生理学英文分章题库

英文题 第六章（06. 3.17）. choise question 1. Which of the following descriptions about the general characteristics of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. Its excitability of the smooth muscle of the gut is low. B. It has autorhythmicity.C. It has tonic contraction.D. It has high extensibility.E. It is not sensitive to stretch, chemical, cold, and warm stimulation.2. Which of the following descriptions about the tonic contraction of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. It is a common movement type of stomach and small intestine. B. To keeps the stomach and the intestine in their normal shape and location.C. To maintains a given pressure in alimentary tract lumenD. To provides an adequate background for other forms of movementE. When tonic contraction become weak, the absorption of gastrointestinal tract increases. 3. The rhythm of the spontaneous contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle is determined mainly by AA. the rhythm of the slow wave. B. the level of the resting membrane potential.C. the frequency of the action potential.D. the amplitude of the action potential. E. the level of activity of the sympathetic nerve.4. Which of the following descriptions about the slow wave of smooth muscle of alimentary tract is wrong? EA. It is the spontaneous depolarization and repolarrization B. It originate in the Cajal cell. C. After the nerves innervating the gut are cut, the slow wave still persist.D. It may be the pacemaker potential for smooth muscle.E. It cause directly the smooth muscle to contrat.5. Functional base of the autorhythmicity of the smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract is CA. The action potential. B. The resting membrane potential C. The basic electrical rhythm (BER).D. The tonic contraction.E. the smooth muscle spontaneous contraction.6. The cause initiating slow wave is AA. A slow undulation of the activity of the Na+-K+ pump.B. A spontaneous depolarization and repolarization of cell membrane C. Na+-Ca2+ exchange. D. I k progressively attenuate decrementE. Ca2+ inflow7. Ionic base of the rising phase of action potential in smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract is AA. inflow of Ca2+ and small amount of B. Na+ inflowC. Ca2+ inflowB. K+ outflow D. Cl- outflowE. Cl- inflow8. Which of the following descriptions about the innervation of digestive organs is correct ? CA. Postganglionic fiber terminals of sympathetic nerve release acetylcholine (Ach)B. All postganglionic fiber terminals of parasympathetic nerve release AchC. After the external innervation of the gut are cut, the short reflexes may be completed.D. Activity of sympathetic nerve increases the movement of gastrointestinal tract.E. Activity of parasympathetic nerve inhibits the secretion of digestive glands.9. Which of the following descriptions about enteric nervous system is wrong ? EA. The number of neurons in this intrinsic nervous system is almost equal to the number in spinal cord.B. It contains sensory neurons, motor neurons and intermediate neurons.C. It can complete a short reflex without the external innervation. D. It regulates the movement and glands secretion of gastrointestinal tract. E. It is not affected by the external innervation. 10. Which of the following is not the function of HCl ? EA. To activate the pepsinogen B. To kill bacteriaC. To stimulate the upper small intestinal mucosa to release secretin D. To promote absorption of the ferrum and calcium in the upper small intestinal.E. To promotes vitamin B12 to be absorbed 11. Which of the following descriptions about the secretion of the gastric acid is wrong? EA. It is secreted by the parietal cells.B. The intracellular H+ is transported by proton pump into the canaliculus lumen. C. The omeprazole (奥美拉唑) inhibits strongly the secretion of gastric acid.D. When one H+ is secreted, one HCO3- enters blood. E. HCl in gastric lumen do not affect the gastric secretion. 