齿轮制造方法毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

原文题目GEARMANUFACTURINGMETHODSGEARS,DEFINEDASTOOTHEDMEMBERSTRANSMITTINGROTARYMOTIONFROMONESHAFTTOANOTHER,AREAMONGTHEOLDESTDEVICESANDINVENTIONSOFMANINABOUT2006BC,THECHINESEAREKNOWNTOHAVEUSEDACHARIOTINCORPORATINGACOMPLEXSERIESOFGEARSARISTOTLE,INTHEFOURTHCENTURYBC,WROTEOFGEARSASIFTHEYWERECOMMONPLACEINTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURYAD,LEONARDODAVINCIDESIGNEDAMULTITUDEOFDEVICESINCORPORATINGMANYKINDSOFGEARSGEARSPROVIDEAPOSITIVERATIODRIVERFORTRANSMITTINGROTARYMOTIONFROMONESHAFTTOANOTHERGEARTYPESAREDETERMINEDLARGELYBYTHEDISPOSITIONOFTHESHAFTSINADDITION,CERTAINTYPESAREBETTERSUITEDTHANOTHERSFORLARGESPEEDCHANGESTHISMEANSTHATIFASPECIFICDISPOSITIONOFTHESHAFTSISREQUIRED,THETYPEOFGEARWILLMOREORLESSBEFIXEDONTHEOTHERHAND,IFAREQUIREDSPEEDCHANGEDEMANDSACERTAINTYPE,THESHAFTPOSITIONSWILLALSOBEFIXEDIFTHESHAFTSAREPARALLEL,ANYOFTHREETYPESMAYBEUSEDSPUR,HELICAL,ORHERRINGHOMEGEARSPIRALGEARSAREUSEDTOCONNECTTWOSHAFTSTHATARENONPARALLELANDNONINTERSECTINGWORMGEARSAREUSEDWHEREHIGHRATIOSAREDESIREDANDWHERETHESHAFTSARENONINTERSECTINGANDATRIGHTANGLEBEVELGEARSAREOFTENUSEDWHENTWOSHAFTSAREATRIGHTANGLESOTHERTHAN90DEGREESSPIRALBEVELGEARSCANBEUSEDINTHESAMEAPPLICATIONSASSTRAIGHTTOOTHBEVELGEARSTHESPIRALBEVELGEARSARECAPABLEOFHIGHERSPEEDSANDQUIETEROPERATIONHYPOIDGEARSARESIMILARTOSPIRALBEVELGEARS,EXCEPTTHATTHEEXTENSIONSOFTHECENTERLINESDONOTINTERSECTRACKANDPINIONDRIVESAREUSEDWHERETHEROTARYMOTIONOFONEPARTMUSTBETRANSFORMEDINTOTRANSLATINGMOTIONOFTHEOTHERPART,ORVICEVERSATHEINCORPORATIONOFSOMEOFTHESETYPESINTOGEARTRAINSCONSTITUTESANIMPORTANTPHASEOFDESIGNTOOTHPROFILESTHECONTACTINGSURFACESOFGEARTEETHMUSTBEALIGNEDINSUCHAWAYTHATTHEDRIVEISPOSITIVEIE,THELOADTRANSMITTEDMUSTNOTDEPENDONFRICTIONALCONTACTASSHOWNINTHETREATMENTOFDIRECTCONTACTBODIES,THISREQUIRESTHATTHECOMMONNORMALTOTHESURFACESNOTTOPASSTHROUGHTHEPIVOTALAXISOFEITHERTHEDRIVERORTHEFOLLOWERASITISKNOWNASDIRECTCONTACTBODIES,CYCLOIDALANDINVOLUTEPROFILESPROVIDEBOTHAPOSITIVEDRIVEANDAUNIFORMVELOCITYRATIOIE,CONJUGATEACTIONBASICRELATIONSTHESMALLEROFAGEARPAIRISCALLEDTHEPINIONANDTHELARGERISTHEGEARWHENTHEPINIONISONTHEDRIVINGSHAFTTHEPAIRACTSASASPEEDREDUCERWHENTHEGEARDRIVES,THEPAIRISASPEEDINCREASERGEARSAREMOREFREQUENTLYUSEDTOREDUCESPEEDTHANTOINCREASEITAMONGTHEVARIOUSMEANSOFMECHANICALPOWERTRANSMISSIONINCLUDINGPRIMARILYGEARS,BELTS,ANDCHAINS,GEARSAREGENERALLYTHEMOSTRUGGEDANDDURABLETHEIRPOWERTRANSMISSIONEFFICIENCYISASHIGHAS98PERCENTONTHEOTHERHAND,GEARSAREUSUALLYMORECOSTLYTHANCHAINSANDBELTSASWOULDBEEXPECTED,GEARSMANUFACTURINGCOSTSINCREASESHARPLYWITHINCREASEDPRECISIONASREQUIREDFORTHECOMBINATIONOFHIGHSPEEDSANDHEAVYLOADS,ANDFORLOWNOISELEVELSSTANDARDTOLERANCESFORVARIOUSDEGREESOFMANUFACTURINGPRECISIONHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDBYTHEAGMA,AMERICANGEARMANUFACTURERSASSOCIATIONGEARMANUFACTURINGMETHODSPLANINGTHESHAPEOFTHESPACEBETWEENGEARTEETHISCOMPLEXANDVARIESWITHTHENUMBEROFTEETHONTHEGEARASWELLASTOOTHMODULE,SOMOSTGEARMANUFACTURINGMETHODSGENERATETHETOOTHFLANKINSTEADOFFORMINGPLANINGUSESARECIPROCATINGRACK,STROKINGINTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEHELIXONAGEARWITHAGRADUALGENERATIONOFFORMASTHERACKEFFECTIVELYMILSROUNDTHEGEARBLANKTHERACKISRELIEVEDOUTOFCONTACTFORTHERETURNSTROKEASINNORMALSHAPINGORPLANINGITHASTHEGREATADVANTAGETHATTHECUTTINGTOOLISASIMPLERACKWITHNEARLYSTRAIGHTSIDEDTEETHWHICHCANEASILYBEGROUNDACCURATELY,THISMETHODISLITTLEUSEDFORHIGHPRODUCTIONBECAUSEITISRELATIVELYSLOWINOPERATIONDUETOTHEHIGHTOOLANDSLIDEMASSFORJOBBINGPURPOSESTHESLOWSTROKINGRATEDOESNOTMATTERANDLOWTOOLCOSTSGIVEANADVANTAGEWHEREUNUSUALSIZESORPROFILEMODIFICATIONSAREREQUIREDSHAPINGSHAPINGISINHERENTLYSIMILARTOPLANINGBUTUSESACIRCULARCUTTERINSTEADOFARACKANDTHERESULTINGREDUCTIONINTHERECIPROCATINGINERTIAALLOWSMUCHHIGHERSTROKINGSPEEDSMODERNSHAPERSCUTTINGCARGEARSCANRUNATCUTTINGSTROKESPERMINUTETHESHAPEOFTHECUTTERISROUGHLYTHESAMEASANINVOLUTEGEARBUTTHETIPSOFTHETEETHAREROUNDEDTHEGENERATINGDRIVEBETWEENCUTTERANDWORKPIECEDOESNOTINVOLVEARACKORLEADSCREWSINCEONLYCIRCULARMOTIONISINVOLVEDTHETOOLANDWORKPIECEMOVETANGENTIALLYTYPICALLY0,5MMFOREACHSTROKEOFTHECUTTERONTHERETURNSTROKETHECUTTERMUSTBERETRACTEDABOUT1MMTOGIVECLEARANCEOTHERWISETOOLRUBOCCURSONTHEBACKSTROKEANDFAILUREISRAPIDTHEADVANTAGESOFSHAPINGARETHATPRODUCTIONRATESARERELATIVELYHIGHANDTHATITISPOSSIBLETOCUTRIGHTUPTOASHOULDERUNFORTUNATELY,FORHELICALGEARS,AHELICALGUIDEISREQUIREDTOIMPOSEAROTATIONALMOTIONONTHESTROKINGMOTIONSUCHHELICALGUIDESCANNOTBEPRODUCEDEASILYORCHEAPLYSOTHEMETHODISONLYSUITABLEFORLONGRUNSWITHHELICALGEARSSINCESPECIALCUTTERSANDGUIDESMUSTBEMANUFACTUREDFOREACHDIFFERENTHELIXANGLEAGREATADVANTAGEOFSHAPINGISITSABILITYTOCUTANNULARGEARSSUCHASTHOSEREQUIREDFORLARGEEPICYCLICDRIVESHOBBINGHOBBING,THEMOSTUSEDMETALCUTTINGMETHOD,USESTHERACKGENERATINGPRINCIPLEBUTAVOIDSSLOWRECIPROCATIONBYMOUNTINGMANY“RACKS“ONROTATINGCUTTERTHE“RACKS“AREDISPLACEDAXIALLYTOFORMAGASHEDWORMMETALREMOVALRATESAREHIGHSINCENORECIPROCATIONOFHOBORWORKPIECEISREQUIREDANDSOCUTTINGSPEEDSOF40M/MINCANBEUSEDFORCONVENTIONALHOBSANDUPTO150M/MINFORCARBIDEHOBSTYPICALLYWITHA100MMDIAMETERHOBTHEROTATIONSPEEDWILLBE100RPMANDSOATWENTYTOOTHWORKPIECEWILLROTATEAT5RPMEACHREVOLUTIONOFTHEWORKPIECEWILLCORRESPONDTO075MMFEEDSOTHEHOBWILLADVANCETHROUGHTHEWORKPIECEATABOUT4MMPERMINUTEFORCARPRODUCTIONROUGHINGMULTIPLESTARTHOBSCANBEUSEDWITHCOARSEFEEDSOF3MMPERREVOLUTIONSOTHAT100RPMONTHECUTTER,ATWOSTARTHOBANDA20TOOTHGEARWILLGIVEAFEEDRATEOF30MM/MINBROACHINGBROACHINGISNOTUSUALLYUSEDFORHELICALGEARSBUTISUSEFULFORINTERNALSPURGEARSTHEPRINCIPLEUSEOFBROACHINGINTHISCONTEXTISFORINTERNALSPLINESWHICHCANNOTEASILYBEMADEBYANYOTHERMETHODASWITHALLBROACHINGTHEMETHODISONLYECONOMICFORLARGEQUANTITIESSINCESETUPCOSTSAREHIGHBROACHINGGIVESHIGHACCURACYANDGOODSURFACEFINISHBUTLIKEALLCUTTINGPROCESSESISLIMITEDTO“SOFT“MATERIALSWHICHMUSTBESUBSEQUENTLYCASEHARDENEDORHEATTREATED,GIVINGDISTORTIONSHAVINGSHAVINGISUSEDASFINISHINGPROCESSESFORGEARSINTHE“SOFT“STATETHEOBJECTIVEISTOIMPROVESURFACEFINISHANDPROFILEBYMATINGTHEROUGHEDOUTGEARWITHA“CUTTER“WHICHWILLIMPROVEFORMASHAVINGCUTTERLOOKSLIKEAGEARWHICHHASEXTRACLEARANCEATTHEROOTFORSWARFANDCOOLANTREMOVALANDWHOSETOOTHFLANKSHAVEBEENGROOVEDTOGIVECUTTINGEDGESITISRUNINMESHWITHTHEROUGHGEARWITHCROSSEDAXESSOTHATTHEREISINTHEORYPOINTCONTACTWITHARELATIVEVELOCITYALONGTHETEETHGIVINGSCRAPINGACTIONTHESHAVINGCUTTERTEETHARERELATIVELYFLEXIBLEINBENDINGANDSOWILLONLYOPERATEEFFECTIVELYWHENTHEYAREINDOUBLECONTACTBETWEENTWOGEARTEETHTHEGEARANDCUTTEROPERATEATHIGHROTATIONALSPEEDSWITHTRAVERSINGOFTHEWORKFACEANDABOUT100MICRONOFMATERIALISREMOVEDCYCLETIMESCANBELESSTHANHALFAMINUTEANDTHEMACHINESARENOTEXPENSIVEBUTCUTTERSAREDELICATEANDDIFFICULTTOMANUFACTUREGRINDINGGRINDINGISEXTREMELYIMPORTANTBECAUSEITISTHEMAINWAYHARDENEDGEARSAREMACHINEDWHENHIGHACCURACYISREQUIREDITISNOTSUFFICIENTTOPRECORRECTFORHEATTREATMENTDISTORTIONANDGRINDINGISTHENNECESSARYTHESIMPLESTAPPROACHTOGRINDINGISFORMGRINDINGTHEWHEELPROFILEISDRESSEDACCURATELYTOSHAPEUSINGSINGLEPOINTDIAMONDSWHICHARECONTROLLEDBYTEMPLATESCUTTOTHEEXACTSHAPEREQUIREDTHEPROFILEDWHEELISTHENRECIPROCATEDAXIALLYALONGTHEGEAR,WHENONETOOTHSHAPEHASBEENFINISHED,INVOLVINGTYPICALLY100MICRONMETALREMOVAL,THEGEARISINDEXEDTOTHENEXTTOOTHSPACETHISMETHODISFAIRLYSLOWBUTGIVESHIGHACCURACYCONSISTENTLYSETTINGUPISLENGTHYBECAUSEDIFFERENTDRESSINGTEMPLATESARENEEDEDIFMODULE,NUMBEROFTEETH,HELIXANGLE,ORPROFILECORRECTIONISCHANGEDTHEFASTESTGRINDINGMETHODUSESTHESAMEPRINCIPLEASHOBBINGBUTREPLACESAGASHEDANDRELIEVEDWORMBYAGRINDINGWHEELWHICHISARACKINSECTIONONLYSINGLESTARTWORMSARECUTONTHEWHEELBUTGEARROTATIONSPEEDSAREHIGH,100RPMTYPICALLY,SOITISDIFFICULTTODESIGNTHEDRIVESYSTEMTOGIVEACCURACYANDRIGIDITYACCURACYOFTHEPROCESSISREASONABLYHIGHALTHOUGHTHEREISATENDENCYFORWHEELANDWORKPIECETODEFLECTVARIABLYDURINGGRINDINGSOTHEWHEELFORMMAYREQUIRECOMPENSATIONFORMACHINEDEFLECTIONEFFECTSGENERATIONOFAWORMSHAPEONTHEGRINDINGWHEELISASLOWPROCESSSINCEADRESSINGDIAMONDMUSTNOTONLYFORMTHERACKPROFILEBUTHASTOMOVEAXIALLYASTHEWHEELROTATESONCETHEWHEELHASBEENTRUED,GEARSCANBEGROUNDRAPIDLYUNTILREDRESSINGISREQUIREDTHISISTHEMOSTPOPULARMETHODFORHIGHPRODUCTIONRATESWITHSMALLGEARS译文题目齿轮制造方法齿轮，定义为把一个旋转运动传输到另一个的主体，是人类最早的发明和装置。公元前2006年左右，我国已有人把一个复杂系列齿轮应用到马车上。