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如何有效學習英語？劉振和整理,由下而上（Bottom-up）學習法自然發音可消除學習英語的疑慮由上而下（Top-down）學習法單字中歸納發音規則雙向(bi-direction)或混合(mix)學習法但規則中也有例外，這正是學英語的樂趣。見山是山見山不是山見山是山,短母音a,At,cat,bat,dad,mat,fat,hat,sat,rat,Am,dam,Sam,jam,ram,cram,clam,Ad,dad,cad,bad,fad,had,lad,mad,sad,an,can,ban,Dan,fan,man,pan,Dag,lag,bag,tag,flag,Back,black,lack,pack,rack,Cap,rap,lap,map,tap,crap,Dab,cab,jab,lab,tab,短母音e,bet,met,get,set,let,net,pet,wet,hem,stem,bed,fed,head,led,meadow,red,read,Ben,Denny,fen,men,pen,hen,Wendy,leg,beg,Meg,Beck,peck,deck,heck,rep,pepper,step,Deb,web,Read,dead,mead,lead,leather,There,pear,rear,短母音i,it,bit,fit,hit,sit,wit,lit,pit,dim,him,Jim,Kim,limb,rim,timber,did,bid,fid,hid,lid,mid,Sid,widow,in,bin,din,fin,min,pin,tin,Dig,fig,big,pig,rig,wig,kick,lick,pick,stick,tick,wick,dick,rip,lip,dip,tip,flip,drip,trip,dib,jib,bib,Dear,ear,hear,短母音o,hot,lot,pot,cot,dot,got,not,rot,Mom,Rod,on,bon,con,won,bond,fond,fog,bog,goggle,hog,log,blog,cock,lock,pock,stock,tock,rock,bock,cop,lop,mop,top,flop,drop,pop,cob,hob,Bob,lob,mob,rob,wow,短母音u,but,hut,cut,guts,nuts,Must,bust,dust,lust,rust,hum,rum,bud,huddle,mud,bun,dun,fun,gun,nun,pun,run,sun,Dug,fug,bug,pug,rug,hug,tug,luck,stuck,tuck,duck,duck,cup,bubble,dub,hub,Touch,A-e,Cake,bake,lake,make,snake,sake,Ate,bate,date,fate,gate,hate,late,mate,Ape,cape,drape,rape,tape,Age,cage,page,rage,sage,stage,Bade,fade,hade,lade,made,blade,fame,lame,name,same,tame,came,Cane,lane,mane,pane,bane,Ace,lace,mace,face,E-e,Pete,eve,Steve,Chinese,Taiwanese,Japanese,i-e,Bike,like,Mike,dike,hike,pike,strike,Bite,kite,write,rite,site,mite,Hide,ride,tide,Crime,rime,dime,lime,mime,Nine,fine,line,mine,pine,wine,Pile,file,mile,tile,smile,Fire,dire,hire,mire,wire,tire,Ice,dice,mice,rice,lice,O-e,Bode,code,lode,mode,rode,Mote,note,rote,Cope,dope,hope,lope,mope,pope,Bore,sore,core,whore,Hole,ole,bole,mole,pole,stole,Rose,prose,pose,dispose,U-e,Duke,puke,Lure,cure,pure,Huge,Ai;ay,Ail,sail,mail,nail,snail,fail,rail,Aid,said,maid,raid,paid,braid,Hay,lay,may,stay,say,way,ray,tray,stray,bay,day,pay,pray,spraySteak,Eight,Ee,deed,feed,heed,speed,seed,weed,reed,Eel,feel,heel,peel,steel,Three,tree,bee,pee,Tea,pea,Feet,beet,meet,speech,Here,Ea,e,ey,Eat,meat,beat,feat,heat,seat,read,lead,bead,Each,beach,teach,East,least,beast,feast,Ease,tease,please,He,she,we,me,be,Key,Ie,y,Lie,die,pie,tie,Bye,lye,dye,rye,Fly,my,sky,by,fry,dry,cry,try,Night,tight,bright,fight,flight,height,might,knight,light,rightSigh,high,Bicycle,Oe,oa,Foe,hoe,toe,woe,doe,Oat,boat,coat,goat,road,Bow,low,slow,sow,row,crow,blow,mowcouchGold,mold,sold