【毕业论文】on characteristics and application of english euphemism

云南大学旅游文化学院本科生学年论文题目ONCHARACTERISTICSANDAPPLICATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISM专业班级07级英语专业（3）班作者姓名XXXXX作者学号20071200420指导教师XXXXX、撰文时间2010年8月20日CONTENTSABSTRACT摘要INTRODUCTION11THEORIGINANDDEFINITIONOFEUPHEMISM22THECHARACTERISTICSOFENGLISHEUPHEMISM321UNIVERSALITY322HAVINGDIVISIONOFTHESENTIMENTALCOLOR323HAVINGLIFE424SOCIALITY425RESYMBOLISM426ARBITRARINESS527ACCURACY528CONVENTIONALITY53THEAPPLICATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMINDAILYLIFE631INOCCUPATIONAPPLICATION6311TORAISETHEPROFESSIONALSTATUS6312TOBEAUTIFYCOARSE,GRATINGOCCUPATION7313TOUSETHEANALOGY732INEDUCATIONAPPLICATION833INPOLITICSANDWARAPPLICATION834INDISEASEAPPLICATION935INAGEANDWEIGHTAPPLICATION1036INSEXAPPLICATION1137INBIRTHAPPLICATION11CONCLUSION13BIBLIOGRAPHY14ABSTRACTINEVERYSOCIETYTHEREARECERTAINTHINGSTHATARESUPPOSEDTOBEUNSPEAKABLEAFAIRNUMBEROFWORDSMAKESOMEONEEMBARRASSED、UNHAPPY、DISLIKEORFEARWHENUSEDINCOMMUNICATIONIFWEEXPRESSTHEMEANINGINTHEDIRECTWAY,WEWILLMAKESUCHIMPRESSIONWHICHISVULGAR,FRIVOLOUS,ANDIMPOLITEINORDERTOAVOIDTHEEMBARRASSMENTOREASETHESTINGOFHARSHWORDS,MANHASCREATEDEUPHEMISMSINWESTERNCULTURES,MANYOFTHEFIELDSTHATPEOPLETENDTOEUPHEMIZEWIDELYARENOTDIFFERENTFROMANYWHEREINTHEWORLDTHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEORIGINANDDEFINITIONOFEUPHEMISM,THECHARACTERISTICSOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMANDTHEAPPLICATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMANDTHECAUSESOFUSINGEUPHEMISM,WITHMUCHWEIGHTATTACHEDTOTHELATTERTHREEKEYWORDSENGLISHEUPHEMISMTABOOCONTEXTCHARACTERISTICSAPPLICATION摘要在任何一个社会中，总有些不能直截了当说出来的话。在人们交际的过程中，有些词语使人尴尬，惹人不快，招人讨厌或令人害怕，如果直接表达出来会给人一种粗俗、轻浮、无礼的印象。因此在一些场合为了避免难堪，或减轻对人的感情伤害，人们创造了委婉语。在西方社会文化生活中，在很多领域，人们广泛地使用着委婉语，这和世界上多数地区是一样的。本文追溯了委婉语的历史渊源，界定了委婉语的概念，随后着重介绍了英语委婉语的特点及在各个领域的应用，并探讨了人们使用这些委婉语的原因。