12. The location where the vitamin B12 to be absorbed is CA. Stomach B. Duodenum C. Terminal ileumD. Jejunum E. Large intestine13. The substance that activates the pepsinogen into pepsin is BA. EnterokinaseB. HCl and pepsinC. HistamineD. TrypsinE. Chymotryosin14. Which of the following is not the function of gastrin DA. To promote the parietal cell to secrete HCl B. To promote the pancreatic acini to secrete digestive enzyme C. To promote the liver to secrete the bileD. To promote the absorption of fat acidE. To have the trophic action to gastrointestinal mucosa 15. Which of the following inhibits the G cells from releasing gastrin BA. The intragastric food stretches gastric wall. B. The pH in the gastric antrum is below 1.5C. The intragastrioc peptones and the proteoses and peptides increaseD. The activity of vagus nerve increasesE. The short reflex caused by stretch of food to the wall of gastric antrum16. The transport manner by which the parietal cells secrete H+ is AA. Primary active transport B. Second active transportC. Facilitated diffusion D. Simple diffusion E. Exocytosis17. After blocking the M receptors by the atropine, the change of the gastrointestinal tract is A. The secretion of digestive glands increases. EB. The slow waves lose C. The tonic contraction loses D. The peristalsis loses E. The tonic contraction and peristalsis weaken 18. Which of following substances do not increase the gastric secretion EA. GastrinB. Histamine C. acetylcholine D. Activity of vagus nerve E. Somatostatin 19. Which of following substance do not inhibit gastric secretion EA. Somatostatin B. Secretin C. Prostaglandins D. H2 receptor antagonist,E. Protein foods20. Which of the following descriptions about the cephalic phase of gastric secretion is wrong? AA. It is pure nervous regulation. B. It involves conditioned reflex and unconditioned reflex. C. M receptors antagonists decrease gastric secretion in this phase. D. It can eliminated by cutting bilateral vagus nerves E. The secretion has high acidity, contains a copious amount of pepsin. 21. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric phase of gastric secretion is wrong? A. It is initiated mainly by the distention of food on gastric wall. B. It involves the vagus-vagus long reflex C. It It involves the short reflex of enteric nervous system.D. It do not involves the release and function of the gastrin E. The secretion has a low acidity, but its pepsin content is higher than that in the cephalic phase 22. One of mechanism by which HCl inhibit is CA. Intragastric HCl promotes G cells to release gastrin. B. Intragastric HCl inhibits D cells from releasing somatostatin.C. Intraintestinal HCl causes S cells secrete scretin D. Intraintestinal HCl inhibits duodenal mucosa from secreting bulbogastrone.E. HCl inhibits directly the parietal cells. 23. Movement type peculiar to stomach is BA. Tonic contraction B. Receptive relaxationC. Migrating motor complexD. PeristalsisE. Mass movement24. After cutting the bilateral vagus nerves, the gastric receptive relaxation will AA. LoseB. WeakenC. Strengthen D. No change E. Weaken or strengthen25. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric peristalsis is wrong EA. It is a cooperating movement of the longitudinal muscle and circular muscle B. It is one of the motivity of gastric empting C. It begin in the mid portion of the body of the stomach.D. It is about 3 times per minute.E. It does not partake in mixing, and grinding the stomach contents.26. Which of the following descriptions about the migrating motor complex is wrong AA. It is movement type peculiar to small intestine.B. It occurs on fasting periodC. It propagates from the stomach to the terminal ileumD. In humans, the MMC repeats every 75 to 90 minutesE. It inhibits the migration of colonic bacteria into the small terminal ileum27. Which of the following inhibits the gastric empting DA. The long vagus-vagus reflexB. The locally short reflexC. Acetylcholine D. The enterogastric reflexE. Histamine 28. Which of the following promotes the gastric empting AA. The increased intragastric food volume B. The stimulation of HCl to the duodenal mucosa C. The increased fatty content of the chyme in duodenum D. The increased osmotic pressure of the chyme in duodenumE. Secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide29. Which of the following descriptions about the gastric empting is wrong EA. Five minutes after the food enters stomach, the stomach begins to empty.B. Its direct driving force is the pressure difference between the stomach and the duodenum.C. Its motivity is the peristalsis and gastric tonic contractionD. The gastric emptying rate of fat is the lowest. that of saccharide is the fastest, E. Acetylcholine inhibits gastric empting 30. The most important digestive juice in human