英文翻译-foundations基础

本科毕业设计论文英语翻译译文题目FOUNDATIONS基础姓名专业勘查技术与工程班级学号指导老师指导教师职称教授2013年5月20日FOUNDATIONSSTRUCTURESOROTHERCONSTRUCTEDWORKSARESUPPORTEDONTHEEARTHBYFOUNDATIONSTHEWORD“FOUNDATION”MAYMEANTHEEARTHITSELF,SOMETHINGPLACEDINORONTHEEARTHTOPROVIDESUPPORT,ORACOMBINATIONOFTHEEARTHANDTHEELEMENTSPLACEDONITTHEFOUNDATIONFORAMULTISTORYOFFICEBUILDINGCOULDBEACOMBINATIONOFCONCRETEFOOTINGSANDTHESOILORROCKONWHICHTHEFOOTINGSARESUPPORTEDTHEFOUNDATIONFORANEARTHFILLDAMWOULDBETHENATURALSOILORROCKONWHICHTHEDAMISPLACEDCONCRETEFOOTINGSORPILESANDPILECAPSAREOFTENREFERREDTOASFOUNDATIONSWITHOUTINCLUDINGTHESOILORROCKONWHICHORINWHICHTHEYAREPLACEDTHEINSTALLEDELEMENTSANDTHENATURALSOILORROCKOFTHEEARTHFORMAFOUNDATIONSYSTEMTHESOILANDROCKPROVIDETHEULTIMATESUPPORTOFTHESYSTEMFOUNDATIONSTHATAREINSTALLEDMAYBEEITHERSOILBEARINGORROCKBEARINGTHEREACTIONSOFTHESOILORROCKTOTHEIMPOSEDLOADSGENERALLYDETERMINEDHOWWELLTHEFOUNDATIONSYSTEMFOUNDATIONINDESIGNINGTHEINSTALLEDPORTIONS,THEDESIGNERMUSTDETERMINETHESAFEPRESSUREWHICHCANBEUSEDONTHESOILORROCKANDTHEAMOUNTOFTOTALSETTLEMENTANDDIFFERENTIALSETTLEMENTWHICHTHESTRUCTURECANWITHSTANDTHEINSTALLEDPARTSOFTHEFOUNDATIONSYSTEMMAYBEFOOTINGS,MATFOUNDATIONS,SLABFOUNDATIONS,ANDCAISSONSORPILES,ALLOFWHICHAREUSEDTOTRANSFERLOADFROMASUPERSTRUCTUREINTOTHEEARTHTHESEPARTS,WHICHTRANSMITLOADFROMTHESUPERSTRUCTURETOTHEEARTH,ARECALLEDTHESUBSTRUCTUREFOOTINGSFOOTINGSORSPREADFOUNDATIONSAREUSEDTOSPREADTHELOADSFROMCOLUMNSORWALLSTOTHEUNDERLYINGSOILORROCKNORMALLYFOOTINGSARECONSTRUCTEDOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEHOWEVER,UNDERSOMECIRCUMSTANCESTHEYMAYBECONSTRUCTEDOFPLAINCONCRETEORMASONARY,WHENEACHFOOTINGSUPPORTSONLYONECOLUMN,ITISSQUAREFOOTINGSSUPPORTINGTWOCOLUMNSARECALLEDCOMBINEDFOOTINGSANDMAYBEEITHERRECTANGULARORTRAPEZOIDALCANTILEVERFOOTINGSAREUSEDTOCARRYLOADSFROMTWOCOLUMNS,WITHONECOLUMNANDONEENDOFTHEFOOTINGPLACEDAGAINSTABUILDINGLINEOREXTERIORWALLFOOTINGSSUPPORTINGWALLARECONTINUOUSFOOTINGSTHESIZESOFFOOTINGSAREDETERMINEDBYDIVIDINGTHELOADSTOBEIMPOSEDATTHEBASEOFTHEFOOTINGSBYTHEALLOWABLEBEARINGPRESSUREWHICHCANBEIMPOSEDONTHESOILORROCKOFTHEEARTHMOSTBUILDINGCODESANDTEXTBOOKSONFOUNDATIONSCONTAINTABLESLISTINGALLOWABLEBEARINGPRESSURESFORVARIOUSTYPESOFSOILANDROCKHOWEVER,THERETABLESGIVEONLYGENERALCLASSIFICATIONSANDDESCRIPTIONSOFTHESOILORROCKANDMUSTBEUSEDWITHCAUTIONMORESPECIFICINFORMATIONABOUTTHESOILORROCKISNORMALLYOBTAINEDBYDRILLINGTESTBORINGS,EXTRACTINGSOILORROCKSAMPLES,PERFORMINGLABORATORYTESTSONTHESAMPLES,ANDMAKINGENGINEERINGANALYSISTODETERMINESUITABLEBEARINGPRESSURESINADDITIONTOBEARINGPRESSURE,CONSIDERATIONMUSTBEGIVENTOTHEAMOUNTOFSETTLEMENTWHICHMAYOCCURANDTHECAPABILITYOFTHESTRUCTURETOWITHSTANDSUCHSETTLEMENTIFSETTLEMENTISAPROBLEMITMAYBENECESSARYTOUSEANALTERNATEFOUNDATIONTYPERATHERTHANFOOTINGSORTOENLARGETHEFOOTINGSANDDECREASETHEBEARINGPRESSUREGRADEBEAMSMAYBEUSEDBETWEENEXTERIORCOLUMNFOOTINGSTOSUPPORTWALLS,WITHTHEBEAMSTRANSFERRINGTHEWEIGHTOFTHEWALLSTOTHECOLUMNFOOTINGSBEAMSAREALSOUSEDBETWEENINTERIORCOLUMNFOOTINGSTOACTASBRACESORTOSUPPORTINTERIORWALLSRETAININGWALLSARETHOSEWALLSSUBJECTTOHORIZONTALEARTHPRESSURESDUETOTHERETENTIONOFEARTHBEHINDTHEMTHEFOUNDATIONFORTHESEWALLSMUSTHAVESUFFICIENTFRICTIONALRESISTANCEWITHTHESOILORROCKONWHICHTHEYRESTSOTHATTHEYWILLNOTSLIDEWHENSUBJECTEDTOTHEHORIZONTALEARTHPRESSUREINADDITION,RETAININGWALLSMUSTBEDESIGNEDSOTHEYWILLNOTOVERTURNINFROSTSUSCEPTIBLEAREAS,FOOTINGSMUSTBEPLACEDBELOWTHEFROSTLINEMATFOUNDATIONSMATORRAFTFOUNDATIONSARELARGE,THICK,ANDUSUALLYHEAVILYREINFORCEDCONCRETEMATSWHICHTRANSFERLOADSFROMANUMBEROFCOLUMNSORCOLUMNSANDWALLSTOTHEUNDERLYINGSOILORROCKMATSAREALSOCOMBINEDFOOTINGS,BUTAREMUCHLARGERTHANAFOOTINGSUPPORTINGTWOCOLUMNSTHEYARECONTINUOUSFOOTINGSANDAREDESIGNEDTOTRANSFERARELATIVELYUNIFORMPRESSURETOTHEUNDERLYINGSOILORROCKMATSARERIGIDANDWILLACTASABRIDGEOVERDISCONTINUITIESINTHESOILORROCKONWHICHTHEYAREFOUNDEDMATSFOUNDEDSEVERALMETERSBELOWTHEGROUNDSURFACE,WHENCOMBINEDWITHEXTERNALWALLS,ARETERMEDFLOATINGFOUNDATIONSTHEWEIGHTOFTHESOILEXCAVATEDFROMTHEGROUNDSURFACETOTHEBOTTOMOFTHEMATMAYBEEQUALTOAPPROACHTHETOTALWEIGHTOFTHESTRUCTUREINTHISCASE,LITTLEORNONEWLOADISAPPLIEDTOTHEUNDERLYINGSUPPORTINGSOIL,ANDSETTLEMENTSOFASTRUCTUREMAYBEMINIMALAFTERCONSTRUCTIONSLABFOUNDATIONSSLABFOUNDATIONSAREUSEDFORLIGHTSTRUCTURESWHEREINTHECOLUMNSANDWALLSARESUPPORTEDDIRECTLYONTHEFLOORSLABTHEFLOORSLABISTHICKENEDANDMOREHEAVILYREINFORCEDATTHEPLACESWHERETHECOLUMNANDWALLLOADSAREIMPOSEDSPECIALPROBLEMSGROUNDWATERISAMAJORPROBLEMINCONNECTIONWITHTHEDESIGNANDINSTALLATIONOFFOUNDATIONSWHEREASUBSTRUCTUREISTOBEPLACESBELOWTHEGROUNDWATERLEVELWELLPOINTS,PUMPINGFROMDEEPWELLS,ORPUMPINGFROMSUMPSAREMETHODSUSEDTODEWATERCONSTRUCTIONSITESDURINGFOUNDATIONINSTALLATIONOTHERMETHODSWHICHARELESSOFTENUSEDAREFREEZINGOFTHEWATERINTHESOUL,REMOVALOFWATERBYELECTROOSMOSIS,ANDTHEINSTALLATIONOFCUTOFFWALLSMADEOFPILLINGORGROUTAROUNDTHEPERIPHERYFROMWITHINTHEEXCAVATIONIFDEWATERINGOPERATIONSAREPERFORMEDINANAREASURROUNDEDBYEXISTINGSTRUCTURES,PRECAUTIONSMUSTBETAKENTOPROJECTTHEM,ASTHELOWERINGOFTHEGROUNDWATERMAYCAUSETHESOILONWHICHTHEYARESUPPORTEDTOSUBSIDEIFABASEMENTISPARTIALLYORTOTALLYBELOWTHEGROUNDWATERLEVEL,ITSWALLSMUSTBEDESIGNEDTOWITHSTA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