“英语词汇学”课件7-10章

Meaningchangesindifferentways.Extensionthemeaningchangesfromspecifictogeneralizedoneorcoverabroaderconceptthing-审判大会、政治会议anything,Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning,2)Specialization/narrowing(缩小）,Originally,theymean:garage-安全的地方poison-饮料hospital-休息娱乐场所,3)Elevation（升格）,贬义/中性义-褒义（或高级别）Marshall-马夫-元帅Executive一般执行者-行政官员,4)Degradation（降格）,中性/褒义贬义Cunning有学问的-狡猾的Sly-熟练的-偷偷摸摸的；狡猾的,5.Transference(transfer)ofMeaningAwordusedtodesignateonething,butlateritbegantomeansomethingelsePaperpapyrus(纸莎草)-纸mainly:(1)AssociatedTransfertooth,lip,nosecanusedtorefertothings:thelipofawound,thenoseofaplane,(2)TransferbetweenabstractandConcreteMeaningsRoom-space-房间(concrete)Grasp抓-understand(abstract)(3)TransferbetweenSubjectiveandObjectivethingsDreadfulsomethng/sbfullofdreadsomething/sbthatcausesdreadPitiful(4)synesthesia联觉(感官词之间)sweetmusic,warmcolors,clearsounding,6.Euphemism委婉语ToiletRestroom,bathroom,John,convenience,washroom,comfortroom,powderroom,ladys,gentlemans,Die,Causesofchange:extra-linguisticfactorssuchashistoricalreason(pen),classreason(revolution,communism.humanrights)andpsychologicalreason(garbagecollectorsanitationengineer),2)Linguisticfactors,(1)Internalfactorscausethechangegoldmedal-gold;lightbulbbulb(2)InfluenceofalienwordsDeerreferstoanimal,but“animal”fromLatinwaslaterintroducedintoEnglish,sothemeaningofdeerwasnarrowed.,(3)analogyFruition-享用,享受-结果(fruit),实现,Chapter8MeaningandContext,Themeaningofawordisoftendecidedbywhereitisused,eitherinaspokenorwrittendiscourse.-contextMeaninglivesincontext,types,TypesofContext:Linguisticcontext,extra(non)-linguisticcontextLinguisticcontextmaybedividedinto2:lexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Apieceofpaper,atermpaper,todayspaper,examinationpaper,etc.Whatcontextdoyouthinktheabovebelongto?,doonesteeth;dotheflowers;dofish;dowell(atschool)Lootatthefollowingsentenceswith“become”,whichcontextaretheyrelatedtotounderstanditsmeaning?Hebecameveryexcitedaboutthefinalexam.(linkverb)Thecoatdoesntbecomeyouatall.(transitiveverb),Sometimesthemeaningofawordcanbedecidedonlyafteraparagraph,achapterorevenabookisread.Forexample,“Janet!Donkeys!”,Extra-linguisticContext,Culture,situation,cognition3basicelementsJohnisquick(quick-minded;fast,hot-yempered.)Lookout!Tradeunion:strongpoliticalmeaningintheWestAggressiveLover,TheroleofContext,1)getridofambiguityTheballwasveryattractive.Tomrantherace.Theysawherduck.Noun?Verb?2)helpdefinereferentsThis/that,now/then,etc.,3)providecluesforinferringword-meaningexample:Kinesics,thestudyofbodymovement,wassuggestedbyProfessorBird-whistell.,Chapter9EnglishIdioms,Expressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.(setphrasesandsortsentences)Inabroadsense,theycanincludecolloquialisms,slangexpressions,proverbs,etc.,Characteristics:,(1)SemanticUnity,raincatsanddogs;Itsapieceofcake.Howdoyoudo!(2)StructuralStabilitylipserviceoutofthequestionGodblessyou!,Classificationofidioms,Manyways.Inthisbook,grammmaticalfunctionisthecriterion1.Idiomsnominalinnature-functionsasanounAwhiteelephant,Jackofalltradesbraintrust(智囊团)2.Idiomsadjectivalinnatureaspoorasachurchmouse,cutanddried(常规的、例行的)beyondthepale（发疯的）,3.idiomsverbalinnaturelookintogetawaywithmakeitfallflatletthedogseetherabbit,4.Idiomsadverbialinnatureheartandsoulinnothingflat（inaverylittletime)throughthickandthin（不顾艰难险阻）toothandnail(竭尽全力）,如何区分一般短语和习语？,Canyoutellus?可否从字面意义确定意义已有知识,5)sententialidioms,Nothingsucceedslikesuccess.Feedacoldandstarveafever.Nothingventure,nothinghave.Helaughsbestwholaughslast.Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.,UseofIdioms,Wehavetoknowsomecharacteristicsofidiomstousethempeoperlyinrealcommunication.1.stylisticfeaturesformal,informal(colloquial)1)colloquialismsHanginTom!(Donotgiveup)Sheisabigwheelinthecommunity.(influentialperson),2)slangCancerstickHitthesack(gotobed)3)literaryexpressions书面语Terriblethingscametopasslastyear.Faminefollowedinthewakeofwar.,2.RhetoricalFeatures,1)PhoneticManipulationA.alliterationmightandmain（全力以赴）partandparcel（mostimportantpart)B.rhymebyhookandbycrook（千方百计）fairandsquare(honest)wearandtear磨损,2）LexicalManipulationA.reiteration同义反复ScreamandshoutPickandchooseB.Repetitionbyandby(soon),outandout彻头彻尾的neckandneck并驾齐驱C.juxtaposition并置（反义词）Rainorshine,hereandthere,pennywiseandpoundfoolish,3)SemanticManipulation,A.simileAsas.Asmuteasafish;asgracefullikeaswanAsbusyasa_;asstrongas_/like,B.metaphorHeisasnakeinthegrass（暗藏之敌）C.metonymyFromcradletograve,hehasnevertoldalie.D.synecdocheTwoheadsarebetterthanoneE.PersonificationFailureisthemotherofsuccessF.euphemismthecallofnature,VariationsofIdioms,P.194(self-study),Chapter10EnglishDictionary,Types:1)Monolingualandbilingual,2)linguisticandencyclopedic,Linguist