Lecture+5+（17世纪英国文学）.ppt

英国文学史及选读,第五讲十七英国文学,TheKingJamesBibleof1611JohnDonne(15721631)JohnMilton(16081674),TheKingJamesBibleconsistsoftwogreatparts,onetheOldTestament,theothertheNewTestament.Theword“testament”means“thecovenant”betweenGodandtheHebrews.TheOldTestament,originallywritteninHebrew,isaboutthecreationoftheuniverse,theoriginoftheJewishpeople,itshistory,religion,law,andpoetry.TheNewTestament,originallywritteninGreek,isaboutthelife,teachinganddeedsofJesusChrist.TheearliestEnglishtranslationsoftheBibledatebacktoCaedmon,BedeandKingAlfred.ThenthereweretranslationsdonebyJohnWycliff,WilliamTyndale,andMilesMilesCoverdale.TheKingJamesBiblewascompletedin1611aftersevenyearsarduousworkof47ofthebestscholarsinthekingdom.,HistoricalBackgroundoftheseventeenth-centuryEnglandTheseventeenthcenturywasaneventfulperiodinthehistoryofEngland.1)TheeconomicconflictbetweentheParliamentandtheking(thepowerofmonarch).Parliamentmainlyrepresentedtheinterestsofthemiddleclass;themiddleclasswantedfreetradebutthekingcontrolledtradeandcommerceandimposedheavytaxesonthemerchants.Whatmadethematterworse,thekinggrantedorsoldmonopolies(specialprivileges)tovariousindividualstomanufactureorsellparticularcommoditiessuchascoal,salt,etc.Thisconflictresultedinthecivilwarin1642betweenCharlesIandtheParliament.2)ThereligiousconflictbetweenthePuritansandtheAnglicanChurch.ThePuritanswereChristianswhowantedtomakereformsintheAnglicanChurch.TheywereopposedtoCharlesIwhoheldthatthekingwasnotonlytheheadofthestatebutalsotheheadoftheChurch(dictatorship).,ThePuritanswantedtodoawaywiththeelaborateceremoniesoftheAnglicanChurch.Theydemandedasimplereligiousbelief,asimplemannerofworship,andasimplemannerofchurchorganization.TheyadvocatedthatthecommonpeopleandthekingwereequalinthepresenceofGod.TheyarguedthattheBibleencouragedtradeandindividualfreedom.Puritansrepresentedtheinterestsofthemiddleclass.CharlesItookstrongmeasuresagainstthePuritansandmanyofthemhadtoemigratetoAmericatoescapepersecutions.3)politicalconflicts.From1642to1688,Englandwasfullofpoliticalconflicts.,JohnDonne,therepresentativeofmetaphysicalpoets,ThelifeofJohnDonnecanbedividedintotwostages.InthefirststagehewasDonnethecourtier,thelover,andthesoldier.InthesecondstagehewasDr.JohnDonne,DeanofSt.PaulsCathedral.DonnewasborninaRomanCatholicfamily.HereceivedhiseducationatOxfordandCambridgeandlaterstudiedlawatLincolnsInn.Asayoungmanhewashungryforadventures.HejoinedtheexpeditionofEssexforCadiz(aregionoracityofSpain)in1596,andfortheAzores(北大西洋中东部的一群岛，属葡萄牙)in1597.hewassecretarytoSirT.Egerton,keeperoftheGreatSeal.In1601heelopedwith17-year-oldAnnMore,nieceofEgertonswife,andforthishewascastintoprisonbythegirlsfather.Afterreleasehelivedinpoverty,for15years,duringwhichtimehewrotesomeofhismostbeautifullines,manyofwhichbelievedtohavebeenwrittentohiswife.In1615hegaveuphisCatholicfaithandtookordersintheAnglicanChurchandfortenyears,from1621tohisdeath,hewasDeanofSt.PaulsCathedral.Duringthislastperiodofhislifehewroteonlyreligioussermonsandpoemsandwasthemostfamouspreacherofhistime.Theinfluenceofhispoeticstylewaswidelyfeltintheseventeenthcentury.HetangiblyinfluencedAndrewMarvell,GeorgeHerbert,HenryVaughanandothers,andisdeemedthegreatestofwhatJohnDrydenandSamuelJohnsoncalledthe“metaphysicalpoets.”,MetaphysicalpoetryisaderogatoryterminventedbyJohnDryden(1631-1700)andlateradoptedbySamuelJohnson(1709-1784)describingaschoolofhighlyintellectualpoetrymarkedbyboldandingeniousconceits,incongruousimagery,complexityofthought,frequentuseofparadox,andoftenbydeliberateharshnessorrigidityofexpression.Themainthemesofthemetaphysicalpoetsarelove,death,andreligion.Accordingtothem,allthingsintheuniverse,nomatterhowdissimilartheyaretoeachother,arecloselyunifiedinGod.ThechiefrepresentativeofthisschoolwasJohnDonne.,TheFleaMark:notice;lookat;payattentionto.Howlittlethatwhichthoudeniesmeis:yourdenialofmyloveisoflittleuse/hisfleaourtwobloodsmingledbe:ourtwobloodswouldbemingledinthisflea.Yetthisenjoysbeforeitwoo:thisfleaenjoyslovebeforeitcouldseeklove.woo:seeklove,seekdating.pamperedswellswithonebloodmadeoftwo:thebloodofthisfleaismadeofthebloodofustwo,andthemixtureofourbloodmadehisstomachbecomebigger.Thisimpliesthatourlovewouldmakeyoupregnant.Wherewealmost,naymorethanmarriedare:inthefleawearemorethanmarried.nay:rather,morethan.这里nay与morethan连用，起强调作用。,7.marriagetemple:churchwhereamarriageisheld.8.jet:1)ahardblacksemi-preciousvarietyoflignite,capableofbeingcarvedandhighlypolished;2)aglossyblackcolour.9.Letnottothat,self-murderaddedbe:Donotaddself-murderingtothemurderingofaflea.10.sacrilege:violationormisuseofwhatisregardedassacred.11.hasthousincepurpledthynailinbloodofinnocence?你难道要用无辜的鲜血染红自己的指甲？12.Whereincouldthisfleaguiltybe?:inwhataspectscouldthisfleaguiltybe?13.Justsomuchhonorwillwaste,as:thisfleasdeathdoesnotlosehonor,soyouracceptingofmylovewillnotlosehonor,either.,跳蚤约翰邓恩看呀，这只跳蚤，叮在这里，你对我的拒绝多么微不足道；它先叮我，现在又叮你，我们的血液在它体内溶和；你知道这是不能言说的罪恶、羞耻、贞操的丢失，它没有向我们请求就得到享受，饱餐了我们的血滴后大腹便便，这种享受我们无能企及。,住手，一只跳蚤，三条生命啊，它的身体不只是见证我们的婚约。还是你和我，我们的婚床，婚姻的殿堂；父母怨恨，你不情愿，我们还是相遇，并躲藏在黝黑的有生命的墙院里。尽管你会习惯地拍死跳蚤，千万别，这会杀了我，也增加你的自杀之罪，杀害三条生命会亵渎神灵。,多么残忍，你毫无犹豫用无辜的鲜血染红自己的指甲？它不过吸了你一滴血罪不至死啊？你却以胜利者的口吻说你我并没有因失血而有些虚弱；的确，担心不过是虚惊一场：接受我的爱，你的名誉不会有丝毫损失，就象跳蚤之死不会让你的生命有所损失。,DeathBeNotProudAnexplanationoflines5-6:(Since)muchpleasure(flows)fromrestandsleep,whichbebut(=areonly)thypictures,thenmore(pleasure)mustflowfromthee(=death).