美国文学嘉莉妹妹教学

Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞One of the pioneer and representative writers in American modern novels.One of the great American naturalist writers.One of the three giants of modern American novels with Hemingway, Faulkner(福克纳).His novels are full of tragedies, serious subjects and miserable, vulgar and ugly side of the society.Main works: Sister carrier, Jennie Gerhardt（珍妮姑娘）, An American Tragedy (美国悲剧)（上节课我们学过杰克伦敦和他的作品马丁伊登，我们知道杰克伦敦也是一位伟大的自然主义作家，好吧，上节课已经离我们很遥远了，那时候可能我们都还小，还是先来复习一下好了。）一Naturalism: （自然主义）Naturalism designates a literary movement in the late 18th and early 20th centuries in France, America and England.Major features:（主要特征）(1)Humans are controlled by laws of environment and heredity .(2)American Naturalism:pessimistic realism - misery and poverty of underdogs of lower society.(在嘉莉妹妹这篇文章中对“人类受环境和遗传的影响有充分的体现)背景：当时美国正在发展资本主义经济，也是美国梦最盛行的时候，大量的rural Americans(农村人)涌入大城市想要实现他们的美国梦。（1） Environment:（首先我们来看一下这一句话，请大家看到113页第一段的第一句话When Caroline Meeber boarded the afternoon train for Chicago, her total outfit consisted of a small trunk, a cheap imitation alligator-skin satchel, a small lunch in a paper box, and a yellow leather snap purse, containing her ticket, a scrap of paper with her sisters address in Van Buren Street, and four dollars in money.（有同学自愿翻译的吗？今天回答问题最多的同学下课我请他吃饭）当嘉洛林米贝搭赴芝加哥的下午班火车时，她的全部行装包括一个小皮箱，一个便宜的仿鳄鱼皮提包，一小纸盒午餐和一只有暗扣的黄皮荷包，里面放着她的车票，写着她姐姐在凡布仑街住址的纸片，还有四美元现钱。（大家从这段话可以看出什么，她的家庭环境怎么样：不富裕对吧。嘉莉就是由于对农村贫穷、落后环境的不满，同时为追求心中的梦想，纯朴善良的她背井离乡、孤身一人坐上了去大城市芝加哥的火车，离开了农村。）（大家再看到第113页的第三段）When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility.一个岁的女孩离开家庭，有两种遭遇，必得其一。或者是有好人相助，而好了起来，或者是很快染上了大都市的恶习而堕落下去。在这样的环境里，不好不坏是不可能的。（这是当时美国社会环境导致的两个必然的结果。这也体现了自然主义的一个特点：对客观现实的描述。我个人认为这句话也是为嘉莉最后的结局埋下了伏笔，因为她马上就在火车上遇见了对她有好感的高富帅Drouet杜洛埃，最后她变成了百老汇舞蹈明星，成功跻入美国上流社会）(2) Heredity（第114页第二段的第四行）Warm with the fancies of youth, pretty with the insipid prettiness of the formative period, possessed of a figure promising eventual shapeliness and an eye alight with certain native intelligence,she was a fair example of the middle American class.心里充满着青春的幻想，带着发育期还未容光焕发的美，生有一副将来会出落得仪态万方的身材，眼睛透着天真的智慧，她是美国中等阶级出身的一个典型少女。（她天生的美貌就是自然主义中遗传的影响）2 Symbolism（象征主义）1.衣服(clothes)（第115页倒数第二段的6行）His suit was of a striped and crossed pattern of brown wool, new at that time,but since become familiar as a business suit. The low crotch of the vest revealed a stiff shirt bosom of white and pink stripes.From his coat sleeves protruded a pair of linen cuffs of the same pattern, fastened with large, gold plate buttons, set with the common yellow agates known as cats-eyes. His fingers bore several rings-one, the ever-enduring heavy seal-and from his vest dangled a neat gold watch chain, from which was suspended the secret insignia of the Order of Elks. The whole suit was rather tight-fitting, and was finished off with heavy-soled tan shoes, highly polished, and the grey fedora hat. He was, for the order of intellect represented, attractive, and whatever he had to recommend him, you may be sure was not lost upon Carrie, in this, her first glance.Lest this order of individual should permanently pass, let me put down some of the most striking characteristics of his most successful manner and method. Good clothes, of course, were the first essential, the things without which he was nothing. 衣服在小说在有着重人的象征意义。德莱塞通过人物的衣着打扮来表小不同人物的不同社会地位。在嘉莉看来，衣服代表一个人的社会地位，也预示着他所享有的快乐。她对衣服的理解源于她对两个同样陌生男人的态度。她在火车上初次见到杜洛埃时，经过简知的攀谈之后，她发现他身上的穿着很扎眼，是一套棕色隐条力一格花昵装，背心领口开得很低，露出白底粉红色条子衬衫的浆硬的胸襟，雪自的高硬领系着一条款式别致的领带。上衣袖子里露出一双跟白底粉红色条子衬衫料子相同的袖口，扣着人颗镀金钮子，上面还镶着叫做“锚儿眼”的黄玛瑙。嘉莉只看了他一眼，就不免感受到相形见绌。她身那套镶有黑棉布条装饰的蓝色衣裙，她心里觉得挺寒酸。她感到自己脚上的鞋子也太旧了，就可以肯定对他不会感兴趣。从衣着上判断，杜洛埃生活富有且处于社会上层。在嘉莉心中服装代表一个人的地位，是本质的东西。没有它杜洛埃就什么都不是。2. 窗口（windows）（第116页的倒数第二段）Oh, do you? she interrupted, aroused by memories of longings their show windows had cost her.“啊，你认识吗？”她接上来说，又想起了他们店里的样品橱窗，它们曾经引起了她多少渴望。其实后面也有几次替代嘉莉妹妹总是长时间地盯着商店橱窗里的商品,她是如此强烈渴望获取它们,但是有形的橱窗却构成了她和她所梦寐以求的商品之间开形的社会障碍,因为当时她毕竟还是一个乡下穷女孩。所以说窗口是划分想象的世界和现实世界之间的一个象征。（然后我们来看一下这篇文章中使用的对比手法）Comparative(对比)On one hand,the rich lives the life of luxury and dissipation(Drouet);On the other hand, the poor lives the hard and miserable life(Carrie).Causes for the shaping for the Carries destiny（我们从这一章节来看，导致嘉莉妹妹最终的命运的有哪些，有没有同学来总结一下）External causes:a. the