关键词英语委婉语禁忌语语境特点应用INTRODUCTIONEUPHEMISMREFERSTOMILD,AGREEABLE,ORROUNDABOUTWORDSUSEDINPLACEOFCOARSE,PAINFUL,OROFFENSIVEONESINVENTIONHEREBEINGTHEMOTHEROFNECESSITY,THENEEDFOREUPHEMISMAROSEINEVERYSOCIETY,THEREARECERTAINTHINGSTHATARENOTSUPPOSEDTOBESPEAKABLEORMENTIONEDDIRECTLYAFAIRNUMBEROFWORDSARELABELEDFRIVOLOUS,VULGAR,ORATLEASTINCONSIDERATEBUTINCOMMUNICATION,FORBETTERMAINTAININGSOCIALRELATIONSHIPANDEXCHANGINGIDEAS,PEOPLEHAVETORESORTTOAKINDOFLANGUAGE,WHICHCANMAKEDISTASTEFULIDEASSEEMACCEPTABLEOREVENDESIRABLETHISTYPEOFLANGUAGEISDEFINEDAS“EUPHEMISM”INLINGUISTICSANDITCOMESINAVARIETYOFFORMSANDISUSEDFORAVARIETYOFREASONSUNLIKEOTHERFIGURATIVELANGUAGEDEVICES,FOREXAMPLE,THEMETAPHOROFPOETRYORPROSE,EUPHEMISMAIMSTOSURPRISEANDENTERTAINLEE,1966125,STRIVESTOAVOIDOFFENSEBYMEANSOFCIRCUMLOCUTIONASACOMMUNICATIVESKILL“FEELINGITLIKEITISNOTTIME,1978164EUPHEMISMABOUNDSINOURLIFE”EUPHEMISMSAREPOWERFULLINGUISTICDEVICESWHICH“AREEMBEDDEDSODEEPLYINOURLANGUAGETHATFEWOFUS,EVENTHOSEONBEINGPLAINSPOKEN,EVERGETTHROUGHADAYWITHOUTUSINGTHEMRAWSON,1981245”MUCHRESEARCHHASBEENDONEONEUPHEMISMBECAUSEOFITSPROMINENCEINLANGUAGEALOTOFGREATWORKSCAMEINTOBEINGDURINGTHESTUDYOFEUPHEMISM,WHICHLAYAFOUNDATIONFORFURTHERRESEARCHIN1936,INHISBOOKTHEAMERICANLINGUISTICMENEKENFULLYDISCUSSEDWHYHUNDREDSOFEUPHEMISMSHADBEENBORNANDBECOMEPOPULARONTHEBASISOFAMERICANHISTORYANDSOCIALALTEREDBACKGROUNDHISBOOKISAVALUABLELEGACYFOREUPHEMISMSTUDYIN1981,BRITISHLINGUISTHUGHRAWSONCOMPLIEDADICTIONARYOFEUPHEMISMANDOTHERDOUBLETALKSWHICHEMBODIEDTHEACHIEVEMENTSOFRESEARCHONEUPHEMISMOVERTHEDECADESBYMANYBRITISHANDAMERICANLINGUISTSTHEEUPHEMISMISONEPHENOMENONOFLANGUAGEINHUMANSOCIETY,WHICHISANIMPORTANTMETHODOFHARMONIZINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPEOPLEITISAFIGUREOFSPEECHENGLISHEUPHEMISMALSOBECOMESANINALIENABLEPARTINTOPICOFTHETRANSCULTUREHUMANRELATIONS1THEORIGINANDDEFINITIONOFEUPHEMISMENGLISHEUPHEMISMHASALONGHISTORY,ANDMANYEUPHEMISMWORDSCOMEFROMTHEBIBLEANDINTHECANTERBURYTALESWRITTENBYCHAUCERANDPLAYSANDPOEMSOFSHAKESPEARE,VARITIESOFEUPHEMISMWORDSWEREAPPLIEDINBRITAIN,THEUSAGEOFEUPHEMISMCOULDBETRACEDBACKTO11THCENTURYINTHATTIME,GENTEELVOCABULARYANDOBSCENEVOCABULARYWEREDISTINGUISHEDOBVIOUSLYTHEFORMERISJUSTTHEPRECURSOROFEUPHEMISMINTHEEARLY1580S,ENGLISHWRITERGEORGEBLUNTFIRSTUSEDWORD“EUPHEMISM”ITORIGINATESINGREEKPREFIX“EU”WHICHMEANS“GOOD,SOUNDINGWELL”ANDSTEM“PHEME”WHICHMEANS“SPEECHORSAYING”PEOPLEAPPLIEDITINORDERTOAVOIDMENTIONINGTHINGSCONSIDEREDTOBETABOOANDSPECIFICUNPLEASANTNESSESWHICHRELATETOSUCHTHINGSASACCIDENTS,ILLNESS,DEATH,SEX,EXCRETION,THEPHENOMENONOFPHYSIOLOGYANDNATURALCONDUCTANDSOONDIRECTLYANDTALKABOUTTHEMINANEUPHEMISMISTICWAYSINCE1970SLINGUISTICEUPHEMISMHASBECOMEPOPULARAGAINANDEUPHEMISM,ASALANGUAGEPHENOMENONNOW,ISAPPLIEDVERYFREQUENTLYANDWIDELYAMERICANSCHOLARHUGHRAWSONONCESAID“THEEUPHEMISMSUBMERGESOURLANGUAGETHATNONEOFUSCANGETDOWNONEDAYWITHOUTUSINGIT,EVENTHESAMEFORWHOBRAGSTHEMSELVESTHESTRAIGHTFORWARDPERSON”HENCE,GIVINGITANACCURATEDEFINITIONISQUITENECESSARYFIRST,GEORGEBLUNTDEFINEDITASAGOODORFAVORABLEINTERPRETATIONOFABADWORDSECOND,INTHERADOMHOUSECOLLEGEDICTIONARYITMEANSTHESUBSTITUTIONOFAMILD,INDIRECT,ORVAGUEEXPRESSIONFORONETHOUGHTTOBEOFFENSIVE,HARSHORBLUNTTHIRD,ITSMEANINGISUSEDASANALTERNATIVETOADISPREFERREDEXPRESSION,INORDERTOAVOIDPOSSIBLELOSSOFFACEEITHERONESOWNFACEORTHROUGHGIVINGOFFENSE,THATOFTHEAUDIENCEOROFSOMETHIRDPARTYALLEN,KANDBURRIDGE,K,199118FOURTH,ITSDEFINITIONISTHATFIGUREOFSPEECHWHICHCONSISTSINTHESUBSTITUTIONOFAWORDOREXPRESSIONOFCOMPARATIVELYFAVORABLEIMPLICATIONORLESSUNPLEASANTASSOCIATION,INSTEADOFTHEHARSHERORMOREOFFENSIVEONETHATWOULDMOREPRECISELYDESIGNATEWHATISINTENDEDOXFORDENGLISHDICTIONARY,1989FIFTH,THESUBSTITUTIONOFAMILD,INDIRECT,ORVAGUEEXPRESSIONFORONETHOUGHTSUBSTITUTEDWEBSTERSENCYCLOPEDICUNABRIDGEDDICTIONARYOFTHEENGLISHLANGUAGE,1996SIXTH,EUPHEMIZINGISGENERALLYDEFINEDASSUBSTITUTINGANINOFFENSIVEORPLEASANTTERMFORAMOREEXPLICIT,OFFENSIVEONE,THEREBYVENEERINGTHETRUTHBYUSINGKINDWORDSENRIGHTDJ,1985SEVENTH,WORDSUSEDINPLACEOFONEAVOIDEDASEGOFFENSIVE,INDECENT,ORALARMINGOXFORDCONCISEDICTIONARYOFLINGUISTICS,SHANGHAIFOREIGNLANGUAGESPUBLISHINGHOUSE,2000THESEDEFINITIONSABOVE,TELLUSDIFFERENTMEANINGS,HOWEVER,SEVERALSIMILARFEATURESCANBESUMMARIZEDASTHEFOLLOWING1EUPHEMISMISASUBSTITUTIONOFUNPLEASANTORTABOOWORDS2EUPHEMISMSHOULDBECONSIDEREDTOBEAKINDOFRHETORICSKILL3EUPHEMISMINTHELANGUAGESHOULDHAVETHEFUNCTIONSOFSOFTENING,ALLEVIATING,CONCEALINGORSHOWINGPOLITENESS2THECHARACTERISTICSOFENGLISHEUPHEMISM21UNIVERSALITYEUPHEMIZINGGENERALLYEXISTSINALMOSTEVERYNATIONALLOVERTHEWORLD,NOMATTERHOWCIVILIZEDITISANDINEVERYNATURALLANGUAGESBOTHLARGEFAMILYOFLANGUAGESANDLANGUAGESOFMINORITIES,USINGEUPHEMISMISACOMMONPHENOMENONBECAUSEALMOSTALLCULTURESSEEMTOHAVECERTAINNOTIONSORTHINGSTHATPEOPLETRYTOAVOIDMENTIONINGDIRECTLYTHATIS,NEARLYEVERYCULTUREHASITSOWNTABOOSTHOUGHUSINGEUPHEMISMDOESNTEXPRESSDIRECTLY,EVERYONEFAMILIARWITHENGLISHCANUNDERSTANDWHATACTUALLYMEANTIMMEDIATELYANDPLENTYOFUSAGESOFEUPHEMIZINGOFTABOOSAREACCEPTEDCOMMONLYBYTHEPEOPLE22HAVINGDIVISIONOFTHESENTIMENTALCOLORMENTIONINGEUPHEMISMAPPROXIMATELY,SOMEARELOFTY,SOMEAREAFFECTIONATEANDSOMEARETHEVULGARBODIESFOREXAMPLE,INTHEEXPRESSIONOFDEATH“TODIE”INMEANINGASERIESOFEUPHEMISMWORDS,APARTHASTHELOFTYCOLORLIKE“TOEXPIRE”“TOPAYTHEDEBTOFNATURE”“TOSLEEP”ANDSOON,BUTHASANOTHERPARTFORTHEAFFECTIONATEOFSPOKENLANGUAGE,SLANGORVULGARBODY,LIKE“TOKICKTHEBUCK“,“TOGOWEST”张廷茂1996451TODIFFERENTPEOPLE,THEUSINGOFEUPHEMISMWORDSISDIFFERENTTHEYHAVEOBVIOUSDIVISIONOFTHESENTIMENTALCOLOR23HAVINGLIFESOMEEUPHEMISMSHAVINGONCECOMPLETEDITSSOCIALINTERCOURSEMISSIONWOULDNOTBEINEXISTENCE,BUTSOMETHENAREGIVENNEWLIFEINTHELONGTERMUSAGE,ITSMEANINGSAREACCEPTEDBROADLYANDINHERITTOTAKEOVERDOWN,BECOMINGFIXEDPHRASELANGUAGEORDIRECTEXPRESSIONSYNONYM,ANDEXISTINVOCABULARYSUCHASEUPHEMISMOFTHEEXPRESSIONOFLIQUORTEASES“MEDILINE”,“HIGHCAP”,“EYEOPENER”ANDSOONANDALSOHAVESOMESUBSTITUTIONSOFTROUSERS,“INEXPRESSIBLE”,“UNWHISPERABLE”,“UNSPEAKABLE”,“ONEMUSTNOTMEN”,“INDISCRIBABLE”ANDSOON24SOCIALITYTHELANGUAGEISAKINDOFSOCIALPHENOMENONTHEDIFFERENTSOCIETYCOULDNOTEXERTASAMEEXPRESSIONMETHODEVENIFINIDENTICALSOCIETYSDIFFERENTSOCIALCLASSES,SOCIALSTRATUMS,EVENDIFFERENTPROFESSIONSINTHEIDENTICALSOCIALCLASS,THESOCIALSTRATUMASWELLASTHEQUANTITYOFPEOPLEUNDERDIFFERENTCULTUREBACKGROUNDSUSINGTHEEUPHEMISMSHOULDBEALSODIFFERENTFOREXAMPLETHEWORD“DEAD”,INEACHSOCIETY,INEACHCULTUREHASTHEDIFFERENTEXPRESSIONMETHODSACCORDINGTOTHERESEARCHSTATISTICSPROVIDEDBYTHERELATEDSCHOLARS,INCHINESETHEEXPRESSIONOF“DEAD”REACHESMORETHAN300,ACCORDINGTOTHEINCOMPLETESTATISTICS,INENGLISHITPROBABLYHASMORETHAN230IFTAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONOFTHOSETACTFULPARLANCESOFTEMPORARINESS,ITSAMOUNTWOULDBEFAROVERTHISNUMBERLIKEPERSONBELIEVINGINMARXISTWILLSPEAK“TOSEEAMARX”PERSONBELIEVINGINCHRISTIANITYWILLSAY“BEWITHGOD”INBRIEF,THEEUPHEMIZINGWOULDBEINEVITABLYAPPLIEDIFONEWANTSTOPERFORMINTHESOCIETY25RESYMBOLISMFROMTHEDEFINITIONOFEUPHEMISM,WECANKNOWCLEARLYTHATEUPHEMISMISUSINGONEEXPRESSIONTOREPLACEANOTHER“THATISTOSAY,EUPHEMISMISARESYMBOLIZINGOFTHINGS,IDEAS,OREVENTSALREADYSYMBOLIZEDWITHPRECISIONINMINDTHEREFOREPEOPLECANTRANDOMLYUTILIZEANEXPRESSIONTOEUPHEMIZETHETABOOSTHERESYMBOLIZINGSHOULDPROVIDECLUESTOCATCHTHEINTENDEDMEANINGOFTHETABOOSANDSHOULDSOUNDINDIRECTORPLEASANTER”HENCE,EUPHEMISMISAKINDOFSUBSTITUTIONINFACTITISAMANIFESTATIONOFRESYMBOLISM26ARBITRARINESSEUPHEMISMSCOMEFROMDAILYLIFE,ANDMOSTOFTHEMCOMEFROMORDINARYPEOPLETHUS,ARBITRARINESSISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTICSOFMODERNEUPHEMISMONCEAMANWASINTERVIEWEDONAFARMONTHEWESTOFCANADA,HECALLEDBULL“GENTLEMANCOW”HEUSEDEUPHEMISMVERYOPTIONALLYANDSOMEEXPRESSIONSOFGOINGTOTHETOILETAREALSOAPPLIEDFREELYSUCHAS“PASSWATER”,“GOTOSCHOOL”,AND“WASHONESHAND”ANDSOON27ACCURACYSTEMMINGFROMHUMANCOMMUNICATIONSNEED,PEOPLEDONOTSTATETHEMATTERDIRECTLY,BUTUSETHERELATIVELYTACTFULEXPRESSIONTHEUSAGEOFEUPHEMISM,THUS,ANIDENTICALMATTERHASTHEDIFFERENTEXPRESSIONMETHODSUSINGOFDIFFERENTEXPRESSIONMETHODSSHOULDBEINACCORDANCETOTHEDIFFERENTLINGUISTICENVIRONMENTS,THEGOALSANDTHEREQUESTS,EACHEXPRESSIONINTHESPECIFICLINGUISTICENVIRONMENTISMOSTACCURATEFOREXAMPLE,THEREAREMANYWORDSWHICHMEAN“TODIE”,SUCHAS“GODEPART”,“DECEASE”,“PASSAWAY”,“BREATHEONESDEBTTONATURE”,“BEINHEAVEN”,“ANDBEWITHGOD”ANDSOONINTHEDAILYLIFE,PEOPLEAREOFTENNOTWILLINGTOSAYSOMEKINDOFMISFORTUNE,PARTICULARLY“THEDEATH“,SOUSUALLYCHANGETOEXPRESSWITHEUPHEMISM28CONVENTIONALITYAFTERPEOPLESLONGTERMUSE,MANYENGLISHEUPHEMISMSHAVEBECOMETHEFIXEDEXPRESSIONSANDENGLISHGLOSSARIESASTHEYAREUSEDWIDELYINPEOPLESDAILYLIFE,WHICHLETPEOPLEUNDERSTANDOTHERSEASILYWHENCOMMUNICATINGWITHOTHERS,THUS,THISCAUSESTHESEEXPRESSIONSWAYANGLICIZINGLIKE“BITETHEDUST”MEANSGODOWNINDEFEATRETURNTOTHE“DUST”MEANS“DIED”SOMEEXPRESSIONSWITHSAMEMEANINGEXPRESSIONSWAYARESUBSTITUTEDBYDIFFERENTEUPHEMISMUNCEASINGLYSUCHAS,MADWHICHINSTEADBYCRAZY,INSANE,LUNATIC,MENTALLYDERANGEDANDSOON刘寅齐,2000373THEAPPLICATIONOFENGLISHEUPHEMISMINDAILYLIFEENGLISHEUPHEMISMOBTAINEDTHEWIDESPREADAPPLICATIONWEMAYSAYTHATNOBODYCANCOMMUNICATEWITHOTHERSVERYWELLWITHOUTUSINGEUPHEMISMINDAILYLIFETHEFOLLOWINGGIVESSOMEEXPLANATIONSTOENGLISHEUPHEMISMAPPLICATION31INOCCUPATIONAPPLICATIONINEACHKINDOFOCCUPATION,SOMEMAKEMUCHMONEY,SOMEMAKELITTLEMONEY,CERTAINOCCUPATIONSARELOFTY,ANDSOMEPROFESSIONSAREDIRTY,PAINSTAKING,TIREDINORDERTOMEETPEOPLESPSYCHOLOGICALNEED,THEOCCUPATIONEUPHEMISMAPPEAREDTHEMAINPURPOSEOFTHEUSAGEOFPROFESSIONALEUPHEMISMISTOCHANGETRADITIONALLOWOCCUPATIONSTOBEDIGNIFIEDEUPHEMISMISTHEWAYTOEXPRESSOCCUPATIONWHICHISWIDESPREADANDVARIED311TORAISETHEPROFESSIONALSTATUSINWESTERNCOUNTRIES,THEMENTALLABORISREGARDEDASTHENOBLEWORK,BUTTHEMANUALLABORISREGARDEDASTHEBASEANDLOWWORKTHEMANUALLABORWORKERSREWARDISFARLOWERTHANTHEMENTALWORKERSTHISCHARACTERISTICISREFLECTEDINMANYPROFESSIONSSUCHAS,WECALLHEADWAITER“CAPTAIN”CALLDUSTMAN“SANITARYENGINEER”CALLELEVATOR“MEMBEROFTHEVERTICALTRANSPORTATIONCORPS”CALLTECHNICIAN“ENGINEER”CALLMECHANIC“AUTOMOBILEENGINEER”CALLBUTCHER“MEATTECHNOLOGIST”WHATISMORE,THESUFFIX“ICIAN”MEANSTHEFAMILIARITYORISENGAGEDINSOMEITEMOFACADEMICPROFESSIONALPERSONNEL王佳艺,200313WEUSE“SHOEREBUILDER”INSTEADOF“SHOEMAKE”,USE“SANITATIONENGINEER”INSTEADOF“GARBAGEMAN”,USE“UTTERMAINTENANCEMAN”INSTEADOF“DISHWASHER”,USE“CLOTHINGREFRESHER”INSTEADOF“WASHWOMAN”,USE“ANIMALCONTROLWARDEN”INSTEADOF“BOYWATCHER”,USE“HAIRSTYLIST”INSTEADOF“BARBER”,ANDSOINSOTHERESULTOFTHISISMANYWORDSWITHTHISSUFFIXAPPEAREDLIKEUSECOSMETICIAN,BEAUTICIANINSTEADOFHAIRDRESSER,USELANDSCAPETECHNICIANINSTEADOFGARDENER312TOBEAUTIFYCOARSE,GRATINGOCCUPATIONTHISISTOMEETPEOPLESPSYCHOLOGICALNEED,MAKETHEPEOPLETOBEEASIERTOACCEPT,ANDALSOCAUSETHESEOCCUPATIONSSOUNDBEMORETEMPERATEIFFROMSOMEKINDOFANGLE,THEFUNERALISONEITEMLOFTYANDTHESACREDWORK,BUTANYWAY,ITNEEDSTODOWITHICY“DEAD”,SOUNDINGAPPALLING勒梅琳,200517SOTHEFINEREPUTABLESAYINGOF“UNDERTAKE”IS“FUNERALSERVICEPRACTITIONER”,ANDWEUSE“GRIEFTHERAPIST”INSTEADOF“FUNERALDIRECTOR”313TOUSETHEANALOGYINTHEEUPHEMISMFOROCCUPATIONPEOPLEOFTENUSEANALOGIESWHICHMAKETHEHUMBLENAMEELEGANTFOREXAMPLE,“LANDSCAPEWORKER”REFERSTO“LANDSCAPEARCHITECT”,“PRISONGUARD”REFERSTO“PRISONOFFICER”,“HOUSINGODDJOBMAN”REFERSTO“DWELLINGENGINEER”,“MAID,HOUSEKEEPER”REFERSTO“DOMESTICHELPER”,AND“AIRHOSTESS”REFERSTO“SERVICEMANAGER”THEREAREMANYEUPHEMISTICEXPRESSIONSOFPROFESSIONSEUPHEMISTICEXPRESSIONORIGINALEXPRESSIONTREESURGEON树木整形家TREETRIMMER花木匠CUSTODIANENGINEER室内工程师FLOORSWEEPER室内清洁工MATTRESSENGINEER床垫工程师BEDDINGMANUFACTURER床垫制造商EXTERMINATINGENGINEER灭鼠工程师RATCATCHER捕鼠工ROUTESALESMAN定向推销员MILKMAN送奶工DAILYHELP日常帮手CHARWOMAN勤杂工SUPERVISOR监督员FOREMAN工头STREETORDERLY街道卫生员DUSTMAN垃圾清洁工BRUSHSALESMAN小物品推销员DOORTODOORCANVASSER串巷推销员SERVICESALESMAN服务性售货员GASSTATIONATTENDANT汽油站服务员TABLESERVICEMAN餐厅服务员BUSBOY餐馆勤杂工AISLEMANAGER商店铺面经理FLOORWALKER百货商店巡视员NIGHTHOSTESS晚间女主人TELEPHONEANSWERER女生宿舍电话员CAPTAIN领班WAITER男服务员HOSTESS女主人WAITRESS女服务员REALTOR房地产经纪人REALESTATEAGENT房地产代管人32INEDUCATIONAPPLICATIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTIMES,THEREHAVEAPPEAREDMANYEUPHEMISMSINEDUCATIONALFIELD,ANDTHESEEUPHEMISMSARETOMANIFESTTHEFUZZYCHARACTERISTICINSPECIFICLINGUISTICENVIRONMENT,THESEFUZZYUSAGESCANNOTCAUSETHEDIFFERENTMEANINGSORCREATEBARRIERSFORTHEHUMANRELATIONS,BUTONLYEXPANDSTHEFIELDOFUSINGTHETABOOLANGUAGESUCHAS,“ASTUPIDSTUDENT”ISCALLED“ASLOWLEARNERORUNDERACHIEVER”WHENTALKINGABOUTBELOWAVERAGESTUDENTSHE/HEISWORKINGATHER/HISOWNLEVELITISBETTERTOSAY“CANDOBETTERWORKWITHHELP”THANSAY“SLOWORSTUPID”AND“DEPENDONOTHERSTODOHIS/HERWORK”ISEQUALTO“CHEATINCLAD”刘寅齐,200038FORTHOSESTUDENTSWHOARELYINGWESAY“HEHASATENDENCYTOSTRETCHTHETRUTH”ANDWEUSE“SPECIALSTUDENTS”INSTEADOF“DISABLESTUDENTS”USE“VISUALLYRETARDEDSTUDENTS”INSTEADOF“BLINDSTUDENTS”INSCHOOL,THEREISNO“POORCHILDREN”,BUTCHILDRENUNABLETOSEEMUCHBEYONDTHENECESSITIESTOTODAYSWORLDBECAUSEOFTHEMODESTFINANCEOFTHEFAMILY”ANDTHEREISNO“POORORLAZYSTUDENT”,BUT“CHILDRENWITHUNTAPPEDPOTENTIAL”THEREISNO“UNDERACHIEVES”,BUT“EXCEPTIONALSTUDENTS”ANDTHEFACTTHATSTUDENTSHAVECLASSIS“CLASSROOMLEARNINGEXPERIENCE”WELL,THEREARESOMEEUPHEMISTICEXPRESSIONSINEDUCATION1HEHASDIFFICULTYINDISTINGUISHINGBETWEENIMAGINARYANDFACTINFORMATIONHELIES2HENEEDSHELPINLEARNINGTOADHERETORULESANDSTANDARDSOFFAIRPLAYHECHEATS3HEISABITSLOWFORHISAGEHEISDULLORFOOLISHCRITICIZINGTHESTUDENTWITHTHESEEUPHEMISMS,NOTONLYCANITPLAYTHEEDUCATIONROLE,BUTALSOCANDEFENDSTUDENTSSELFRESPECTTHUSITCANREDUCEDISTANCEBETWEENTEACHERSANDSTUDENTS,ANDCANMAKETHEINCLASSATMOSPHEREHARMONIOUSTHISSHOWSTHEEFFECTWHICHSHOULDHAVEINEDUCATION33INPOLITICSANDWARAPPLICATIONBECAUSEOFTHEREQUIREMENTSOFPOLITICSANDWAR,THEBRITISHANDAMERICANPOLITICIANSUSEDSOMEEUPHEMISMSTOCONCEALTHEINTERNALTRUTH,ANDCHEATTHEPUBLICFOREXAMPLE,THE“WATERGATE”ISCALLED“SCENARIO”SOMEAMERICANWRITERSCRITICIZEDTHATTHESEEUPHEMISMSCREATEDFROMTHE“WATERGATE”WEREDEMORALIZINGANDHYPOCRITICAL“TIME”EVENSAIDDIRECTLY,“THESEEUPHEMISMSALLTELLITLIKEITISNOT”THEPERSONWHOSTEALSTHEINFORMATIONISCALLED“PLUMBER”THEPERSONWHOISAGAINSTGOVERNMENTISOFTENCALLED“DISSIDENTS”AMERICANANDBRITISHPEOPLENAME“RIOT”AS“DISTURBANCE”OR“DISORDER”“STRIKE”ISCALLED“WALKOUT,DOWNTOOLS,INDUSTRIALACTIONORINDUSTRIALDISPUTE”“ECONOMICCRISES”ISCALLED“RECESSION”OR“DEPRESSION”INTHEASPECTOFMILITARYAFFAIR,“THENUMBEROFTHEDEAD”ISCALLED“BODYCOUNT”“AGGRESSION”ISCALLED“PREEMPTIVEACTION”OR“INVOLVEMENT”“ROUT”ISCALLED“PHASEDWITHDRAWAL”、“STRATEGICWITHDRAWAL”、“LIGHTANDSCATTEREDACTION”OR“BREAKOFFCONTACTW