引导的虚拟语气

If引导的条件句、虚拟语气,if引导的条件句,Ifsheinvitesmetomorrow,Iwillgototheparty.请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：Ifsheinvitedme,Iwouldgototheparty.假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。Ifshehadinvitedmeyesterday,Iwouldhavegonetotheparty.假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会，我就去了。Ifsheshouldinvitemetomorrow,Iwouldgotothepart如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。,后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，if引导的非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示主句中则用情态动词would,should,could等加动词形式,退后一步法,1.对现在的虚拟,一、if引导的虚拟语气的三种情况,Ifthepeoplewerebettereducated,Ibelievethiscouldsolvetheproblem.Iftheyhadpropereducationinschools,theywouldknowhowtocontroltheirlives.,2.对过去的虚拟,Iftheyhadendedtheirmeetingwithoutfurtheraction,Amerciawouldhavebeenverydifferent.Iftheyhadnotcampaginedforfinancialindependence,womenmaynothavehadcontrolovertheirownmoney.,与将来事实相反的假设,1.Ifthelectureshouldbelate,youshouldhavetomakeaspeechfirst.2.Ifthelecturewerelatetomorrow,youwouldhavetomakeaspeechfirst.,虚拟语气中省略if：在书面语中，如果从句的谓语中有were,had或should,就可以省略if,并将were,had或should放到句首。当然，如果从句没有were,had,或should,就不能省略if.,二、虚拟语气中if的省略,IfIweretodoit,Iddoitsomeotherway.WereItodoit,Iddoitsomeotherway.Ifyoushouldfail,tryagain.Shouldyoufail,tryagain.Ifyouhadbeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.IwouldhaveboughtthehouseIfIhadhadenoughmoney.IwouldhaveboughtthehousehadIhadenoughmoney.,Note：省略了if的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。Wereitnotfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.（）Werentitfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.（）,Butforyourhelp,Icouldnthavedoneit.Withoutelectricityhumanlifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.练习：请用介词短语代替条件状语从句1.要不是你的帮助，我就失败了。2.如果没有恰当的控制手段，核反应堆就会爆炸（核反应堆nuclearreactor）。,三、用介词短语代替条件状语从句,4.1Wish/ifonly的用法用在“wish+宾语从句”中，表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望，可以翻译为“但愿”,“悔不该”等。表示对现在的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去式（be动词用were）；表示对过去的假设，从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”表示对将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用“would(could)+动词原形,四、虚拟语气的其他句型和用法,表示与现在事实不相符的假设事件1.V-ed主语+wish/ifonly+that+2.were3.would/could/should+VIwishthatheweremyboyfriend.Iwishthathecaredforme.IwishthathecouldhelpmewhenIanintrouble.,表示与过去事实想法的假设主语+wish/ifonly+that+1.过去完成时2.would/could/should+V+havedoneIwishthathehadbeenmyboyfriendatthattime.IwishthatshecouldhavehelpedmewhenIwanintrouble.,与将来事实相反主语+wish/ifonly+that+would/could/might+动词原形Iwishyouwouldagreewithme.Ifonlytherainwouldstop.IwishIcouldseethesituationthroughhiseyes.,注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。Wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。请比较：Wehopewewillsucceed.(Wedontknowifwewillsucceed.)Wewishwewouldsucceed.(Weknowwecanhardlysucceed.),4.2asif/asthough,evenif/eventhough从句中的虚拟.如果指的是现在的状况，则用过去式(be用were)如果指过去发生的动作，则谓语动词用had过去分词形式如果指将来的事情，would(should,could)+动词原形Shelooksasif/thoughshewereill.看她的样子，好像生病了。Hewalksasifhewereaking.他走起路来就好像他是国王。Heactedasifnothinghadhappened.他表现得若无其事。Hewouldnotresigneveniftheheavenshouldcollapse.即使天塌下来，他也不会辞职。,4.3在Itis(high)time(that)句型中后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were)或用should+动词原形(should不能省略)来表示。这句话的意思是“（现在）该”。Forexample:Itistimeweleft/shouldleave.Itishightimethatyougotmarried.ItistimethatIboughtacar.,4.4在Iwouldrather(that)句型中,“我宁可”Wouldrather+从句+与现在事实相反，则用过去式(be用were)Wouldrather+从句+与过去动作相反，则谓语动词用had过去分词形式Forexample:IdratherIwereintherainnow.Idratheryoudidnottellhim.Iwouldrathershehadntdonethat.,4.6用在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词主语+谓语动词+should+动词原形，should可以省略。这类的动词有：arrange/command/demand/desire/insist/order/propose/request/require/suggest/beg/move（提议）Wesuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.Weinsistedthatthey(should)gowithus.Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.Hedemandedthatwe(should)startrightaway.Thevillagersrequestedthattheoldbuildingnotbepulleddown.,Note：suggest表示“暗示，表明”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Insist后面强调的是事实时，宾语从句也不用虚拟语气。,Note:若上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词用作名词时，名词之后的从句用虚拟语气，should可以省略。如：Hemadearequestthathe(should)beallowedtotake3daysoff.Oursuggestionisthateducationnotbeindustrialized.,Note:上述动词在Itissuggestedthat,Itisrequiredthat,Itsrequestedthat,Itsorderedthat,Itsarrangedthat句型中，that之后的从句用虚拟语气，should可以省略，但引导词that不能省略。如：Itwassuggestedthatheattendtheconference.Itwasrequestedthatthetrialbeopenlyreported.,4.7用在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的形容词在Itsimportant(imperative,necessary,essential,vital,desirable,advisable,better)that句型中，that引导的从句用虚拟语气，should可以省略。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。Forexample:Itisessentialthatthereshouldbeenoughfoodandclothingforthewinter.ItisdesirablethatyourweddingbepostponeduntilnextJuly.Itisimperativethattheboardchairmanbepresentattheboar