高频词法(八)——虚拟语气

年 级高二学 科英语编稿老师李敏英课程标题高频词法（八）虚拟语气一校林卉二校黄楠审核陈倍香 虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、假设或建议等，而不是表示客观存在的事实。一般用于非真实条件句和名词性从句等。虚拟语气是通过动词的特殊变化来表示的。由于虚拟语气表达的是一种与客观事实相反的行为状态，因此其动词的变化形式不同于陈述语气。做题时，应根据所提供的信息准确地判断出虚拟语气的类型，然后再根据其类型的特定表达方式作出应答。虚拟语气在历届高考中占分不多，常以情景交际形式出现，考查重点主要集中在以下几方面：1. 在非真实条件句中，虚拟语气主从句时态和结构的对应问题2. 在非真实条件句中，虚拟语气的倒装问题3. 名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法4. 几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法5. 虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定 在高考试题中，虚拟语气的考查题型主要是单项选择，要求同学们能够熟练掌握各种虚拟语气的动词形式。一、知识精讲1. 非真实条件句（if等）中的虚拟语气时间If条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况过去式(did)(be常用 were)would / could / might / should +do表示过去情况过去完成式(had +done)would / could / might / should +have done表示将来情况过去式 (did/were)should + dowere to dowould / could / might / should + do【例句】If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick. If I were you, I would give AIDS patient a hug. If I had taken your advice, I wouldnt have made a mistake. If he had been there, it wouldnt have happened. If it should rain tomorrow, they wouldnt go for an outing. I think we could do it, if we planned it properly and could borrow the tools. If we were to have three days off , we would enjoy a very happy life.状元典例1I _ sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting for me.A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come答案：D思路分析：句意为“我本来可以早点来，但我真不知道他们在等我。”but I didnt know表示了过去的时间，因此前句是对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D。状元典例2I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _ it.A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen答案：B思路分析：考查虚拟语气的用法。句意为“我把我的手提包落在火车上了。但幸运的是，有人拾到交给了铁路部门。失而复得，简直难以置信！我是说，本来可能有人会偷了去。”will have done将来可以完成，must have done一定做过某事，表示对过去事情的肯定推测，都与题意不符。should have done本来应该做某事，而实际没做，这就意味着希望有人偷包。might have done 过去可能做过，语气比较婉转或不肯定，根据句意应选B。2. 名词性从句的虚拟语气。主要是表示命令、要求、建议的虚拟语气。 1) 宾语从句 一个坚持：insist 两个命令：order, command 四个建议：advise, suggest, propose, recommend 五个要求：demand , require, request, desire, ask 这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气。即从句中的动词使用should +动词原形的结构，或者将should省略。【例句】We suggested that Tom have a rest. He insisted that I (should )be present. The king ordered that the prisoners be killed the next day. They requested that we (should) send them to work there. 注意：insist / suggest 各有两种意思，要用不同的语气 insist i. 表“坚决要求”,虚拟, should + do; ii.表“坚称,坚持说”,陈述语气,表事实。 suggest i.表“建议”，虚拟, should + do; ii.表“表明、暗示” ，用陈述语气。【例句】The teacher suggested that we (should) practise more after class. The look on her face suggested that she was happy. He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. He insisted that he didnt steal the wallet.注意：与以上动词相应的名词构成的名词性从句包括主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句也要使用虚拟语气。从句中的动词形式一样。 即：(should)V原形相应的名词：order, advice, suggestion, proposal, demand, request, desire等。【例句】My demand is that she should come to see me once a week. All of us are for the advice that the chemical factory should be closed down. wish的宾语从句【例句】 I wish I were a bird.（现在） I wish I hadnt made such a mistake.（过去） We wish our parents wouldnt punish us. （将来） 2）Its necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-Clause，主语从句中的动词要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形【例句】It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language. It is strange that she refuse to come to the party. Its necessary that we should study hard. 状元典例1 Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention _ (讨论) at the meeting. 答案：(should) be discussed 思路分析： “insist”引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，从句结构是 “should”（可省略）加动词原形，主语 “problem” 是要“被讨论”。状元典例2 She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him，but he didnt believe it. A. hadnt spoken B. shouldnt speak C. wouldnt speak D. not speak 答案：A思路分析：insist表“坚称,坚持说”,陈述语气,表事实，所以不用should+动词的原形形式。 3. Its (about/high) time +(that)+定语从句【例句】Its time that we went to bed. Its time that we should go to bed. 4. as if / as though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句【例句】It seems as if it were spring. I remembered the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday.5. 特殊句型【例句】 I would rather you paid me now. I would rather you had gone, too. Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow. Would you mind if I turned the TV down?状元典例 George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he_ more on its culture. A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused 答案：B 思路分析：would rather后应用虚拟语气，对现在或将来的虚拟都用过去式，此句表示 对将来的虚拟，所以用动词的过去式。二、难点聚焦1. 