马克吐温 中英文

,闻立婷蔡姣龙黎彤彤李一鹤王亚秋子刘茜,MarkTwain,MarkTwain-MirrorofAmerica,TheauthorNoelGroveMarkTwain1)Hislife2)Hiswritingstyle3)Someofhisfamousworks4)HisLiteraryInfluence,NoelGrove,Heisafreelancewriterwhosemainbusinessiswritingnon-fictionbooks.Hehasjustpublishedhis9thbook,entitledAnyoneButDuane,anexaminationofthelifeofaniceguywhoturnedkillerandwhyhegotthatway.Heworkedfor25yearsasastaffwriterforNationalGeographicMagazine.,MostwidelyheldworksbyNoelGrove,Wildlandsforwildlife:AmericasnationalrefugesbyNoelGrove(图书)5editionspublishedin1984in英语andheldby1,366librariesworldwideNationalGeographicatlasofworldhistorybyNoelGrove(图书)4editionspublishedin1997in英语andheldby881librariesworldwidePreservingEden:theNatureConservancybyNoelGrove(图书)1editionpublishedin1992in英语andheldby714librariesworldwideRangeoflight:theSierraNevadabyPhilSchermeister(图书)2editionspublishedin1999in英语andheldby628librariesworldwideBirdsofNorthAmericabyNoelGrove(图书)2editionspublishedin1996in英语andheldby501librariesworldwideMorethan200photographsintroducesongbirds,raptors,gamesbirds,shorebirds,andwaterbirds.,Earthslastgreatplaces:exploringtheNatureConservancyworldwidebyNoelGrove(图书)2editionspublishedin2003in英语andheldby433librariesworldwideLivingplanet:preservingEdensoftheEarthbyFransLanting(图书)2editionspublishedin1999in英语andheldby411librariesworldwideAnyonebutDuanebyNoelGrove(图书)1editionpublishedin2008in英语andheldby16librariesworldwideIllustrierterAtlasderWeltgeschichte(图书)1editionpublishedin1998in德语andheldby14librariesworldwideParelsvandeaarde:behoudvanswereldsmooistenatuurgebiedenbyFransLanting(图书)1editionpublishedin1999in荷兰语（Dutch）andheldby11librariesworldwideFotoboekmetinformatieveteksten.,MarkTwain,Hisearlylife,SamuelLanghorneClemens(November30,1835April21,1910),betterknownbyhispennameMarkTwain,wasanAmericanauthorandhumorist.SamuelwasborninFlorida,Missouri,ofaVirginianfamily,andhewasthesixthofsevenchildrenbutonlythreeofhissiblingssurvivedchildhood:hisbrotherOrion(July17,1825December11,1897);Henry,whodiedinariverboatexplosion(July13,1838June21,1858);andPamela(September19,1827August31,1904).HissisterMargaret(May31,1830August17,1839)diedwhenhewasthree,andhisbrotherBenjamin(June8,1832May12,1842)diedthreeyearslater.Anotherbrother,Pleasant(18281829),diedatsixmonths.,WhenMarkTwainwasfour,hisfamilymovedtoHannibal,Missouri,aporttownontheMississippiRiver,andthereyoungTwainbecamefamiliarwiththeinstitutionofslavery,athemehewouldlaterexploreinhiswriting.InMarch1847.whenTwainwas11,hisfatherdiedofpneumonia肺炎.Thenextyear,hebecameaprintersapprentice学徒.In1851,hebeganworkingasatypesetterandcontributorofarticlesandhumoroussketchesfortheHannibalJournal,anewspaperownedbyhisbrotherOrion.,Whenhewas18,heleftHannibalandworkedasaprinterinNewYorkCity,Philadelphia费城,andSt.Louis.HejoinedthenewlyformedInternationalTypographicalUnion,theprintersunionandeducatedhimselfinpubliclibrariesintheevenings,findingwiderinformationthanataconventionalschool.At22,hereturnedtoMissouri.,Whiletraining,SamuelconvincedhisyoungerbrotherHenrytoworkwithhim.HenrywaskilledonJune21,1858,whenthesteamboathewasworkingon.Twainwasguilt-strickenandheldhimselfresponsiblefortherestofhislife.HecontinuedtoworkontheriverandwasariverpilotuntiltheAmericanCivilWarbrokeoutin1861andtrafficalongtheMississippiwascurtailed缩短.,marriage,OliviaLangdonClemensandSamuelmarriedinFebruary1870inElmira,NewYork.ThecouplelivedinBuffalo,NewYork,from1869to1871.TwainownedastakeintheBuffaloExpressnewspaperandworkedasaneditorandwriter.WhilelivinginBuffalo,theirsonLangdondiedofdiphtheriaat19months.Oliviagavebirthtothreedaughters:Susy(18721896),Clara(18741962)andJean(18801909).Thecouplesmarriagelasted34years,untilOliviasdeathin1904.AlloftheClemensfamilyareburiedinElmirasWoodlawnCemetery.,death,In1909,Twainisquotedassaying:39IcameinwithHalleysCometin1835.Itiscomingagainnextyear,andIexpecttogooutwithit.ItwillbethegreatestdisappointmentofmylifeifIdontgooutwithHalleysComet.TheAlmightyhassaid,nodoubt:Nowherearethesetwounaccountablefreaks;theycameintogether,theymustgoouttogether.HispredictionwasaccurateTwaindiedofaheartattackonApril21,1910,inRedding,Connecticut,onedayafterthecometsclosestapproachtoEarth.,TwainsfuneralwasattheOldBrickPresbyterianChurchinNewYork.HeisburiedinhiswifesfamilyplotatWoodlawnCemeteryinElmira,NewYork.Hisgraveismarkedbya12-foot(i.e.,twofathoms,ormarktwain)monument,placedtherebyhissurvivingdaughter,Clara.Thereisalsoasmallerheadstone.,Hiswritting,Ineighteensixty-one,theAmericanCivilWarputanendtosteamboattrafficontheMississippi.SoClemenstraveledwestandbecameareporterfornewspapersinNevadaandCalifornia.Later,hewrotefunnystoriesandcalledhimselfMarkTwain.Twainbecamefamousforhisstory,TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountry卡县名蛙ineighteensixty-five.Ittellsaboutajumpingcompetitionamongfrogs.Twainalsotraveledalotandbeganwritingbooksabouthistravels.HisstoriesaboutatriptoEuropeandtheMiddleEastwerepublishedinTheInnocentsAbroad.AndhisstoriesaboutlifeinthewesternUnitedStatesbecamethebookcalledRoughingIt.,Duringtheeighteeneighties,hewrotebooksforchildren,suchasThePrinceandthePauper.IttellsaboutapoorboywhotradesidentitieswithamemberofEnglandsrulingfamily.TwainalsowroteLifeontheMississippi.Thisbookdescribeshisdaysasasteamboatpilotandhisreturntotherivertwentyyearslater.,MarkTwainwasalreadyasuccessfulwriterbeforehebecamefamousasapublicspeaker.Overtheyears,hehadinvestedalotofmoneyinunsuccessfulbusinesses.Ineighteenninety-three,hefoundhimselfdeeplyindebt.Sotoearnmoney,hetraveledaroundtheworldgivinghumoroustalks.Hisspeechesmadepeoplelaughandremembereventstheyhadexperienced.However,hislaterlifewasnotahappyone.Twoofhisdaughtersdied.Hiswifediedinnineteen-oh-fourafteralongsickness.SomecriticsthinkMarkTwainslaterworksweremoreseriousbecauseofhissadness.Hediedofheartfailureinnineteenten.,Works,哈克贝里芬历险记汤姆索亚历险记败坏了哈德莱堡的人苦行记竞选州长案中案卡县名蛙百万英镑三万元遗产坏孩子的故事火车上的嗜人事件我最近辞职的事实经过田纳西的新闻界好孩子的故事我怎样编辑农业报大宗牛肉合同的事件始末我给参议员当秘书的经历哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋神秘的访问一个真实的故事法国人大决斗稀奇的经验加利福尼亚人的故事他是否还在人间？