亚里斯多德在公元前四世纪写齿轮时似乎已经司空见惯。在公元十五世纪,达芬奇设计了多种齿轮应用于多种装置。齿轮能以恒定的传动比将旋转运动从一根传递到另一根。齿轮的类型在很大程度上由轴的不同排列决定，另外，即使速度发生改变，原有类型的齿轮传动一般来说也肯定好于采用其他类型的齿轮传动。这就意味着当轴的排列布置形式决定后，齿轮的类型或多或少也就定下来了。另一方面，如果齿轮的速度变化及类型一定的话，那么轴的排列布置形式基本上也就定下来了。若轴之间相互平行，则可采用直齿、斜齿或人字形齿三种齿轮中的任意一种来传递运动。螺旋齿轮可用于连接即不平行又不相交的两根轴。蜗杆蜗轮应用于传动比大且两轴不相交但相互垂直的场合。若两轴相互垂直且他们中心线的延长线相交，则通常采用圆锥齿轮。然而有些圆锥齿轮的轴线并非相互垂直。螺旋圆锥齿轮的使用场合与直齿圆锥齿轮相似，但他们中心线的延长线并不相交。若必须将一个零件的回转运动转换成其他零件的直线运动（或相反的情况），则可利用齿条齿轮机构。齿形轮廓。齿轮的接触面必须以一定的方向排齐，这样可以使得传动是正向的，也就是传递的载荷不必依靠表面的摩擦作用进行传递。如处理直接接触的实体一样，要求垂直于表面的公法线不必经过主动轴或从动轴的轴线。和我们所知道的直接接触的实体一样，摆线和渐开线轮廓也都提供了一个正方向的驱动和一个均匀的速度比，即共轭作用。基本关系式。一对齿轮中较小的齿轮称为小齿轮，较大的齿轮称为大齿轮。若小齿轮安装在传动轴上，则这对齿轮用作减速器；反之，若大齿轮安装在传动轴上，则这对齿轮用作加速器。齿轮一般经常用于减速而不是加速。在机械力量传输主要包括齿轮，带子和链的各种不同方法之中，齿轮是最普遍和持久的。其力量传输效率高达98。在另一方面,齿轮的成本比链条和皮带更昂贵。就像预期的那样，为满足高速、重载而低噪音，齿轮的生产成本随着齿轮精确度的增加而大幅增加。标准公差为不同程度的制造精度成立了AGMA，美国齿轮制造商协会。齿轮制造方法铸造铸造是将液态材料充满型腔的质量守恒的一种基础机械工艺方法。铸造是最古老的加工方法之一，同时使最为人知的一种工艺。材料被融化，并灌入根据希望得到的几何形状制作的相应的型腔。液体材料充满型腔，随着材料凝固，零件的几何形状最终固定下来。铸造工艺中阶段或步骤包括制作适当的铸型，熔化材料，将材料充满或灌注进型腔和凝固。根据采用的不同铸型材料，可获得不同特性和尺寸精度的铸件。铸造工艺中使用的设备包括熔炉、铸型制作和铸造机械。刨削齿轮齿间的空间形状是复杂的，而且随着齿轮的齿数和模数的不同而变化，因此大多数的齿轮制造方法采用展成齿廓而不是成形加工。刨削采用往复运动的齿条刀，当齿条刀实际上绕齿轮坯料滚切并且沿其螺旋线方向运动时，齿形就会被逐渐展成。与普通的刨削加工相同，在回程中齿条刀与齿轮脱离接触。这种加工方法的最大好处是，刀具为具有直线齿形或者接近于直线齿形的齿条，其齿面易于进行精确磨削加工。由于刀具和滑枕的质量较大，造成加工速度缓慢，因此这种方法几乎不在大批量的生产中应用。对于单件或者少量的齿轮加工而言，缓慢的行程速度带来的影响不大，而且较低的刀具成本对于那些特殊规格和需要进行齿廓修形的齿轮来说则是一个有利条件。插削插削加工在本质上与刨削加工类似，只是采用圆形刀具来取代齿条刀。其结果是减少了往复运动惯性，在加工过程中可以采用比刨削高得多的行程速度。现代插齿机在加工汽车齿轮时可以达到每分钟2000次切削行程。插齿刀的形状与渐开线齿轮大致相同，但是其齿顶是圆的。由于刀具与工件之间的展成传动只包含圆周运动，因此不需要齿条或者丝杠。在刀具的每一次行程中，通常刀具和工件的切向移动距为05MM。在回程中，刀具必须退让LMM以留出间隙。否则，在退刀时，刀具会擦伤已加工表面，并且加快刀具的磨损。插齿加工的优点是生产率较高和可以将齿插到接近轴肩处。令人遗憾的是，加工斜齿轮时，需要有一个能够产生绕插齿运动行程本身旋转的螺旋导轨。这种螺旋导轨不易制造，或者说其制造成本较高。由于对每种不同螺旋角的齿轮，应该制造不同参数的插齿刀和螺旋导轨，因此这种方法仅适用于斜齿轮的大批量加工。插削加工的一大优点是能够加工诸如行星齿轮传动所需要的内齿轮。滚削滚齿是最常见的金属切削方法。它采用齿条展成原理，但是通过安装在旋转刀具上的许多“齿条”来避免缓慢的往复运动。这些“齿条”轴向排布，形成有缝的蜗杆。由于滚刀和工件均不做往复运动，因此滚齿加工时的金属切削率很高。对于普通滚刀可以采用40MMIN的切削速度，对于硬质合金滚刀可以采用高达150MMIN的切削速度。一般采用直径为100MM的滚刀，其转速为100RMIN，一个20个齿的齿轮将以5RMIN的速度旋转。工件的每一转将有075MM的进给量，因此滚刀每分钟要对工件大约进给4MM。在汽车制造中，采用