is BA. Gastric juice B. Pancreatic juiceC. Bile D. Small intestinal juice E. Large intestinal juice 31. The most potent stimulus for secretin release from S cells in upper small intestinal mucosa AA. HCl B. Protein digestive productsC. Fatty acidD. Saccharides E. Efferent impulses of vagus nerve32. The most potent stimulus for CCK release from D cells in upper small intestinal mucosa B A. HClB. Protein digestive products C. SaccharidesD. SaccharidesE. Efferent impulses of vagus nerve33. Factor causing the pancreas to secrete a large amount of bicarbonate and water is AA. Secretin B. Gastrin C. Acetylcholine D. CCKE. Histamine34. The most important factor resulting in secretion of pancreatic enzymes is BA. Somatostatin B. CCKC. SecretinD. Gastrin E. Activity of vagus nerves35. Type of movement peculiar to the small intestine is EA. Tonic contraction B. Receptive relaxationC. Migrating motor complexD. PeristalsisE. Segmentation movement38. Main mechanism by which the acidic chyme in the duodenum causes pancreases to secrete large amount of bicarbonate and water is AA. Small intestinal mucosa releases secretin B. Small intestinal mucosa releases CCKC. Small intestinal mucosa releases gastrin D. Vagus-vagus reflex - gastropancreatic reflex E. Antral- pancreatic reflex37. Main mechanism by which the proteoses and peptones in the duodenum causes pancreases to secrete large amount of pancreatic enzyme is BA. Small intestinal mucosa releases secretinB. Small intestinal mucosa releases CCKC. Small intestinal mucosa releases gastrinD. Activity of vagus nerves increasesE. Activity of sympathetic nerves increases38. Characteristic of pancreatic secretion caused by the activity of vagus nerves and gastrin is AA. Small volume but rich in enzymes. B. Large volume and rich in enzymesC. Large volume but poor in enzymesD. Small volume and poor in enzymesE. It can not be blocked by atropine 39. Which of the following descriptions about segmentation movement of small intestine the is wrong EA. It is caused by the distention of chyme to small intestinal wall. B. It move the intestinal content forth and back over short distanceC. It promote absorption of the digestive productsD. It promote the return of blood and lymphE. It does not relate to the enteric nervous system40. Which of the following descriptions about the function of bile is wrong EA. There is no any digestive enzyme in the bile.B. Function of bile in digestion of food is accomplished mainly by the bile salts.C. Cholates promote the absorption of liposoluble vitamin。D. Cholates help in the absorption of fatty acid.E. Cholates promote cholesterol deposition.Define following word1.Digestion Digestion refer to process by which the different foods in the alimentary tract are resolved into small molecular components. 2.Mechanical digestion. The contractile activity of muscle of alimentary tract grinds food, mixes it with the digestive juice, and propels the luminal contents from proximal to distal alimentary tract, which is called the mechanical digestion.3.Chemical digestion The process by which various special enzymes contained in the digestive juice breakdown foodstuffs into simple and absorbable forms4.Absorption The process that the digested foods, water, electrolytes, and vitamins are transported across the gastrointestinal tract mucosa into blood and lymph is called the absorption.5.Basic electric rhythm (BER) Usually, the smooth muscle of alimentary tract depolarizes and repolarizes spontaneously and slowly in a cyclic fashion; this electric activity is called slow wave or basic electrical rhythm (BER). 6.Gastrointestinal hormone or gut hormone The various hormones secreted by the endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa are collectively called the gastrointestinal hormone or gut hormone. All the gastrointestinal hormones are the peptide. 7.Brain-gut peptide: Many peptide called the gastrointestinal hormones are also the transmitter of neurons in certain regions of central nervous system; these double distributing peptides are collectively called the brain-gut peptide.8.Mucus bicarbonate barrier The layer of insoluble mucus and bicarbonate constructs a barrier protecting the stomach mucosa from injury by the gastric juice and food, which is called mucus-bicarbonate barrier.9.Cephalic phase of gastric secretion When food is being eaten, the sensory receptors activating the reflex of gastric secretion are located on the head, this is called cephalic phase of gastric secretion. 