weak to join us in the outing.将不定式移到句首表示条件，如：To hear the teacher better， you have to sit in the front. = If you are to hear the teacher better，与形容词连用时，大多表示原因。这些形容词主要有：happy， kind， surprised， frightened， angry， shocked， glad， delighted， grieved，disappointed等。They were surprised to be informed of the news. Im glad to hear this.6. 独立结构To tell the truth, I dont agree with you. to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth7. 关于小品词to (1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要省略该动词. eg: Would you like to go with me ? Id like to .(2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省. eg: Would you like to be a teacher? Id like to be. 不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语) 在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest?8. 固定句型: had better/had best + (not) do sth.最好（不）做某事 Why (not) do sth.? prefer to do/prefer doing prefer + n./doing A +to + n./doing B prefer + to do A rather than (to) do B would rather (not) do sth. would rather do A than (do) B would rather + 句子（过去式） （虚拟语气） 要做动词不定式的时态和语态一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have done to have been done进行式 to be doing完成进行式 to have been doing1. 如果不定式所表示的动作与主要谓语动词所表示的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生或发生在主要谓语之后，通常用不定式的一般形式。如：I saw him go out.Im glad to see you.2. 如果不定式所表示的动作发生在主要谓语动词或特定的时间之前，不定式就要用完成式。如：I intended to have telephoned you， but I forgot to.I should like to have bought a dictionary.3. 不定式进行式表示主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生。如：I am glad to be talking with you. She pretended to be listening attentively. 4. 不定式完成进行时表示的是一个开始于过去某一时刻但一直延续到谓语动词发生的那一时刻的动作。如：He was thought to have been working on the project for two years.5. 不定式的被动语态当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，这个不定式要用被动式，包括它的各种时态在内。如：She doesnt like to be treated as a guest.她不喜欢被当作客人对待。They want their TV set to be fixed right now.他们想把电视机马上修好。There are a lot of things to be done.有许多事要做。This is the text to be read next time.下次就读这篇课文。注意：有些习惯用法中，只能用主动语态。如：The house is to let.这房子要出租。A lot of work still remains to do.许多工作有待去做。(1).They pretended not to see us.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后.)(2). He pretended to be sleeping. (在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)(3).She pretended to have known it before.(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4).Were happy to have been working with you.(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)不带to 的不定式1. 表示感觉的动词 五看see，notice，watch，observe，look at 三使have，let，make 二听hear，listen to 一感觉feelHe noticed the man enter the room.他注意到有人进屋了。They observed her do the experiment.他们观察她做实验了。2. help后的不定式可以带to也可以不带to.Can you help me （to） clean up after the meal？饭后你能帮我洗碗吗？3. 有些类似于情态动词的词语（如rather than， had better， would rather， might as well等）之后，不定式不带to.如：We might as well go without him.我们可以不让他跟去。Youd better go now.你最好现在走。4. 不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.(1). She could do nothing but cry.(2). I have no choice but to go.(3).What do you like to do besides sleep动词不定式用法归纳动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是todo；其否定形式是nottodo。1作主语可以直接作主语。如：Toseeistobelieve但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如：ItswrongtoplaytricksonotherpeopleItsourdutytokeepourenvironmentcleanandtidy（Lesson10）点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在Itisadj（形容词）todosth或Itisn（名词）todosth句型中，it仅作形式主语。2作宾语a以下动词只能todo作宾语。attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视afford负担得起demand要求long渴望arrange安排mean意欲，打算begin开始expect期望appear似乎，显得determine决定manage设法cease停止hate憎恨，厌恶pretend假装ask问need需要agree同意desire愿望love爱swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望bear承受endeavor努力offer提供beg请求fail不能plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备decide决定learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择hesitate犹豫profess表明claim要求hope希望promise承诺，允许start开始undertake承接want想要intend想要refuse拒绝decide决定learn学习contrive设法，图谋incline有倾向propose提议seek找，寻觅try试图blove，like，begin，start，hate，prefer等词后面可以接不定式。点击规律：上述动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。提示板：likedoing指经常性动作，而liketodo指一次性的动作。如：Ilikeswimming，butIdontliketoswimnow我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。cstop，forget，remember，goon，try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。1）stoptodosth：停止一件事，去做另一件事。stopdoingsth：停止正在做的事。例句：Whentheteachercamein，thestudentsstoppedtalking；whenhecameout，thestudentsstoppedtotalk当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。2）思考：forget，remember，goon，try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别？d在findfeelitadjtodosth句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如：ThemandownstairsfounditdifficulttogettosleepIfeeliteasytorecitethetext点击规律：某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上面stop例句。