(Here,“thypictures”means“imagesofdeath.”Whatismore,thesetwolinesconveyPlatosconceptofIdeaanditsimages.DeathiscomparedtoanIdea,andrestandsleeparejustimagesofdeath.)AnExplanationoflines9-10:Fate,Chance,kings,anddesperatemencanbringdeath,soallofthemactuallycontroldeath,anddeathisnotmightyatall.DeathliesinPoison,war,andsickness,sodeathisnotsuperiortothem.Opiumandmagiccharmscanalsomakeussleep,andsuchakindofsleepismucheasierthanthesleepcausedbydeath.,Thethemeofthepoem“DeathBeNotProud”:Thepoetappliesthemethodofargumenttoshowthatdeathisnotmightyanddreadfulatall.Thespeakerinthepoemarguesthatdeathiscausedbyfate,chance,kings,desperatemen,poison,war,andsickness,sodeathisnotmighty.Restandsleepareimagesofdeath,afterashortrestorsleep,manwillhaveanotherformofeternallife,sodeathismomentaryandnotdreadful.,死神，你莫骄横，尽管有人将你看得如何强大，如何可怖，你呀，名不符实；你自以为已经把芸芸众生毁灭，可怜的死神，他们没死你至今还杀不死我；休憩和睡眠，其实就是你的写照，你定然比它们更让人感到舒适惬意，而我们最出色的人们随你而去越早，越能早日让灵魂获救，肉体安息，你是命运、时机、君主和狂徒的奴隶，你与毒药、战争和病魔同流合污，鸦片与巫术也能灵验地进行蛊惑，而且效果更佳，你又何必颐指气使？人们小憩一会，精神便得以永远清朗，便再不会有死亡，死神你自己将死亡。,JohnMilton,apoetwhofirstemployedtheblankverseinepicwriting.,Milton,John(1608-1674),Englishpoet,whoserich,denseversewasapowerfulinfluenceonsucceedingEnglishpoets,andwhoseprosewasdevotedtothedefenseofcivilandreligiousliberty.MiltonisoftenconsideredthegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespeare.JohnMiltonsworkismarkedbycosmicthemesandloftyreligiousidealism;itrevealsanastonishingbreadthoflearningandcommandoftheGreek,Latin,andHebrewclassics.Hisblankverseisofremarkablevarietyandrichness,soskillfullymodulatedandflexiblethatithasbeencomparedtoorgantones.,Miltonhasnoblethoughtandsplendidimagery.Heisagreatstylist.Hispoetryhasagrandstyle.Thatisbecausehemadealife-longstudyofclassicalandBiblicalliterature.Hispoetryisnotedforsublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.Miltonisagreatmasterofblankverse.Heisthegloriouspioneertointroduceblankverseintonon-dramaticpoetry.HehasuseditasthemaintoolinhismasterpieceParadiseLost.Hisblankverseisrichineverypoeticqualityandnevermonotonous.,ThecentralthemeofParadiseLostdealswiththeChristianstoryof“thefallofman,”assummedupinthebeginninglinesofBookI:Ofmansfirstdisobedience,andthefruitOfthatforbiddentreewhosemortaltasteBroughtdeathintotheworld,andallourwoe,WithlossofEden,tillonegreatmanRestoreus,andregaintheblissfulseat.MiltonspurposeforwritingParadiseLost,asheputsitveryclearlyatthebeginningofthepoem,isto“asserteternalProvidenceandjustifythewaysofGodtoman.”,大约九天九夜，那是根据人间的计算，他和他那一伙可怕的徒众，沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中；虽属不死之身，却与死者一样横陈。但这个刑罚反激起他更深的愤怒，既失去了幸福，又饱受无尽痛苦的折磨。当他抬起忧虑的双眼，环顾四周，摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼，交织着顽固的傲气和难消的仇恨。,vanquished(l.52):defeated.confounded(53):ruined,routed;spoiled,corrupted.doom(53):sentenceofpunishment.baleful(56):fullofsuffering;ofperniciousinfluence.witnessed(57):expressed,revealed.obdurate(58):stubbornlyrefusingtochangeonesopinionorcourseofaction.,霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断天涯，但见悲风弥漫，缥纱无垠，可怕的地牢从四面八方围着他像一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰并不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片，仅供辨认出那儿的苦难情景，悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。