全新版大学英语综合教程3_Unit8

WordWeb,Warm-upQuestions,TestYourKnowledgeonCloning,ListeningComprehension,BackgroundInformation,BR_EnglishSong_main,BackgroundInformation,HwangWoo-Suk,Stemagen,Cloning,Dolly,ThePope,BR_SalesPromotion_main,WordWeb,Whatwordsorexpressionswilloccurtoyouwheneverwemention“cloning”?Writedownasmanywordsandphrasesaspossible.,BR_IntroductoryRemarks,Warm-upQuestions,1.Whatiscloning?Aretheredifferenttypesofcloning?2.Howcancloningtechnologiesbeused?3.Whatanimalshavebeenclonedsofar,andforwhatpurpose?4.Canorgansbeclonedforuseintransplants?Ifso,giveexamples.5.Whataretherisksofcloning?6.Shouldhumansbecloned?,BR_SheWorksHardfortheMoney4,ListeningComprehension,Listentothepassageaboutanimalcloningandanswerthequestions.,1.Whenwasthefirstanimalcloned?,In1952.,BR_SheWorksHardfortheMoney5,2.HowwereclonescreatedbeforethecreationofDolly?,Theywerecreatedfromembryoniccells.,3.Whatisthetechnologyusedincloningtheanimals?,Nucleartransfertechnology.,4.Canallspeciesbecloned?Why?,No.Becausesomespeciesmaybemoreresistanttosomaticcellnucleartransfer.,Scientistshavebeencloninganimalsformanyyears.In1952,thefirstanimal,atadpole,wascloned.BeforethecreationofDolly,thefirstmammalclonedfromthecellofanadultanimal,cloneswerecreatedfromembryoniccells.SinceDolly,researchershaveclonedanumberoflargeandsmallanimalsincludingsheep,goats,cows,mice,pigs,cats,rabbits,andagaur.Allthesecloneswerecreatedusingnucleartransfertechnology.Hundredsofclonedanimalsexisttoday,butthenumberofdifferentspeciesislimited.Attemptsatcloningcertainspecieshavebeenunsuccessful.Somespecies,BR_SheWorksHardfortheMoney6,BR_SheWorksHardfortheMoney6,speciesmaybemoreresistanttosomaticcellnucleartransferthanothers.Theprocessofstrippingthenucleusfromaneggcellandreplacingitwiththenucleusofadonorcellisatraumaticone,andimprovementsincloningtechnologiesmaybeneededbeforemanyspeciescanbeclonedsuccessfully.,Cloningdescribestheprocessesusedtocreateanexactgeneticreplicaofanothercell,tissueororganism.Thecopiedmaterial,whichhasthesamegeneticmakeupastheoriginal,isreferredtoasaclone.ThemostfamousclonewasaScottishsheepnamedDolly.,BR_QuestionsandAnswers1,Cloning,GenecloningReproductivecloningTherapeuticcloning,TypesofCloning,Creation,ItcreatescopiesofgenesorsegmentsofDNA.Itcreatescopiesofwholeanimals.Itcreatesembryonicstemcells.,BR_QuestionsandAnswers2,BR_Definition1,HwangWoo-Suk,aSouthKoreanveterinarianresearcheraprofessoroftheriogenologyandbiotechnologyatSeoulNationalUniversity(dismissedonMarch20,2006)infamousforfabricatingaseriesofexperimentsinthefieldofstemcellresearch,BR_Definition2,HwangWoo-SukwasconsideredoneofthepioneeringexpertsinthefieldofstemcellresearchuntilNovember2005,bestknownfortwoarticlespublishedinthejournalSciencein2004and2005wherehefraudulentlyreportedtohavesucceededincreatinghumanembryonicstemcellsbycloning.Bothpaperswerelatereditoriallyretractedaftertheywerefoundtocontainalargeamountoffabricateddata.,BR_Definition3,Stemagen,acorporationheadedbyDr.SamuelWoodnotableforcloningadultskincellsItsuccessfullycreatedthefirst5maturehumanembryosusingDNAfromadultskincells.,BR_QuestionsandAnswers2,BR_Definition4,Dolly,Addressedas:,Dolly:July5,1996February14,2003,Remarkablefor:,Clonedby:,Clonedin:,Theworldsmostfamoussheep.,Beingthefirstmammaltobeclonedfromanadultsomaticcell.,IanWilmut,KeithCampbellandcolleagues.,Edinburgh,Scotland.,BR_Definition5,BR_Definition6,ThePope,theBishopofRometheleaderoftheworldwideCatholicChurchheadofstateofVaticanCityThecurrentpope(asin2010)isPopeBenedictXVI,electedApril19,2005inpapalconclave.,BR_Definition7,GR_main,PartDivisionoftheText,FurtherUnderstanding,GR_FurtherUnderstanding,FurtherUnderstanding,ForPart2,ForPart1TrueorFalse,ForPart3BlankFilling,TableCompletion,MultipleChoice,GR_PartDivisionoftheText,PartDivisionoftheText,Parts,Para(s),MainIdeas,1,14,ThewriterrelatesunderwhatcircumstancesthestemcellresearchcompanyStemagenwassetup.,2,523,Thewritergivesanaccountoftheirresearcheffortstowardthegoalofcreatinglinesofembryonicstemcellsusingaprocessknownastherapeuticcloning.,GR_PartDivisionoftheText,Parts,MainIdeas,Thewritertellsabouthisattitudetowardscriticismsagainstusingembryosforscientificresearch.,3,2427,Para(s),GR_TrueorFalse1,TrueorFalse,1.WhenHwangWoo-Sukreportedhissuccessincreatinghumanembryonicstemcellsbycloning,peoplefelttheywerecheated.,2.Alotofdiseaseswouldbetreatedifhumanembryonicstemcellscanreallybecreatedbycloning.,F,WhenHwangWoo-Sukreportedhissuccessincreatinghumanembryonicstemcellsbycloning,peoplefeltveryexcited.,(),T,(),GR_TrueorFalse2,3.Dr.Woodhasaprofoundloveforhismother.,T,(),4.Dr.Wooddecidedtodosomethingforhismotherwhenshedevelopeddiabetes.,F,Dr.Wooddecidedtodosomethingforhismotheratherfuneral.,(),GR_TrueorFalse3,5.TheotherfounderofStemagen,thestemresearchcompany,alsolosthisfathertodiabetes.,F,TheotherfounderofStemagen,thestemresearchcompany,losthisfathertoALS.,(),6.Ashismotherhaddiabetes,Dr.Woodthoughtitwasratherordinarytoseehismotherlosehereyesightandmostofherabilitytowalk.,F,ItwasabsolutelyhorrifyingforDr.Woodtoseehismotherlosehereyesightandmostofherabilitytowalk.,(),GR_TrueorFalse1,TableCompletion,ReproductivecloningVSTherapeuticcloning,Purpose,Effects,Reproductivecloning,Themajorityofreproductiveclonesareabnormal,withveryhighmiscarriagerates,veryhighstillbirthrates,fetalanomalies,deathsoonafterbirth,etc.,Tocreateanexactcopyofananimalorhumanthatalreadyexistsorhasexisted,GR_TrueorFalse3,Purpose,Effects,Therapeuticcloning,Toharvestembryonicstemcellsforuseinmedicaltreatments,Therapeuticcloningdoesnotinvolveanytypeofrisktohumanlifeandactuallyprovidestremendouspotentialforthereliefofsufferinginhumanbeings.,GR_MultipleChoice1,Whataretheresearchersinterestedin?_,A.Cloninggenes.,B.Helpingthesick.,C.Creatingdisease-specificandperson-specificstemcelllines.,D.Puttingahumanfaceoncloning.,MultipleChoice,Whataretheresearchersinterestedin?_,GR_MultipleChoice1A,A,A.Cloninggenes.,B.Helpingthesick.,C.Creatingdisease-specificandperson-specificstemcelllines.,D.Puttingahumanfaceoncloning.,MultipleChoice,Whataretheresearchersinterestedin?