解破学 2.1总论

1,HUMANANATOMY,Lecturer:Dr.JianhuaZhang,HunanUniversityofArtsandSciences,2,Myofibril(肌原纤维)+核+横小管+肌质网+膜,Myofilaments(肌丝),Amusclefiber肌纤维,Myosin(肌球蛋白),Actin(肌动蛋白)Troponin(肌钙蛋白)Tropomyosin(原肌球蛋白),Thinfilaments(细肌丝),Thickfilaments(粗肌丝),Question:Whatarethestructureofthemuscularfibers?,3,1.TheGeneralDescription.2.TheReferenceLinesandRegionsoftheAbdomen.,PartIISplanchnology,Content,4,Thegeneraldescription,Thedefinition,Splanchnologyisthesciencethatdealswiththestudyofmorphologyandstructuresofthevisceral(内脏的)organs.,Synonym,Splanchnology：内脏学Viscera：内脏,5,Visceraincludesthefollowinggroups,Viscera,4SystemsOtherstructures,AlimentarysystemRespiratorysystemUrinarysystemGenitalsystemEndocrinesystem,Pleura胸膜Peritoneum腹膜Perineum会阴,6,Perineum会阴,广义会阴：是指盆膈以下封闭骨盆下口的全部软组织。包括尿生殖区和肛区。,耻骨联合下缘,尾骨尖,坐骨结节,尿生殖区,肛区,Themaleperineum,Thefemaleperineum,7,狭义会阴:在男性系指阴囊根与肛门之间的部分。,阴囊,肛门,会阴,8,狭义会阴:在女性系指阴道前庭后端与肛门之间的部分，又称产科会阴，分娩时注意保护。,胎头,大阴唇,胎头扩张时的会阴,9,Themainfunctionsoftheviscera(内脏),Performingthemetabolism.,Reproducingoffspring.,Secretingsomehormonestoregualatesomeactivities.,10,Thegeneralstructureoftheviscera(内脏),Accordingtotheirmorphologicalcharacteristics,thevisceralorganscanbedividedintotwoprincipaltypes:,ThetubularorganTheparenchymatousorgan,Visceralorgans,11,Tubularorgan中空性器官Parenchymatousorgan实质性器官,Tubularwall管状壁Tubularcavity管状腔,Mucouslayer粘膜层Submucosa粘膜下层Muscularlayer肌层Serosalayer外膜,实质：小叶状的结构与功能部分间质：分隔实质成小叶状,VisceraTypes,12,TubularOrgan中空性器官,13,Thetubularviscus(中空性器官),14,ParenchymatousOrgan实质性器官,15,Inordertoobserveanddescribetherelativelocationsandthearrangementsoftheinternalorgans,itisnecessarytomarkreferencelinesonthesurfaceofthethoraxandtosubdividetheabdomenintoregions.,Thereferencelinesandregionsoftheabdomen,16,ReferencelinesinthethoraxReferencelinesintheabdomenReferencelinesintheback,Thecommonusedreferencelines,Therearemorethan10referencelinesinthethoraxandabdominalregions.,Referencelines,17,MedianlinesAxillarylinesSternallinesHorizontallineMidclavicularline锁骨中线Scapularline肩胛线Paravertebralline脊柱旁线,Anteriormedianline前正中线Posteriormedianline后正中线,Anterioraxillaryline腋前线Midaxillaryline腋中线Posterioraxillaryline腋后线,Lateralsternalline胸骨线Parasternalline胸骨旁线,Subcostalline肋下线Transtubercularline齐髂结节线,Referencelines,18,Thelateralsternalline胸骨线Verticallinejustthroughthelateralborderofthewidestpartofthesternum,Themidclavicularline锁骨中线Verticallinethroughthemidpointoftheclavicle.,Theanteriormedianline前正中线Verticallinethroughthemedianofthesternum,Theparasternalline胸骨旁线Verticallinethroughthemidwaybetweenthelateralsternallineandthemidclavicularline.,19,TheReferenceLineoftheThorax(胸部标志线),Anteriormedianline,Sternalline,Parasternalline,Midclavicularline,20,21,Theanterioraxillaryline腋前线Verticallinethroughtheanterioraxillaryfold(襞、褶).,Theposterioraxillaryline腋后线Verticallinethroughtheposterioraxillaryfold(襞、褶).,Themidaxillaryline腋中线Verticallinethroughthemiddleoftheaxilla(腋).,22,Anterioraxillaryline腋前线,Middleaxillaryline腋中线,Posterioraxillaryline腋后线,23,24,Thescapularline肩胛线Verticallinethroughtheinferiorangleofthescapula.,Theposteriormidianline后正中线Verticallinethroughthespines(脊柱)ofthethoracicvertebrae.,Thescapular:skpjula.肩的,肩胛骨的,25,Posteriormedianline后正中线,Scapularline肩胛线,26,27,Theregionsoftheabdomen,Quadrantregions四分法Nineregions九分法,Therearetwowaystodividetheabdomenintoregions.,Twoways,28,29,Quadrantregions四分法,Theabdomenisdividedintofourquadrantsbytheverticalandhorizontalplanesthroughtheumbilicus(脐).,30,Umbilicalregion脐区Lateralregion腹外侧区Pubicregion耻区Epigastricregion上腹部区Hypochondriacregion季肋区Inguinal(iliac)region腹股沟区,Nineregions九分法,Theabdomenisdividedintoninedifferentregionsbyhorizontalplanesandverticalplanes.Horizontalplanesincludethesubcostalplaneandtranstubercularplane.,Nineabdomenalregions,通过两条水平线和垂直线形成的面将腹部分为9个区。上水平线通过两侧肋弓最低点，下水平线通过两侧髂结节；两条垂直线分别通过锁骨中线和腹股沟中线。,31,NineRegionsinAbdomen,32,NineRegionsinAbdomen,33,ThetubularorganTheparenchymatousorgan,Visceralorgans,复习提问总结,Question1:Howmanyvisceraltypes?,34,Quadrantregions四分法Nineregions九分法,Twow