10.Gastric phase of gastric secretion After entering the stomach, food stimulates the mechanical and chemical receptors in the stomach wall, thus causing continuously gastric secretion, which is called gastric phase of gastric secretion.11. Receptive relaxation During chewing and swallowing food, the stimulation of food to the receptors in mouth, pharynx, and esophagus causes reflexly the smooth muscle in the fundus and body of stomach to relax, which is called the receptive relaxation.12. Peristalsis Peristalsis is wave-like propulsive movement carried out by a cooperating movement of the longitudinal muscle and circular muscle in the alimentary tract. 13. Migrating motor complexm During fasting (or in interdigestive period, or in nondigestive period ), the stomach and small intestine exhibit a periodical movement that is characterized by strong propulsive contraction and having longer quiescent period, which is called migrating motor complex (MMC).14. Enterogastric reflex After entering the duodenum, HCl, fat, high osmotic pressure, and the distention of the chyme stimulate a variety of receptors in the duodenum and thus reflexly inhibits gastric motility, gastric secretion, and gastric emptying, which is called enterogastric reflex.15.Entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts About 90 to 94 per cent of bile salts emptied into duodenum are reabsorbed by the terminal ileum, are then returned by portal vein to liver, where they are removed from blood and re-secreted into bile; this process is called entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts16.Segmentation movement When a portion of the small intestine becomes distended with chyme, the stretch of the intestinal wall elicits a rhythmical contraction and relaxation of localized circular muscles spaced at intervals along the intestine, which is called segmentation contraction or segmentation movement.17. Peristaltic rush The intense irritation of the small intestinal mucosa can cause both powerful and rapid peristalsis, called the peristaltic rush.18.Mass movement Mass movement is a colonic peristalsis propelling rapidly long distance.Answer following question1. Describe the composition, and function of gastric juice(1) Hydrochloric acid (gastric acid) HCl in stomach activates the pepsinogen into pepsin and provide a favorable acidic environment for the optimal activity of this enzyme. It kills bacteria that enter the digestive tract with food. After entering the small intestine, it stimulate the upper small intestinal mucosa to release secretin and cholecystokinin, which in turn cause pancreatic juice, pancreatic enzyme, and bile to be secreted. It lowers pH in small intestine, thus promoting absorption of the ferrum and calcium in this region.(2) PepsinogenThe pepsin hydrolyzes protein into the peptones, the proteoses, and small quantities of little peptide and amino acids. (3) Intrinsic factorIntrinsic factor promotes the absorption of vitamin B12 in the lower small intestine (ileum). (4) Mucus and bicarbonate They help to lubricate food movement as well as to protect the stomach wall from mechanical trauma. 2. Describe mechanism of hydrochloric acid secretionThe apical membrane (luminal membrane) of the parietal cell dents inward and thus forms secretory canaliculus (分泌小管). There are proton pumps and Cl- channels on the membrane of secretory canaliculus. In parietal cell Carbonic anhydraseCO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- The intracellular H+ is actively transported by the proton pump against its electrochemical gradient into the canaliculus lumen and then into acinar lumen. The intracellular HCO3- is transported by Cl-HCO3- antipoter located on the basolateral membrane of the parietal cells to interstitial fluid and then into blood; in the same time, the Cl- enter the cell, then diffuse via Cl- channel into the canaliculus lumen and then into. In acinar lumen, Cl- and H+ form HCl. The proton pump inhibitor, such as omeprazole, decrease the secretion of gastric acid. 3. Describe endogenous substances stimulating gastric secretion (1)Acetylcholine: acetylcholine (Ach) is the nervous transmitter of most of vagus nerves and part of enteric nervous system.Function: 1). Ach binds with the muscarinic receptor (M