_,GR_MultipleChoice1B,A.Cloninggenes.,B.Helpingthesick.,C.Creatingdisease-specificandperson-specificstemcelllines.,D.Puttingahumanfaceoncloning.,MultipleChoice,B,Whataretheresearchersinterestedin?_,GR_MultipleChoice1C,A.Cloninggenes.,B.Helpingthesick.,C.Creatingdisease-specificandperson-specificstemcelllines.,D.Puttingahumanfaceoncloning.,MultipleChoice,C,Whataretheresearchersinterestedin?_,GR_MultipleChoice1D,A.Cloninggenes.,B.Helpingthesick.,C.Creatingdisease-specificandperson-specificstemcelllines.,D.Puttingahumanfaceoncloning.,MultipleChoice,D,GR_MultipleChoice2,2.WhatisDr.Woodreferredtoas?_,A.ThemantocloneDolly.,B.Thefirstmantoclonehumanembryonicstemcells.,C.Thefirstmantocurediabetes.,D.Thefirstmanto“clonehimself”.,2.WhatisDr.Woodreferredtoas?_,GR_MultipleChoice2A,A.ThemantocloneDolly.,B.Thefirstmantoclonehumanembryonicstemcells.,C.Thefirstmantocurediabetes.,D.Thefirstmanto“clonehimself”.,A,2.WhatisDr.Woodreferredtoas?_,GR_MultipleChoice2B,A.ThemantocloneDolly.,B.Thefirstmantoclonehumanembryonicstemcells.,C.Thefirstmantocurediabetes.,D.Thefirstmanto“clonehimself”.,B,2.WhatisDr.Woodreferredtoas?_,GR_MultipleChoice2C,A.ThemantocloneDolly.,B.Thefirstmantoclonehumanembryonicstemcells.,C.Thefirstmantocurediabetes.,D.Thefirstmanto“clonehimself”.,C,2.WhatisDr.Woodreferredtoas?_,GR_MultipleChoice2D,A.ThemantocloneDolly.,B.Thefirstmantoclonehumanembryonicstemcells.,C.Thefirstmantocurediabetes.,D.Thefirstmanto“clonehimself”.,D,GR_MultipleChoice3,3.Whathasledtothefirestormofcontroversy?_,A.Humanizingcloning.,B.Providingaroadmap.,C.Servingthepurposeofhelpingthepatients.,D.Awomandonatinganegg.,3.Whathasledtothefirestormofcontroversy?_,GR_MultipleChoice3A,A.Humanizingcloning.,B.Providingaroadmap.,C.Servingthepurposeofhelpingthepatients.,D.Awomandonatinganegg.,A,3.Whathasledtothefirestormofcontroversy?_,GR_MultipleChoice3B,A.Humanizingcloning.,B.Providingaroadmap.,C.Servingthepurposeofhelpingthepatients.,D.Awomandonatinganegg.,B,3.Whathasledtothefirestormofcontroversy?_,GR_MultipleChoice3C,A.Humanizingcloning.,B.Providingaroadmap.,C.Servingthepurposeofhelpingthepatients.,D.Awomandonatinganegg.,C,3.Whathasledtothefirestormofcontroversy?_,GR_MultipleChoice3D,A.Humanizingcloning.,B.Providingaroadmap.,C.Servingthepurposeofhelpingthepatients.,D.Awomandonatinganegg.,D,GR_MultipleChoice4,4.Whywerepeopleskepticalabouttheirachievement?,A.Becauseitsimpossibletocloneblastocystnowadays.,B.Becausethecellhadbeendestroyed.,C.Becausesomescientistscheatedthepublicinthepast.,D.Becausetheresearcherscouldntprovetheembryoswereclones.,_,_,GR_MultipleChoice4A,4.Whywerepeopleskepticalabouttheirachievement?,A.Becauseitsimpossibletocloneblastocystnowadays.,B.Becausethecellhadbeendestroyed.,C.Becausesomescientistscheatedthepublicinthepast.,D.Becausetheresearcherscouldntprovetheembryoswereclones.,A,GR_MultipleChoice4B,4.Whywerepeopleskepticalabouttheirachievement