3作宾语补足语a下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求 authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱report报告 compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请 summon传唤 command命令 intend想要，企图 show显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不want想要 condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望ItellhimnottogotherebybusEdisonsmothertaughthimtoreadandwriteblet，make，have，see，hear，feel，watch，notice后面接不带to的不定式作宾补。如：Thebossmakesthemwork16hoursaday Iheardhersinginthenextroom提示板：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。如：Theyaremadetowork16hoursadaybythebossShewasheardtosinginthenextroom4作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面例句：Ihavealotofworktodo Thedoctorsaidhecoulddonothingtohelptheboy点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如：IhaveasmallbedroomtoliveinHaveyougotsomepenstowritewith？5表语：放在连系动词be后面例句：Hiswishistobecomeascientist Thefirstimportantthingistosavethesoldierslives 当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。6作状语a目的状语：放在go，come，use，live，inorder等词后面。如：IcometoseeyouHerunsfastinordertogetthereintimeb原因状语：放在sorry，glad，surprised，disappointed，excited等词后面。如：IamgladtoseeyouhereIamsorrytotroubleyouc作结果状语。如：SomeoftheapplesarehardtoreachTheroomislargeenoughtohold1000people7与what，who，whose，when，where，how等疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如：Idontknowwhattodonext（宾语）Hetaughtushowtousethecomputer（宾语补足语）Itsstillaquestionhowtogetthere（主语）动词不定式(专项练习及详解)1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise. A. dont B. not C. will not D. not to 2. Our master often told us _ things for granted. A. not to have B. not to take C. didnt take D. not to make 3. Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 7. The workers want us _ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked 8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going 9. I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 11. Ive heard him _ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cry D. to cry；cry 13. He was made _. A. go B. gone C. going D. to go 14. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A. where to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 18. “ Have you decided when _?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.” A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving 19. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 20. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will 21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 22. - The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 23. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 24. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 25. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 26. Frank is the kind of person who people like to _. A. make friend with B. make friends of C. make friends D. make friends with 27. Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one. A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing 28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 29. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 30. I need a day or two _. A. to think it over B. to think over C. of thinking 31. He was too excited _. A. speak B. to speak C. not to speak D. speaking 32. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 33. He said he would rather not _ it right now. A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing 34. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride； ride B. riding； ride C. ride； to ride D. to ride； riding 35. Its freezing outside. You _ put on your overcoat. A. had better to B. had better C. would better D. would better to 36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be sit D. be sat on 37. Im hungry. Get me something _. A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. for eating 38. - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 39. She did nothing _ at the photo. A. except look B. but to look C. except to look D. but looking 40. I asked him to _ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems. A. spend B. spare C. save D. share 41. They wont let their teacher _ in that way. A. to be treated B. being treated C. treated D. be treated 42. John, you must get your room _ after breakfast. A. to be cleaned B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned 43. The problem _ at tomorrows meeting is a very difficult one. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss 44. He reached the station _ only _ that the train had just left. A. tired； learned B. tiring； learning C. to tire； to learn D. tired； to learn 45. - Did that book give the information you needed? - Yes, but _, we had to read it almost entirely. A. for finding it B. to find it C. finding it D. by finding it 46. Im sorry I forgot _your dictionary. Lets borrow one from Li Ming. A. to take B. taking C. to bring D. bringing 47. She couldnt decide which restaurant _. A. to have lunch B. to eat C. to eat at D. eating at 48. This problem is said _ three times. A. to have been talked B. to have discussed C. having been discussed D. to have been talked about 49. Everybody believed th