和移风易俗者一起上路狗的自述公主与强奸马克吐温色狼乞丐公主哈克贝利费恩历险记密西西比河上的生涯,Hisstyle,Hisstylewasprecise,enviable,andwell-crafted.Hewasamasterofirony,turningthetablesonthosemostconfident.Hisearwasfinelyattuned（使调和）nuancesofdialect（方言）andofthevernacular(白话文)ofdifferentclassesandethnicgroups.Hischaracterswerealiveandfallible.hisjournalisticproseswerefilledwithterse（精炼sarcasm(讽刺).Hisuseoflocalandhistoricalsettingstoilluminateandshedlightoncontemporarysocietyhasservedasacreativeinspirationforgenerationsofwriterstocome,AdventuresofTomSawyer,Briefintroduction,Animaginativeandmischievous（调皮的）boynamedTomSawyerliveswithhisAuntPollyandhishalf-brother,Sid,intheMississippiRivertownofSt.Petersburg,Missouri.Afterplayinghooky（逃学）fromschoolonFridayanddirtying（弄脏）hisclothesinafight,Tomismadetowhitewash（粉刷）thefenceaspunishmentonSaturday.Atfirst,Tomisdisappointedbyhavingtoforfeit（丧失）hisdayoff.However,hesooncleverlypersuadeshisfriendstotradehimsmalltreasuresfortheprivilege（特权，优惠）ofdoinghiswork.Andthenherealizesthatinordertomakeamanoraboycovet（觊觎）athing,itisonlynecessarytomakethethingdifficulttoattain.Hetradesthetreasureshegotbytrickinghisfriendsforwhitewashing,forticketsgivenoutinSundayschoolformemorizingBibleversesandusestheticketstoclaimaBibleasaprize.Helosesmuchofhisglory,however,when,inresponsetoaquestiontoshowoffhisknowledge,heincorrectlyanswersthatthefirsttwodisciples（信徒）wereDavidandGoliath.TomfallsinlovewithBeckyThatcher,anewgirlintown,andpersuadeshertoget“engaged”bykissinghim.BeckykissesTom.Buttheirromancecollapses（倒塌）whenshelearnsthatTomhasbeen“engaged”beforetoagirlnamedAmyLawrence.Shortlyafterbeingshunned（回避）byBecky,TomaccompaniesHuckleberryFinn,thesonofthetowndrunk,tothegraveyardatnighttotryouta“cure”forwartswithadeadcat.Atthegraveyard（坟场）,theywitnessthemurderofyoungDr.RobinsonbytheNative-American“half-breed”InjunJoe.Scared,TomandHuckrunawayandswearabloodoathnottotellanyonewhattheyhaveseen.InjunJoeframeshiscompanion,MuffPotter,ahaplessdrunk,forthecrime.Potteriswrongfullyarrested,andTomsanxietyandguiltbegintogrow.,Tom,Huck,andTomsfriendJoeHarperrunawaytoanislandtobecomepirates（海盗）.Whilefrolicking（嘻戏）aroundandenjoyingtheirnewfoundfreedom.Theboysbecomeawarethatthecommunityissoundingtheriverfortheirbodies.Tomsneaks（偷偷溜走）backhomeonenighttoobservethecommotion（混乱）.Afterabriefmomentofremorse（悔恨）atthesufferingofhislovedones,Tomisstruckbytheideaofappearingathisfuneralandsurprisingeveryone.HepersuadesJoeandHucktodothesame.Theirreturnismetwithgreatrejoicing（狂喜）,andtheybecometheenvyandadmirationofalltheirfriends.Backinschool,TomgetshimselfbackinBeckysfavorafterhenobly（崇高地）acceptstheblameforabookthatshehasripped.SoonMuffPotterstrialbegins,andTom,overcomebyguilt,testifies（证明）againstInjunJoe.Potterisacquitted,butInjunJoeflees（逃走）thecourtroomthroughawindow.,Summerarrives,andTomandHuckgohuntingforburiedtreasureinahaunted（闹鬼的）house.Afterventuringupstairstheyhearanoisebelow.Peering（仔细看）throughholesinthefloor,theyseeInjunJoeenterthehousedisguisedasadeafandmute（哑的）Spaniard.Heandhiscompanion,anunkempt（不整洁的）man,plantoburysomestolentreasureoftheirown.Fromtheirhidingspot,TomandHuckwriggle（扭动）withdelightattheprospectofdiggingitup.Byanamazingcoincidence,InjunJoeandhispartnerfindaburiedboxofgoldthemselves.WhentheyseeTomandHuckstools,theybecomesuspiciousthatsomeoneissharingtheirhidingplaceandcarrythegoldoffinsteadofreburyingit.HuckbeginstoshadowInjunJoeeverynight,watchingforanopportunitytonab（攫取）thegold.Meanwhile,TomgoesonapicnictoMcDougalsCavewithBeckyandtheirclassmates.Thatsamenight,HuckseesInjunJoeandhispartnermakingoffwithabox.HefollowsandoverhearstheirplanstoattacktheWidowDouglas,akindresidentofSt.Petersburg.Byrunningtofetchhelp,Huckforestallstheviolenceandbecomesananonymoushero.,TomandBeckygetlostinthecave,andtheirabsenceisnotdiscovereduntilthefollowingmorning.Themenofthetownbegintosearchforthem,buttonoavail（效用）.TomandBeckyrunoutoffoodandcandlesandbegintoweaken.ThehorrorofthesituationincreaseswhenTom,lookingforawayoutofthecave,happensuponInjunJoe,whoisusingthecaveasahideout.Eventually,justasthesearchersaregivingup,Tomfindsawayout.Thetowncelebrates,andBeckysfather,JudgeThatcher,locksupthecave.InjunJoe,trappedinside,starvestodeath.Aweeklater,TomtakesHucktothecaveandtheyfindtheboxofgold,theproceedsofwhichareinvestedforthem.TheWidowDouglasadoptsHuck,and,whenHuckattemptstoescapecivilizedlife,Tompromiseshimthatifhereturnstothewidow,hecanjoinTomsrobberband.Reluctantly,Huckagrees.,Isthererealfree-lunchintheworld?Maybethereis!,TheMillionPoundNote,In1903,Americanseaman（水手）HenryAdams(GregoryPeck)isstranded（进退两难的）pennilessinEnglandandgetscaughtupinanunusualwagerbetweentwowealthy,eccentric（古怪的）brothers,Oliver(RonaldSquire乡绅)andRoderickMontpelier(WilfridHyde-White).TheypersuadetheBankofEnglandtoissueaonemillionpoundbanknote（纸币）,whichtheypresenttoAdamsinanenvelope（信封）(onlytellinghimthatitcontainssomemoney).ThereasonforthisisthatOliverbelievesthatthemereexistenceofthenotewillenablethepossessor（持有人）toobtainwhateverheneeds,whileRoderickcontendsthatitwouldactuallyhavetobespentforittobeofanyuse.OnceAdamsgetsovertheshockofdiscoveringhowmuchthenoteisworth,hetriestoreturnittothebrothers,butistoldthattheyhaveleftforamonth.Hethenfindsaletterintheenvelope,explainingthewagerandpromisinghimajobifhecanavoidspendingthenoteforthemonth.,Atfirst,everythinggoesasOliverhadpredicted.Adamsismistakenforaneccentric（古怪的）millionaireandhasnotroublegettingfood,clothesandahotelsuiteoncredit,justbyshowinghisnote.Thestoryofthenoteisreportedinthenewspapers.Adamsiswelcomedintoexclusive（高级的）socialcircles,meetingtheAmericanambassador（大使）andEnglisharistocracy（贵族）.HebecomesveryfriendlywithPortiaLansdowne(JaneGriffiths),thenieceoftheDuchessofCromarty.Then,fellowAmericanLloydHastings(HartleyPower)askshimtobackabusinessventure.HastingstellsAdamsthathedoesnothavetoputupanymoneyhimself;themereassociationwillallowHastingstoraisethemoneyheneedstostartupagoldminebysellingshares.,TroubleariseswhentheDukeofFrognal(A.E.Matthews),whohadbeenunceremoniouslyevicted（逐出）fromthesuiteAdamsnowoccupies,hidesthenoteasajoke.WhenAdamsisunabletoproducethenote,panicbreaksoutamongsttheshareholders（股东）andAdamscreditors.Fortunately,allisstraightenedoutintheend,andAdamsisabletoreturnthenotetotheMontpelierbrothersattheendofthemonth.,Twainwroteanovelthatembodiesthesearchforfreedom.Hewroteduringthepost-CivilWarperiodwhentherewasanintensewhitereactionagainstblacks.Twaintookaimsquarelyagainstracialprejudice,risingsegregation,lynchings,andthegenerallyacceptedbeliefthatblacksweresub-human.HemadeitclearthatJimwasgood