和平和安息从不在此驻扎，希望无所不到，唯独不到这儿。ken(59):(archaic)bewithinonesrangeofknowledgeorsight;recognize,identify.dismal(60):calamitous,aswellasdepressinglydark.,只有无穷无尽的苦难步步相跟永燃的硫磺不断地添注，不灭的火焰有如洪水向他们滚滚逼来。正义之神为那些叛逆者准备的，正是这个地方。这个在天外的冥荒中为他们设置的牢狱。那个地方远离天神和天界的亮光，相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。still(68):constantly.urges(68):stimulates,excites,provokes.ordain(71):(esp.ofGodorfate)prescribe;determine(sth.)portion(72):apartofwhole;anamount,section,orpieceofsth.ll.73-74:fromhelltoearth(thecenter)istwiceasfarasfromearthtoheaven,whichliesjustbeyondtheoutershelloftheuniverse.(天堂离地狱相当天离地的三倍远),啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方简直有天壤之别呀！(比起来是何等的不同呀！)和他一起坠落的伙伴们淹没在烈火的洪流和旋风之中，他辨认得出，在他近旁挣扎的，论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔，后来在巴勒斯坦得知他名叫别西卜。这个在天上叫做撒旦的首要神敌，以豪壮的言语打破可怕的沉寂，开始向他的伙伴这样说道：weltering(78):rollinginthewaves.Belzebub(81)iscalled“theprinceofthedevils”inMatt.12.24,andthenamemayhavebeenasynonymforSatan.Satan(82):theHebrewwordforadversary.,“是你啊；这是何等的坠落！何等的变化呀！你原来住在光明的乐土，浑身披盖着无比的光辉，胜过群星的璀璨；你曾和我结盟，同心同气，同一希望，搏击于光荣的大事业之中。现在，我们是从高高在上的天界上，沉沦到了不可测的深渊呀！,Ifthoubeesthe(84):如果可以称呼你为他的话。撒旦故意用代词“he”混淆堕落天使和上帝之间的区别，以暗示上帝并无特权统治一切。Myriad(87):acountlessorextremelygreatnumber.ifhewhommutualleaguejoinedwithmeonce(87-90):whom作joined的宾语。hazard(89):1.adangerorrisk;apotentialsourceofdanger.2.chance;probability.,他握有雷霆，确实强大，谁知道这凶恶的武器竟威力无比呢？可是，那强有力的威力，那胜利者的狂暴，都不能叫我沮丧，或者叫我改变初衷，虽然外表的光环消失了。tillthenwhoknewtheforceofthosedirearms?(93-94):Beforethebattle,nobodyknewtheforceofthefearfularms.dire:fearful,threatening;armsreferstothethunder.potent(95):havinggreatpower,influence,oreffect.inflict(96):cause(sth.Unpleasantorpainful)tobesufferedbysomeoneorsth.luster(97):agentlesheenorsoftglow,esp.tatofapartlyreflectivesurface.,不移的信念和岸然的骄矜因发觉受到不公正待遇，它激发用最大的决心与强权决一胜负，率领无数天军投入剧烈的战斗，他们都厌恶天神的统治而来拥护我，在天界疆场上那冒险的战斗中，拼尽全力同至高的权力抗衡，震撼了他的宝座。injured(98):doneaninjusticeto.merit:justclaimtoreward.此句的结构是Thatfixedmindandhighdisdainopposedhisutmostpowerwithadversepowerandshookhisthrone.从句Thatwiththemightiest修饰senseofinjuredmerit。当然，从句中又有从句Thatdurstdislikehisreign修饰armedspirits(天军)。这是容易让人迷失的巴罗克句子结构。,Whatthoughthefieldbelost?(105):Whatdoesitmatterthoughwehavelostthebattle?(field=battlefield)Allisnotlost(106):Notallislost.studyof(107):(拉丁词义)applicationofthoughtto;zealousefforttoachieve;strivingafter,pursuitof.Whatiselsenottobeovercome?(109):Whatelseisitthatconstitutesnotbeingovercomebutthepossessionofunconquerablewill,studyofrevenge,immortalhate,andcouragenevertosubmitoryield?(“不可征服”除之外还能意味着别的什么呢？)或可理解为whatotherthingsthatarenotbeovercome?(还有别的不可征服的东西吗？)overcome:beaten.,Thatglory(110):thegloryofnotbeingovercome.Extort(111):obtainbyforceorthreats.