错综时间的虚拟句通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指的时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式.【例句】If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。 If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。 If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things wouldnt be going so smoothly. （从句指过去，主句指现在）。 If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better. （从句指过去，主句指现在）。 If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. （从句指现在，主句指将来） 状元典例1Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying答案：C思路分析：句意为“或许当初我要是学了理科而不是文科，现在就能给你更多的帮助。”then表示过去的时间，if引导的从句是对过去的虚拟，因此谓语动词用过去完成时。状元典例2 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall答案：B 思路分析：由if从句中的at the age of seven可见fall这一动作是对过去的虚拟， if从句中对过去的虚拟要用had done形式。2. 含蓄条件句 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,而是暗含在上下文中，如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常用：but for, without, otherwise等。【例句】 But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做得如此成功。 The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. 没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。 I was so busy then, otherwise, I would have told him the answer. 我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。 比较： If it were not for the rain, the crops would dieIf it had not been for your help, we could not have finished the work ahead of time状元典例1Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended答案：D思路分析：句意为“真可惜你错过了那场有关核污染的讲座。我本可以去听的，但我当时忙于面试工作。”对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D。状元典例2 Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we it without you. A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed 答案：B思路分析：句子大意为“我认为没有你的话，我们就不能做成这件事”，事实是有了你的帮助，我们做成了这件事，所以后面的句子是对过去的虚拟，只有B项满足此要求。状元典例3 We _Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 答案：D 思路分析：句意为“要不是因为John最近受伤了，我们本应把他的名字加进昨天的 比赛名单中的。”but for 是虚拟语气的提示，yesterday表示过去的时间。对过去的虚拟， 用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D。3. 省略 if 的条件从句当从句中有 were, had 或 should 时，可省略if ，而把were had 或should放在句首。【例句】If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Were I to meet him tomorrow, If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again. Should he fail in the experiment If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.Had you come a few.状元典例4 _the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily A. Had it not been for B. If it were not C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for 答案：D思路分析：根据句意可知是对现在状况的虚拟，所以选D项。4. If only 要是就好了 【例句】 If only I knew his name! If only we had followed your advice! If only I could see him again!状元典例1 Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy . A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved答案：A思路分析：根据句子的倒装特征判断设空处是省略了if的对过去的行为状态的虚拟语气，原句是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .故选择A。句意为：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。状元典例2 If only I _ to my parents! (But I didnt.) A. listened B. had listened C. should listen D. would listen答案：B 思路分析：句意“我要是听父母的话就好了！”If only句型中对过去的虚拟用had done。三、状元笔记虚拟语气这一部分知识的重点要求大家记住什么时间的行为动作需用什么样的谓语动词形式来表示。另外要记住特殊句式的虚拟语气，如：1. wish 2. would rather 3. Its high time that sb. did4. suggest/ insist 5. require/ demand 6. if only / only if1. It looks as if he were drunk. So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinking B. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drink D. I wonder why he is always doing so答案：D思路分析：关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，他喝醉了不是事实，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D.2. “Mary looks hot and dry.” “So _ you if you had so high a fever.”A. do B. are C. will D. would答案：D思路分析：此题最佳答案为D.分析如下：（1）“So + 助动词 + 主语”表示“也一样”。（2）由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气（这是很重要的信息），所以主句要用 would 而不用 will.3. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now.A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing答案：B思路分析：根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 if I hadnt forgot where I read the article（要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话但事实上忘了），所以“我现在就给你看了”要用虚拟语气。 4. “He will come tomorrow.” “But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.” A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had come 答案：C 思路分析：按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。 5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once. A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be operated on C. was; should be operated D. was; be operated on 答案：D 思路分析： insist后的从句中,谓语有时用should+动词原形这样的虚拟语气，有时不用，具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般来说，若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，或坚持某种观点，则要用陈述语气。