大学英语写作教程1 第八单元

UnitEight,JoiningSentencesTogether(II),UnitObjectives,SubordinationOutline,PartIWarm-upactivities,Marylikesthatshopverymuch.Marygoestothatshopalmosteveryweek.Marylikesthatshopverymuch,shegoestothatshopalmosteveryweek.Marylikesthatshopverymuch,shegoestothatshopalmosteveryweek.Marygoestothatshopalmosteveryweekshelikesthatshopverymuch.,and,so,because,Tonyisverygiftedinmusic.Tonychosetomajorinaccounting.,Tonyisverygiftedinmusic,hechosetomajorinaccounting.Tonyisverygiftedinmusic,hechosetomajorinaccounting.Tony,isverygiftedinmusic,chosetomajorinaccounting.Tony,chosetomajorinaccounting,isverygiftedinmusic.,but,Although,who,who,Shewashiswife.Shestayedatahotel.,shewashiswife,shestayedatahotel.shewashiswife,shestayedatahotel.shewashiswife,shestayedatahotel.shewashiswife,shestayedatahotel.shewashiswife,shestayedatahotel.shewashiswife,shestayedatahotel.shewashiswife,shestayedatahotel.,Although,Because,Before,Until,After,While,Whenever,Similarityanddifferencebetween,coordinationandsubordination:Similarity:Bothofthemcanbeusedtocombinetwoclausesintoonesentence.Difference:Thetwoclausesincoordinatesentencescanbeusedindependentlybecauseeitheroftheirmeaningsiscomplete.However,insubordination,onlyoneclausekeepsacompletemeaningandcanbeusedindependently.,Classroomactivitiesp.115,Thatkingdomwassmallbutrich,andeverybodytherelivedhappily.Inthatkingdom,whichwassmallbutrich,everybodylivedhappily.Thatkingdom,inwhicheverybodylivedhappily,wassmallbutrich.2)Redrosesareusedtosymbolizelove,andmanypeoplebuythemonLoversday.Asredrosesareusedtosymbolizelove,manypeoplebuythemonLoversday.,3)ManchesterUnitedhasplayedverywellsincelastNovember,so/andmanyyoungpeopleadmireitsmembers.ManyyoungpeopleadmirethemembersofManchesterUnitedbecauseithasplayedverywellsincelastNovember.4)TillnowonlyasmallnumberofAmericanshaverealizedtheAmericandream,butmostpeoplestillholdthebelieftobetrue.AlthoughtillnowonlyasmallnumberofAmericanshaverealizedtheAmericandream,mostpeoplestillholdthebelieftobetrue.,5)Hewasveryexperiencedinsellingoptionalproducts,but/yethewasturneddownbythatspectaclescompany.Thoughhewasveryexperiencedinsellingoptionalproducts,but/yethewasturneddownbythatspectaclescompany.,Typesofsubordination,1)Nominalsubordinationnounclauses2)Adjectivesubordinationattributiveclauses3)AdverbialsubordinationAdverbialclauses,1)Nominalsubordinationnounclauses,Anounclausecanbefunctionedasanouninthesentence.e.g.Hissuggestionsoundsreasonable.Whathehassuggestedsoundsreasonable.Weappreciatehissuggestion.Weappreciatewhathehassuggested.Thisishissuggestion.Thisiswhathehassuggested.Heresentedhersuggestion,doingitagain.Heresentedhersuggestionthathedoitagain.,Subject,Object,Predicative,Appositive,Anounclausecanbea,A.SubjectclauseB.ObjectclauseC.PredicativeclauseD.Appositiveclause,Subjectclause,Whenaclauseisusedasthesubjectofthesentence,itisasubjectclause.1)introducedbyTHAT2)introducedbyWHAT3)introducedbyotherWH-word,1)introducedbyTHAT,Jointhefollowingtwosentencestogether.LiuJinisthetopleaderinourcollege.Itisknowntoallofus.ThatLiuJinisthetopleaderinourcollegeisknowntoallofus.ItisknowntoallofusthatLiuJinisthetopleaderinourcollege.,2)introducedbyWHAT,Jointhefollowingtwosentencestogether.Hehassaidalotinthemeeting.Allaresheernonsense.Allthathehassaidinthemeetingaresheernonsense.Whathehassaidinthemeetingissheernonsense.,3)introducedbyotherWH-word,Jointhefollowingtwosentencestogether.Whenwillshegohome?Itisnotcertain.Whenshewillgohomeisnotcertain.Itisnotcertainwhenshewillgohome.Willshegobackhome?Itisnotdecided.Whethershewillgohomeornotisnotdecided.Itisnotdecidedwhethershewillgohomeornot.,Objectclause,Headvised.WeconsiderrightCanyoutellus?Areyouaware?IhaveneverseenthehousebutIhaveanideaof.Imnotsure.,thatshe(should)bepatient,it,thatsheshould,bepatient.,whathashappened,howmuchthefineforthisis,whatitislike,whetheryoudlikeit,Predicativeclause,Itseems.Whatsurprisedmemostwas.Thats.Whatistroublingusis.Thingsarenot.Youlook.,thatitisgoingtorain,thathespokeEnglishsowell,whyhouseworkissoheavy,wherewecanfindit,astheyseemtobe,asif/asthoughyoudidntcare,Appositiveclause,名词从句作同位语,所修饰的名词短语的中心词通常都是概括性的抽象名词,且很少为复数,通常带冠词。这类词常见的有:fact,idea,opinion,belief,evidence,proof,reason,argument,thought,statement,theory,principle,law,truth,possibility,question,doubt,assumption,hypothesis,prediction,conclusion,report,story,hope,advantage,disadvantage,requirement,suggestion,news,rumour,problem,order,information,knowledge等。,名词从句作同位语一般由连词that,wh-疑问词或名词性关系词引导。,that在引导名词从句作同位语时,它在从句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,也没有任何词义。e.g.Theveryfactthatland-useissuesweresovisiblethroughoutthewestmeantthatpeoplewereworkinghardtokeepthembeforethepublic.Thenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouraging.,2.wh-疑问词引导有少数名词,如question,problem,idea,doubt等,后面可以跟由wh-疑问词引导的名词从句作同位语。限制性同位语从句之前常有介词of。例如:Myoriginalquestion,whyhediditatall,hasnotbeenanswered.。Youcanhavenoideaofhowanxiouswehavebeen.Thereisnodoubtastowhetherthedocumentisgenuine.,2)Adjectivesubordinationattributiveclauses/relativeclauses,RestrictiverelativeclauseNon-restrictiverelativeclause,Restrictiverelativeclause,Anyboywhowantstocancometonight.Adaywassetwhenheshouldbeputontrial.Hereisthemanwhotheyclaimedwasknockeddownbyacar.IhavenomoneythatIcanspare.Iknowthegirlwhomheistalkingto.,Non-restrictiverelativeclause,Mycousin,whoisanengineer,wenttoEuropelastweek.HemetMary,whoinvitedhimtoaparty/andMaryinvitedhimtoaparty.Ipassedhimaglassofwater,whichhedrankimmediately/andhedrankitimmediately.The8:15train,whichisusuallyverypunctual,waslate./The8:15trainwaslate,thoughitisusuallyverypunctual.,3)AdverbialsubordinationAdverbialclauses,AdverbialclauseoftimeAdverbialclauseofplaceAdverbialclauseofmannerAdverbialclauseofpurposeAdverbialclauseofreasonAdverbialclauseofresultAdverbialclauseofcomparisonAdverbialclauseofconcession,Adverbialclauseoftime,Adverbialclausesoftimeareoftenintroducedbyafter,immediately,tilluntil,as,nosoonerthan,when,assoonas,since,whenever,before,while,hardlywhen,theminute，themomentIllstaytillyougetbackBeforehearrivesIllgivethechildrentheirteaThemomentAssoonasIhavefinishedIllgiveyouacallTheyvemovedhousetwicesincetheygotmarriedSincetheygotmarried，theyvemovedhousetwice,Adverbialclauseofplace,Adverbialclauseofplaceareoftenintroducedby“where,wherever“.e.g.Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas.Heliveswheretheclimateismild.Wherevertheywent,theywerewarmlywelcomed.Whereveryougo,Igotoo.,Adverbialclauseofpurpose,ShipscarrylifeboatssothatthecrewcanescapeiftheshipsinksTheywrotethenoticesinseverallanguagessothatforeigntouristscould（=wouldbeableto）understandthemHewrotehisdiaryincodesothathiswifewouldntbeabletoreadit,Adverbialclauseofreason,1)introducedbyasbecausesince：WecampedthereasbecausesinceitwastoodarktogoonAsBecauseSinceitwastoodarktogoon，wecampedthere2)introducedbyinviewofthefactthat,whichcanbereplacedbyassinceseeingthat,notbybecause：AsSinceSeeingthatyouarehere，youmayaswellgivemeahandAsSinceSeeingthatTomknowsFrench，hedbetterdothetalking,Adverbialclauseofconcession,Introducedby：although，though，eventhough，evenif，nomatter，however,whatever,as。AlthoughThoughEventhoughEvenifyoudontlikehimyoucanstillbepoliteHoweverrichpeopleare，theyalwaysseemanxioustomakemoremoneyWhateveryoudo，donttellhimthatItoldyouthis.Patientashewas，hehadnointentionofwaitingforthreehours,Adverbialclauseofcomparison,ItsdarkertodaythanitwasyesterdayHedoesntpayasmuchtaxaswedoasusHespendsmorethanheearnsHedidntplayaswellasweexpectedaswellasyou（did）YouworkharderthanhedoesthanhimthanIdidatyourageBuyinganewoneissometimesascheapasrepairingtheoldone,OUTLINING,Ofcourse,therearemanydifferentwaystodevelopatheme.Oneexcellentwayistooutlinethethemefirst.Therearetwomainkindsofoutlines:topicoutlinesandsentenceoutlines.Inatopicoutlineeachitemisakeyword,orperhapsseveralwords,thatwillhelpyoutorecallanidea.Inasentenceoutlineeachitemisacompletesentencestatinganidea.Bothkindsofoutlinesareuseful.,SamplesofOutlines,Directions:Highschoolstudentswho,aftergraduation,wouldliketocontinuetheireducationarefrequentlyfacedwithmanyproblemsinfinancingcollegetraining.Pleasegiveouttheproblemsandwaystosolvetheproblemsyoumaythinkof.Andthen,writetwooutlines,oneisasentenceoutlineandtheotherisatopicoutlineforanessayortheme.,ASENTENCEOUTLINE,I.Manyhighschoolstudentsmustfacetheproblemoffinancingacollegeeducation.A.Thereislittlefreeeducationatthecollegelevel.B.Tuitionchargesarelikelytobehigh.C.Livingawayfromhomeisexpensive.II.Therearewaysofhelpingtofinanceonesowneducation.A.Scholarshipsareavailableincertaincases.B.Thecollegewilllendmoneytoworthystudents.C.Astudentmayworkatajobwhileattendingschool.1.Hemayholdapart-timejoboffcampus.2.Hemayassistaprofessorinoneofseveralways.a.Hemayassistinalaboratory.b.Hemayworkinthelibrary.c.Hemayperformroutineofficeduties.3.Otherschooljobsareavailable.a.Astudentmayhelptoprepareorservemeals.b.Hemayworkinacollegestore.,ATOPICOUTLINE,I.ProblemsoffinancingcollegeeducationA.LittlefreeeducationatcollegelevelB.TuitionC.LivingawayfromhomeII.WaysoffinancingoneseducationA.ScholarshipsB.CollegeloanfundsC.Work1.Outsidecollege2.Forprofessorsa.Assistinginlaboratoryb.Workinginlibraryc.Performingofficeduties3.Otherschooljobsa.Preparingandservingmealsb.Workingincollegestore,GUIDESFOROUTLINING,1.Alternatenumbersandlettersforthepointsofyouroutline.a)UseRomannumeralstoindicatemaintopics.b)Usecapitallettersforthesubpointsundereachmaintopics.c)UseArabicnumeralsforthedetailsunderthecapitalletters.d)UsesmalllettersforthedetailsundertheArabicnumerals.,2.Useaperiodaftereachdivisionnumberorletter.3.Capitalizethefirstwordofeachpoint.4.Placenoperiodsafterthepointsinatopicoutline.5.Usethesamegrammaticalconstructionthroughoutanoutline.Donotmixsentencesandtopicsinthesameoutline.6.Foranypoint,makeatleasttwosubdivisionsornone,sinceyoucannotdivideanythingintofewerthantwoparts.7.Begineachnewdivisionnumberorletterdirectlyunderthefirstletterofthefirstwordofthepointtowhichitisasubpoint.YoushouldbeabletodrawastraightlinethroughtheperiodsafterallRomannumerals,anotherthroughthoseafterthecapitalletters,andsoon.,NUMBERS,LETTERSANDINDENTIONINOUTLINEFORM,I.A.B.1.2.a.b.(1)(2)(a)(b)II.A.B.1.2.,Intheexamplebelow,bothmaintopicsandsubtopicsareincorrectlywordedinmixedforms.PREPARINGFORACAREERINSCIENCEI.Therearetwokindsofscience.A.WorkinginpurescienceB.AppliedscienceII.PersonalityA.Agoodscholar1.Generalaptitude2.HasspecialskillsB.CuriosityC.EnthusiasticIII.AcademictrainingofthesciencestudentA.CourseshighschoolB.CollegecoursesC.Extracurricularactivities,sentence,gerundphrase,nounandmodifier,noun,nounandmodifiers,nounandmodifiers,verb,noun,andmodifier,noun,adjective,nounandmodifiers,nounwithaprepositionalphrase,nounandmodifier,nounandmodifier,PREPARINGFORACAREERINSCIENCEI.BasictypesofsciencecareersA.PurescienceB.AppliedscienceII.PersonalcharacteristicsofthesciencestudentA.Scholarship1.Generalaptitude2.SpecialskillsB.CuriosityC.EnthusiasmIII.AcademictrainingofthesciencestudentA.HighschoolcoursesB.CollegecoursesC.Extracurricularactivities,PartVFollow-upExercises,P.130Ex1Thatyouhavetoteachthesametextbookyearafteryeardoesntmeanyouhavetoteachitinthesamewayyearafteryear.Idoubtthatthismachinecangreatlyimproveyourlisteningabilitywithinaweek.,3)Whetherthechickenappearedbeforetheeggortheotherwayroundisaquestionthathaspuzzledpeopleforalongtime.4)Theystillcannotfindoutwhytheprofessorfailedthemintheexam.5)Whathasbeentroublingmeiswhetheruniversitiesshouldsimplyserveascareertrainingplaces.,p.131.Ex.2,Unlessyougowithme,otherwiseIwillnotgo.WhatIdlikeyouexplainisthatyoufailed.Hewalksasifheweredrunk.Hewalksasifheisdrunk.4)Whetherhesucceedsorfail,hehastodohisbest.5)Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitrained.,Iwillnotgounlessyougowithme.,WhatIdlikeyouexplainiswhyyoufailed.,Heisnotdrunk,Hemaybedrunk,Whetherhesucceedsorfails,hehastodohisbest.,Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.,p.131Ex.3,Althoughverycommonaboutfiveyearsago,beepershavealmostdisappearednow.Ifhavingtriedharder,youmighthavepersuadedyourbosstopostponethedeadlinesforyourproject.WhenstudyingintheStates,sheusedtotakeeverychancetotravel.Ifproducedonthesameassemblyline,theseproductsprobablyhavethesamequality.Afterworkingforfourhourswithoutstop,Tomappearedexhausted.,p.131.Ex.4,Thetiredhikerssleptforalmosttenhoursinthetrailshelter.ThenRickwokeupandhurrie