此句用了倒装，其正常结构是：Hiswrathormight(power)shallneverextortthatgloryfromme.sueforgrace(111):begformercysuppliant(112):humblybeggingdeifyhispower/who:worshipthepowerofhimwho(112-13).这里，hispowerwho是密尔顿常用的拉丁语结构。,Whofromtheterrorofthisarmsolate/Doubtedhisempire(113-14):God,fearingthestrengthofourpowerwhichhelatelyconfronted,becameuncertainofhisauthorityandrule.Thisarm:撒旦在说这话时，可能指着自己举起的右臂。按照诗中的描绘，即18天以前。撒旦从天堂掉进地狱火湖经过九天九夜，又在地狱火湖上昏迷不醒地躺了九天。DoubtedhisEmpire:infearoflosinghisEmpire(power).,thatwerelowindeed(114):thatrefersto“tobowandsueforgrace,anddeifyhispower”.low:mean,degraded.Ignominy(115):disgrace,dishonour,humiliation.ignominy可能读成ignomy,或者ignominy中的ny可能与紧接其后的and连读，从而省去一个音节，以符合五音步十音节的格律。Shamebeneath/Thisdownfall(115-16):ashameworsethanourdefeat.byfate(116):SatandeniesthatangelsareGodscreatures,andtheirfateisdominatedbyGod.凭靠命运。这暗示撒旦像异教徒那样相信至高无上的神是“命运之神”而不是上帝。,thestrengthofgods(116):Beforetheirfall,Satanandhisfollowersweregodsinheaven.ThoughinHell,Satanstillregardshimselfasagod.gods:divinebeings,angels.empyrealsubstance(117):thefieryessenceinthehighestheaven(empyreal=ofempyrean,whichisthehighestheavenorheavenlysphereinancientormedievalcosmology,usuallydescribedasasphereoffireorlight;substance=essence,usedespeciallyofthedivinenature).Satanboaststhatheandhisfollowersareangelsandaremadeofheavenlyessence.(seethepicturebelow)cannotfail(117):cannotceasetoexist;cannotperish.thisgreatevent(118):referringtothebattlebetweenGodandSatan.Inarmsnotworse(119):notworseinweapons.,foresight(119):thecapacityofforeseeing.远见。moresuccessfulhope(120):morehopeofsuccess.guile(121):treacherous,hexcessofjoy(123):intheextremejoy;inoverjoys.holdsthetyrannyofHeaven(124):holdsthereigninheavenlikeatyrant.像暴君一样统治着天堂。,地球位于中央，地球周围是theelementaryregion,从地球向外依次为：theMoon，theMercury（水星）,Venus（金星，太白星），theSun（位于七个行星天的中间）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）,Saturn（土星）。土星之上是恒星天（theSphereofthefixedstars）和视角无法观测到的原动天(empyrealsphere)。这就是毕达哥拉斯托勒密宇宙图式。,ThePtolemaicUniverse:themostancientfigure,我们损失了什么？并不是一无所剩：坚定的意志、热切的复仇心、不灭的憎恨，以及永不屈服、永不退让的勇气，难道还有比这些更难战胜的吗？我这份光荣绝不能被夺走，不管是他的暴怒，还是威力。经过这一次惨烈的战争，好容易才使他的政权动摇；若是这时还要卑躬屈膝，向他乞求哀怜，拜倒在他的权力之下，那才真正是卑鄙、可耻，比这次的沉沦还要卑贱。,因为我们具有与生俱来的神力，赋有轻清的灵质，不能朽坏，还因这次事件的教训，我们要准备更优良的武器，更高明的远见，更有成功的希望，以暴力或智力向我们的大敌挑起不可调解的持久战争。他现在正沉湎于成功，得意忘形，独揽大权，在天上掌握虐政呢。”,apostateangel(125):referringtoSatan(apostate=aturncoat,arenegade变节者).compeer(127):referringtoBeelzebub(compeer=acompanion).chiefofmanythronedpowers(128):referringtoSatan.“manythronedpowers”referstoSatansfollowersingeneral(“throned”suggeststheirdignity).embattled(129):drawnupinbattlearray.seraphim(129):pluralformfor“seraph,”oneofanorderoffierysix-wingedangelswhoguardGodsthrone.conduct(130):command.HeavensperpetualKing(131):referringtoGod.Belzebubuses“perpetual”insteadof“eternal,”whichiscommonlyusedbyChristians.,puttoproof(132):puttotest.ruethedireevent(134):feelsorryforthedreadfuldefeat.HathlostusHeaven(136):hasmadeuslosehe