分析句意，可知只有D项最合适。6. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give D. If he gave up 答案：B 思路分析：由于主句谓语是would not have got，这表明是对过去事实作出的假设，所以从句谓语应该是 had given up，而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。另外，当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时，通常可以省略 if，并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。7. They _have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. A. will B. can C. must D. should 答案：D 思路分析：句意为“他们本该午饭时到达，但他们的航班推迟了。”will have done将来可以完成；can have done可能做过吗？表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句；must have done一定做过某事，表示对过去事情的肯定推测；should have done本来应该做某事，而实际没做。出现了but their flight was delayed这样的结果，说明他们本该午饭时到达却没有到达，因此选D。 8. Where are the children? The dinners going to be completely ruined I wish they always late. A. werent B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wouldnt have been 答案：A 思路分析：句意为“孩子们哪儿去了？这顿饭快要吃不起来了。我但愿他们不要老是迟到。”wish引出虚拟语气，题干中出现always，从句使用一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟。 （答题时间：60分钟）一、单项选择1. He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently. A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed 2. This printer is of good quality. If it _ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense. A. would B. should C. could D. might *3. But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition. A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won*4. The weather has been very hot and dry. Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables . A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died *5. If we _ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken6. John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him. A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told 7. If he my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow *8. Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he_ A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy D. will be busy*9. Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday. Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline. A. must B. mustnt C. should D. shouldnt*10. I_through that bitter period without your generous help. A. couldnt have gone B. didnt go C. wouldnt go D. hadnt gone11. It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy. He would be still alive today if he _ that drug. A. not take B. hadnt taken C. didnt take D. shouldnt have taken12. Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得饱), though his parents feed him very well. A. get B. getting C. got D. should get13. He is talking so much about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. were C. was D. been14. I _ you some money, but I hadnt got any then. A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent15. Have you ever been to Beijing? No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had16. I dont think it is high time that you _. A. will go B. went C. go D. must go17. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 18. _it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 二、完形填空A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and 1 . It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart(远离的)；it can keep a 2 with very little effort.I will give 3 . A few years ago my older brother and I were not getting 4 . We had been close as 5 but had grown apart. Our meetings were not 6 ; our conversation was filled with arguments and quarrels; and every effort to clear the air seemed to only 7 our misunderstanding. Then he 8 a small island in the Caribbean and we 9 touch .One day he wrote me a letter. He described his island and its people, told me what he was doing, said how he felt, and encouraged me to 10 . Rereading the letter, I was 11 by its humor(幽默)and clever expressions. These were all qualities for which I had 12 respected my older brother but 13 he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so 14 . And with that one letter we became friends 15.It might never have occurred to 16 to write me if he had not been in a place where there were no 17 . For him, writing was a necessity. It also turned out to be the best way for us to get back in touch. Because we live in an age of 18 communication(通讯), people often 19 that they dont always have to phone or email. They have a 20 . And that is to write.1. A. received B. rewritten C. returned D. reread 2. A. record B. promise C. friendshipD. secret3. A. an example B. a lesson C. an experience D. a talk4. A. throughB. togeth