?,A.Becauseitsimpossibletocloneblastocystnowadays.,B.Becausethecellhadbeendestroyed.,C.Becausesomescientistscheatedthepublicinthepast.,D.Becausetheresearcherscouldntprovetheembryoswereclones.,_,B,GR_MultipleChoice4C,4.Whywerepeopleskepticalabouttheirachievement?,A.Becauseitsimpossibletocloneblastocystnowadays.,B.Becausethecellhadbeendestroyed.,C.Becausesomescientistscheatedthepublicinthepast.,D.Becausetheresearcherscouldntprovetheembryoswereclones.,_,C,GR_MultipleChoice4D,4.Whywerepeopleskepticalabouttheirachievement?,A.Becauseitsimpossibletocloneblastocystnowadays.,B.Becausethecellhadbeendestroyed.,C.Becausesomescientistscheatedthepublicinthepast.,D.Becausetheresearcherscouldntprovetheembryoswereclones.,_,D,1.2.3.,ToDr.Wood,itsantobebytheVaticanandPresidentBushinthesameweek.Researchersinthefieldandtheirusuallyhavenodialogue.TogiveanembryodoesntmakesensetoDr.Wood.,GR_BlankFilling,BlankFilling,honor,_,condemned,_,embryonicstemcell,_,opponents,_,alltherightsofahumanlife,_,Iwasextremelyclosewithmymotherallmylife.Shewasabrillianteducator,writerandwonderfulwoman.Sadly,shedevelopedcomplicationsrelatedtodiabetes.Whenshelosthereyesightandmostof,ofherabilitytowalk,itwasabsolutelyhorrifyingforme.Shepassedawayfromafallsevenoreightyearsago.Atherfuneral,IsworethatonedayIddosomethingaboutconditionslikehers.,DR_Text1,HUMANCLONING:ASCIENTISTSSTORY,Dr.SamuelWoodviainterview,YearspassedandIreadabouttheworktheSouthKoreanshaddonewithstemcells.In2004and2005HwangWoo-Sukfraudulentlyreportedthathehadsucceededincreatinghumanembryonicstemcellsbycloning.Backthenitwasntknownitwasafraud,soitwasveryexcitingtothinkthatalonglistofdiseasescouldbetreated.IfoundedthestemcellresearchcompanyStemagenwithanothergentlemanwhosefatherhaddiedofALS.Wewentoutfordrinksonenightandwestartedtalkingaboutourparents.Wewantedtodosomethingthatwouldbealegacyforthem.,DR_Text2,ForBetterOrWorse?,DR_Text3,ThemomentwedecidedtostartStemagen,Ireadalltherewastoreadaboutthevariouscloningeffortsinthepast.TheclonedsheepDollyin1997was,veryinteresting,butatthatstagepeoplewerenotfocusingonthestemcellaspectofcloning;theywerefocusingonthereproductivepossibilitiesofcloning.,Humanreproductivecloningisjustsimplywrongethicallyfromamedicalstandpointandascientificstandpoint,evenignoringanyreligiousissuesassociatedwithit.Thereasonisthatthemajorityofreproductiveclonesinotherspeciesareactuallyabnormal,withveryhighmiscarriagerates,veryhighstillbirthrates,fetalanomalies,deathsoonafterbirth,etcetera.Itwouldjustbeabsolutelywrongtotakeahumanbeingandputthemthroughwhatmaywellinvolvesignificantsufferingforreallynogoodend.Eventhoughpeoplecouldtakethetechniquesthatwevedevelopedandattempttodoit(orperhapsevenbesuccessfuldoingit),wehopethattheywouldnot.,DR_Text4,Ontheotherhand,therapeuticcloningdoesnotinvolveanytypeofrisktohumanlifeandactuallyprovidestremendouspotentialforthereliefofsufferinginrealhumanbeingswhoaregoingthroughsomeawfulthings.Imapurescientistinsomeways,andIknowthatmanydifferentstudiesorfindingscouldbeusedforevil.Ourjobasscientistsistomakethemostofthistechnologyandmakeitavailabletothegreatestnumberofotherscientistswhocanhelpusdogoodthingswithit.Theresreallynoeffectivewayforanindividualscientisttostopsomeoneelsefromusingtheknowledgeforsomethingtheyshouldnt.,DR_Text5,Weneedtobehonestaboutthetechniquesthatweused.Theyneedtobeabletobereplicatedbyotherpeople,andso,weareprovidingaroadmap.Iwouldhopethatthelegislationthatsinplaceandthegreatpublicdisapprovalthatwouldresultfromanyattempttocloneahumanwoulddissuadeanyonefromgoingdownthatpath.Whatisittheysay?Thereisnotechnologythathasntbeenusedforsomeevilpurposeatsomepoint.QuitehonestlyIdothinkthatsomeonewillattempthumanreproductivecloning.Idothinkitsinevitable,anditsvirtuallyimpossibletolegislatethataway.,DR_Text6,Iamspokenofasthefirstmanto“clonehimself.”Therearedifferenttypesofcloning.Atthecellularlevel,yes,itstrueIamthefirstmantoclonehimself.Wethoughtagreatdealabouthowtodeal,withtheissueofwhosecellsweshoulduseandwhetherweshouldlettheworldandthescientificcommunityknowwhothefirstcellularclonewas.Intheendwedecidedthatwewantedtoputahumanfaceoncloning.,DR_Text7,ClaimtoFame,Ididntanticipateitwouldcreatethefirestormofcontroversythatitscreated,butImstillgladwewentdownthatpath.Wereceivedthousandsofe-mailsandphonecallsfrompeoplewhoneedhelp.Ithinkbycomingforwardandputtingafacetoitwemadeitveryreal,andnowpeoplearoundtheworldknowthatcloningishere.Ibelievethatverysoonitwillbeusedtherapeutically,soIthinkourpurposewasserved.PureScienceWhathappensisaninformedandconsentingwomandonatesaneggandweremovehergeneticmaterialfromtheegg.Thenweplaceasingleskincellinsidethategg.,DR_Text8,Whatwerereallyinterestediniscreatingdisease-specificandperson-specificstemcelllines.Theprocedureoftakingcellsfromapersontakesnomorethanaminuteortwo.Youcantakesomeskincellsfromthearm,forexample,andinonetotwominutes,youcangetthecellsthatyouneedtocarryoutthisprocess.Thisprocessenablesustostudythecausesofspecificdiseases,suchasAlzheimersDisease,ALSorParkinsonsDisease,andthenresearchavarietyoftreatmentsforthesediseases.Ifthestemcelllinesarecreatedforanygivenindividualandarelatertransplantedbackintotheindividual,theywillnotberejectedbytheindividual.,DR_Text9,DR_Text10,SweetSuccess,IalwaysthoughtthatwhenourresearchwassuccessfulIwouldjustbepleasedthatwehadaccomplishedthiswhenothershadnot.Inreality,itistranscendent,transcendentwhenyoulookthroughthemicroscope,youseewhatyoumayhavelookedlikealongtimeago,atleastinpart.,WhenIlookeddownandsawthatclonedblastocyst,itbroughttearstomyeyes.Ihaddonethisformymother,andIrealized,hadsheonlybeenabletoliveafewyearslonger,maybewecouldhaveusedthistechnologytohelpher.Itwasemotionaltoseethatpotential,whichsheneverhadachancetoexperience.Theresabigmisconceptionouttherethatwedecidedtodestroytheseembryosforsomereason.Therewassomuchskepticismaboutthisprocessbecauseofthescientificfraudfromthepastthatitwascriticalthattherebenodoubtthattheywereclones.,DR_Text11,DR_Text12,Intheprocessofanalysis,theembryosweredestroyedbynecessity.Inotherwords,togetthegeneticmaterialfrominsidethecellstoanalyzeit,youhavetodestroythecell.Wewouldhavelovedtohavebeenabletoavoiddestroyingthem.Nowwereworkingfull-timeoncreatingstemcelllines,andpeoplearewatchingwithgreatinterest.ThePopeAndThePresidentThereareavarietyofopponentstoourwork.,DR_Text13,WewerecondemnedbytheVaticanandmentionedinanegativelightinPresidentBushsStateoftheUnionaddress.Inasenseitsanhonorbecauseitshowsthatweredoing,doingsomethingsignificant.ItsnoteverydaythatyougetcondemnedbytheVaticanandPresidentBushinthesameweek.Theresusuallynodialoguebetweentheresearchersintheembryonicstemcellfieldandthosewhoopposeit.,DR_Text14,Itdoesntmakesensetomethatitssuchanemotionalandcontentioustopic.Logically,thisisnotlife.Iagreeitsapotentiallife,butthevastmajorityofembryosneverbecomelife.Themajoritygenerate,dontimplantanddie.Afetusisalife.Thatargumentmakessensetome,butitdoesntmakesensetometolookatanembryoinalabandgiveitalltherightsofahumanlife.,DR_Sentence2_Sadly,she,不幸的是，她患上了糖尿病引起的并发症。当她丧失视力和大部分行走能力时，我惊恐万状。,1.Whatdoes“complications”specificallyreferto?,Itreferstothediseasesderivedfromdiabetes,likethelossofeyesightandbeingunabletomove.,Sadly,shedevelopedcomplicationsrelatedtodiabetes.Whenshelosthereyesightandmostofherabilitytowalk,itwasabsolutelyhorrifyingforme.,2.TranslatethesesentencesintoChinese.,DR_Sentence2_Ifoundedthestemcell,Whatisincommonbetweenthetwofounders?,Theybothlosttheirparenttoaterribledisease.,IfoundedthestemcellresearchcompanyStemagenwithanothergentlemanwhosefatherhaddiedofALS.,DR_Sentence3_Itwouldjustbe,Itwouldjustbeabsolutelywrongtotakeahumanbeingandputthemthroughwhatmaywellinvolvesignificantsufferingforreallynogoodend.,1.Whatistherealsubjectofthesentence?,“totakeahumanbeingandputthemthroughwhatmaywellinvolvesignificantsufferingforreallynogoodend”.,2.WhatisDr.Woodtalkingabout?,Hestalkingabouttheterribleaspectsofreproductivecloning.,DR_Ontheotherhand,1.Whatare“someawfulthings”?,Terriblepaingeneratedbydiseases.,Ontheotherhand,therapeuticcloningdoesnotinvolveanytypeofrisktohumanlifeandactuallyprovidestremendouspotentialforthereliefofsufferinginrealhumanbeingswhoaregoingthroughsomeawfulthings.,2.WhatisDr.Woodsattitudetowardstherapeuticcloning?,Heholdsapositiveattitudetowardsit.,DR_Sentence7_Theresreallynoeffective,Theresreallynoeffectivewayforanindividualscientisttostopsomeoneelsefromusingtheknowledgeforsomethingtheyshouldnt.,1.Whatdoes“somethingtheyshouldnt”mean?,Itmeanshumanreproductivecloning.,2.AccordingtoDr.Wood,isitpossibletostophumanreproductivecloning?,No.Hehonestlythinksthatsomeonewillattempthumanreproductivecloningandthereisnowaytostopit.,DR_Sentence8_Iwouldhopethatthe,1.Paraphrase“legislationthatsinplace”.,Appropriatelegislation.,Iwouldhopethatthelegislationthatsinplaceandthegreatpublicdisapprovalthatwouldresultfromanyattempttocloneahumanwoulddissuadeanyonefromgoingdownthatpath.,2.Whatisthepublicagainst?,Thepublicisagainsttheattempttoclonea