,deeplyloving,human,andanxiousforfreedom.13However,othershavecriticizedthenovelasracist,citingtheuseofthewordniggerandJimsSambo-likecharacter.Throughoutthestory,Huckisinmoralconflictwiththereceivedvaluesofthesocietyinwhichhelives,andwhileheisunabletoconsciouslyrefutethosevalueseveninhisthoughts,hemakesamoralchoicebasedonhisownvaluationofJimsfriendshipandhumanworth,adecisionindirectoppositiontothethingshehasbeentaught.MarkTwaininhislecturenotesproposesthatasoundheartisasurerguidethananill-trainedconscience,andgoesontodescribethenovelas.abookofminewhereasoundheartandadeformedconsciencecomeintocollisionandconsciencesuffersdefeat.Tohighlightthehypocrisyrequiredtocondoneslaverywithinanostensiblymoralsystem,TwainhasHucksfatherenslavehim,isolatehim,andbeathim.WhenHuckescapeswhichanyonewouldagreewastherightthingtodohethenimmediatelyencountersJimillegallydoingthesamething,这部小说也比较全面地体现了马克吐温创作的艺术魅力。首先，作品把现实主义的真实性和浪漫主义的抒情性很好地糅合在一起，哈克与吉姆的漂流经历充满了传奇色彩，密西西比河上和沿岸的自然景物在作者笔下也闪烁着奇异壮丽的光华，而沿岸一带的城乡生活描写则翔实真切，具体可感。这种奇妙的融合尤其体现在哈克的思想斗争中，作家既纤毫毕露地呈示了人物意识活动的逻辑轨迹，又不无幽默风趣地调侃嘲弄了宗教谬说给一个孩子造成的荒唐观念。其次，作品采用第一人称叙事方式，从哈克的视角反映生活、刻画形象，亲切生动，引人入胜。再次，作品的语言颇具特色，作家在广泛采用美国南方方言和黑人俚语的基础上，经过精妙地提炼加工，形成了一种富于口语化特征的文学语言，简洁生动，自然含蓄，是英语文学的范本。一百多年来，这部小说一直受到世界各国人民的热烈欢迎，专家们也好评如潮。英国诗人艾略特认为哈克的形象是不朽的，堪与堂吉诃德、浮士德、哈姆莱特比美，美国小说家海明威称颂它“是我们所有的书中最好的一本书”。,ThePrinceandthePauper,writtenbyMarkTwaintellsthestoryoftwounsatisfiedboysswitchinglivesandtheconsequencestheyreceive.IttakesplaceintheUnitedKingdom,inthe16th.century.TheyoungprinceofWhales,wastiredofhisboringlife,hewantedmoreadventure.WiththehelpofTomCanty,abeggarsson,herealizedhisdreamwasnotatall,whathehadexpected.Thisbookteachestobecontentwithwhatyoualreadyhave,andtobewiseinwhatyoulongfor.,汤姆在历史中的原型贫儿汤姆的故事在历史中确有其事，贫儿汤姆可能就是爱德华六世的臣民汤姆堪蒂（TomCanty），他出生贫苦，但6岁就因为是“国王的好朋友”成为英“英国国王的保护者、圣公会的主持和坎伯雷特大主教”。16岁时年轻的国王爱德华六世去世，新的女王玛丽一世复辟天主教并大肆迫害新教教徒。将汤姆关进伦敦塔。伊丽莎白一世即位后才得以释放。重新任圣公会的主持。死后,英国议会追封他“摄政国王”和“圣公会之父。”,Famousquotesofmarktwain,Dontgiveupyourimagination.Whentheimaginationhadnoafter,youcanalsoexist,butalthoughyoulivingdeadstill.不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。Tellthetruthforever,suchofwordsyouneednotrecordedyoutooncesaysomewhat.永远说实话，这样的话你就不用去记你曾经说过些什么。Suchofthecharacteristiccanmakethecomitysupportlifelong-aslongasdontthinktheotherpartyborrowsmoney.这样的特质可使友谊维系终身只要不向对方借钱。Everyoneisamoon,andhasadarksidewhichhenevershowstoanybody每个人就像一轮月亮，不愿意将黑暗的一面让别人看到。Aslongashadignoranceandself-confidence,youcansucceedbyallmeans.只要具备了无知和自信，你就必然能成功。,1MarkTwaininareceptionresponsetoareportersquestion,said:TheUnitedStatesCongressissomedogson-dependence.Hewillpressthecasemadepublic.WashingtonMembersaskMarkTwainpublishedinanewspaperrevelation,apologized.MarkTwainwrotesuchanannouncementbefore:Ispeakonthebanquet,saidthatsomemembersofCongressareraisingdogsmother,Ithoughtthatstatementisinappropriate,butnotthefacts.Thedeenreportedstatement,Isayasfollows:TheUnitedStatesCongressisnotsomemothercustodyofthedog.2MarkTwainoncewithawifesitting,hesaidtoher:Doyoureallybeautiful,Mrs.arrogantanswer:Unfortunately,Icannotequallypraisingyou.MarkTwaindonotmindatallandsaidlaughingly:Lady,If,likemetellingliesthe