,cold,told,bold,fold,hold,Ue,oo,Blue,clue,glue,cool,tool,stool,foolToo,tooth,boo,booth,doo,smooth,Loom,bloom,broom,room,doom,boom,gloom,Moon,boon,coon,loon,loony,soon,Tomb,movie,to,do,lose,Two,Dew,stew,mew,new,Ow,ou,Owl,bow,cow,down,town,House,lousy,mouse,oo,Book,took,look,cook,Pool,wool,ar,Bar,car,far,mar,par,par,tar,war,star,Card,bard,hard,Art,cart,dart,hart,smart,wart,tart,part,start,Ark,park,dark,mark,Arm,farm,harm,warm,Yarn,barn,Heart,are,or,Pork,sort,mort,snort,forty,fort,report,port,Born,torn,corn,popcorn,porn,pornography,horn,Ir,ur,er,Bird,stir,dirt,dirty,girl,sir,thirty,thirteen,Surf,fur,curb,purse,blur,turn,return,overturn,Herb,herd,person,personal,personality,All,aw,au,All,call,ball,tall,hall,mall,small,stall,fall,pall,wall,Australia,Austrian,August,Claw,draw,raw,craw,law,saw,flaw,raw,Caution,audit,auction,cause,causation,Ng,nk,nc,Sing,sting,dingSang,Sung,stung,Song,strong,dongLink,blink,Bank,Ph,gh,Phonics,phoneme,phonology,photo,physics,morph,autograph,Enough,三個不可能放在單字最後的子音,Yes,yet,yeah,（如在最後必為母音，與i相似，所以ay與ai；oy與oi同音）Was,way,wave,wax,（如在最後必為母音，與u相似，所以aw與au；ow與ou同音）Quick,queen,quilt,quiet,（q與u如同連體嬰黏在一起，發kw音）,一些不發聲且不影響發音的字母,Watch,catch,ditch,bitchSandwich,comb,dumb,tomb,Knight,gnaw,caught,bought,fought,Enough,schwa,以上所列原則上是為重音或次重音，然母音若為輕音，絕大多數都以schwa處裡。重音之不同會影響單字發音之不同，即使同一字也有可能有不同的發音方式，如：kilometer,missile,只有兩個以上音節之單字，方有可能schwa產生，但如在句子亦有例外之情形發生（功能字）。也有可能沒有schwa，如：missile（British）,fourteen,兩個以上音節沒有重音，常常發生在外來語。,-tion,Station,temptation,location,vocation,vacation,dictation,formation,duration,mutation,nation,national,educationAction,Diction,dictionary,friction,Direction,collection,correction,selection,Coalition,-ture,Picture,structure,infrastructure,rupture,lecture,stature,miniature,rapture,-sure,Leisure,measure,-sion,Mission,missionary,passion,-ible,-able,Impossible,possible,permissible,incredible,probable,improbable,readable,curable,doable,teachable,kickable,-ology,Biology,ecology,anthropology,mythology,psychology,physiology,sociology,zoology,technology,musicology,theology,morphology,etymology,phonology,-graphy,Autography,biography,bibliography,pornography,calligraphy,compound,football,superman/superwoman,classroom,roommate,classmate,background,baseball,basketball,intonation,英語中的intonation可能會改變意義。這也是外國人學習英語比較困難的地方。語言跟繪畫有其相通的道理，繪畫中有其主從關係，主猶如語言中的重要字詞，必須加重、放慢，讓對方聽得懂，就能成為好的表達者。相同的道理，在聽與閱讀中能聽出或找出重要字詞，將對方意思搞懂，就是好的聽者或讀者。多聽、多讀、多感受，樂趣便在其中。,句中之意決定溝通之良否,Really?Really!（口）Youreateacher?Youreateacher!Imateacher.IteachEnglish.WhoteachEnglish?Whatdoyouteach?Whatdoyoudo?三個不同問句，會影響回答者的加重自之不同。,Misunderstandingandinteresting,Seat,sheetAreyoug