高中化学基础概念理论总结（theoretical summary of basic concepts in senior high school chemistry）

高中化学基础概念理论总结（THEORETICALSUMMARYOFBASICCONCEPTSINSENIORHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY）THEORETICALSUMMARYOFBASICCONCEPTSINSENIORHIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY1OXIDESTHATREACTWITHWATERTOPRODUCEACIDSAREACIDICOXIDESTHEERRORISTHATANOXIDETHATPRODUCESONLYACIDCANBEDEFINEDASANACIDOXIDETHEGREATERTHEBONDENERGYIN2MOLECULES,THEMORESTABLETHEMOLECULARCHEMICALPROPERTIESCORRECT3THEMETALACTIVITYORDERINWHICHTHEMETALINFRONTOFHYDROGENCANDISPLACEHYDROGENFROMTHEACIDSOLUTIONERROR,SN,PBANDOTHERREACTIONSARENOTOBVIOUS,ENCOUNTEREDWEAKACIDALMOSTDOESNOTREACTWHILEINTHESTRONGOXIDIZINGACIDMAYNOTGETH2,SUCHASNITRICACID4THESUBSTANCETHATREACTSWITHTHEACIDANDREACTSWITHTHEBASEISEITHERANAMPHOTERICOXIDEORANAMPHOTERICHYDROXIDEERRORSSUCHASSIO2CANREACTWITHHF/NAOHATTHESAMETIME,BUTITISANACIDOXIDE5ATOMOFTHEOUTERMOSTLAYEROFEISLESSTHANOREQUALTO2ISAMETALATOMTHEOUTERMETALATOMELECTRONNUMBERIS1/2/3/4/5/6/7WRONG,OUTSIDETHEATOMICNUCLEUSOFTHEOUTERMOSTLAYEROFEISLESSTHANOREQUALTO2CANBEHE,HANDOTHERNONMETALATOMSTHEOUTERMETALATOMELECTRONNUMBERIS1/2/3/4/5/6,117METALELEMENTSINTHEOUTERMOSTLAYEROF7EHASNOCLEARCONCLUSION6NONMETALATOMSAREWEAKINOXIDATION,ANDTHEREDUCIBILITYOFTHEIRANIONSISSTRONGERCORRECT7OFTHETOTALNUMBEROFPROTONS,THESAMETWOKINDSOFPARTICLESHAVETHESAMENUMBEROFELECTRONSCANBE1ATOMS2ATOMSANDMOLECULES3MOLECULESANDMOLECULESOFATOMSANDIONS45MOLECULESANDIONS6ANIONANDCATIONCATION7HEYANGIONERROR,THESEGROUPSARENOT4ATOMSANDIONS5MOLECULESANDIONS6ANIONSANDCATIONS7CATIONSANDCATIONS8,SALTANDALKALIREACTTOPRODUCENEWSALTSANDBASESACIDSANDBASESREACTONLYTOPRODUCESALTSANDWATERWRONG,SUCHAS10HNO33FEOH23FENO33NO8H2OTHETWOACIDSOF9PH2ANDPH4AREMIXED,ANDTHEPHVALUEOFTHEMIXTUREMUSTBEBETWEEN2AND4WRONG,SUCHAS2H2SH2SO33S3H2O10STRONGELECTROLYTESAREIONICINTHEIONICEQUATIONTHESTRONGELECTROLYTEANDH2SO4THATAREINSOLUBLEINWATERSHOULDBEWRITTENASMOLECULESTHE11IONIZATIONCOMPOUNDSONLYHCATIONCANMAKEPURPLELITMUSREDWRONG,LIKEWATER12FORMICACIDIONIZATIONEQUATIONISHCOOHHCOOHERRORFIRST,IONIZATIONISREVERSIBLE,FOLLOWEDBYFORMATEIONSHOULDBEHCOO13IONICCRYSTALSAREIONICCOMPOUNDS,ANDMOLECULARCRYSTALSARECOVALENTCOMPOUNDSMANYMOLECULESAREELEMENTARYSUBSTANCES14GENERALLY,METALOXIDES,COLLOIDALPARTICLESOFMETALHYDROXIDES,AREPOSITIVELYCHARGEDCORRECTINTHE15ELEMENTPERIODICTABLE,THENUMBEROFELEMENTSINEACHCYCLESATISFIES2N2NISTHENATURALNUMBERYES,NOTETHATNISNOTAPERIODICORDINALTHESTRONGSOLUTIONOFTHE16STRONGELECTROLYTEISSTRONGERTHANTHECONCENTRATEDSOLUTIONOFTHEWEAKELECTROLYTEAWEAKSOLUTIONWITHASTRONGELECTROLYTESOLUBILITY,CONCENTRATEDSOLUTIONWITHAWEAKELECTROLYTEDUETOINCOMPLETEIONIZATION,AWEAKCONDUCTIVITY,SUCHASASATURATEDSOLUTIONOFBASO4INTHE17STANDARD,THETOTALNUMBEROFCARBONATOMSINCOANDCO2MIXEDWITH224LATANYPROPORTIONISABOUTNACORRECT18ATTHESAMEPRESSURE,WITHTHEQUALITYOFTWOKINDSOFGASVOLUMERATIOISEQUALTOTWOKINDSOFINVERSEGASDENSITYCORRECTTHEDIAMETEROFTHEULTRAFINEPOWDERPARTICLESINTHE19NANOMETERMATERIALISINTHESAMEORDEROFMAGNITUDEASTHATOFTHECOLLOIDALPARTICLESCORRECT,BOTHARE10100NMWHEN201MOLOHDISCHARGESCOMPLETELYDURINGELECTROLYSIS,THECIRCUITPASSESTHROUGHNAELECTRONSRIGHT,4OHO24E2H2O21THEAMOUNTOFNA2SO3,NA2S,NAHSO3ANDH2SO3INTHESAMEVOLUMEANDMASSCONCENTRATIONDECREASESINTURNCORRECT,ITISSUGGESTEDTHATTHECONSERVATIONOFELECTRICITYFROMTHEANGLEOFUNDERSTANDINGTHERELATIVEATOMICMASSOF22CARBON12IS12,ANDTHEMOLARMASSOFCARBON12IS12G/MOLCORRECT23,ELECTROLYSIS,ELECTROPHORESIS,IONIZATIONANDELECTROCHEMICALCORROSIONALLNEEDTOBECARRIEDOUTUNDERELECTRIFIEDCONDITIONS,ALLOFWHICHARECHEMICALCHANGESERROR,IONIZATIONDOESNOTREQUIREENERGIZATION,ELECTROCHEMICALCORROSIONITSELFPRODUCESLOCALCURRENT,ELECTROPHORESISISAPHYSICALCHANGETWENTYFOUROIL,STARCH,PROTEIN,PHENOL,ETHYLENE,NITROGLYCERIN,SODIUMALUM,AL2S3,MG3N2,CAC2,ETCUNDERCERTAINCONDITIONSCANUNDERGOHYDROLYSISERROR,ETHYLENEHYDROLYSISTHEPRESENCEOFKANDCL25POTASSIUMCHLORIDECRYSTALSODIUMPEROXIDEINTHEPRESENCEOFNAANDOFOR11SI,OATOMSEXISTONLYINQUARTZTHEERRORINNAANDO22,SODIUMHYDROXIDE21,WITHOUTO,THEPRESENCEOFIMPURITIESINQUARTZ26,NANO2GASMOLECULESINASTANDARDCONDITION,THEVOLUMEOFABOUT224LERROR,NO2WILLPARTIALLYDOUBLEPOLYASN2O427ATROOMTEMPERATUREANDATMOSPHERICPRESSURE,32GOXYGENCONTAINSNAOXYGENMOLECULES60GSIO2CONTAINSNAMOLECULES,3NAATOMSERROR,THEREARENOMOLECULESINSIO228PARTICLESTHATMAKEUPMOLECULARCRYSTALSMUSTCONTAINCOVALENTBONDSARAREGASINSOLIDSTATEINTHEFORMOFAMONATOMICMOLECULECRYSTAL29,COLLOIDSPRODUCEELECTROPHORESIS,SOCOLLOIDSDONOTCARRYCHARGESERROR,COLLOIDWITHCHARGETHESMALLERTHEPHVALUEOFTHE30SOLUTIONIS,THEMOREHYDROGENIONITCONTAINSERRORDOESNOTINDICATEVOLUME31ONLYANIONSEXISTINIONICCOMPOUNDSERRORTHEANIONSINTHESOLUTIONEXISTINTHEFORMOFHYDRATIONTHEMELTINGOF32ATOMICCRYSTALSREQUIRESDESTRUCTIONOFPOLARBONDSORNONPOLARCOVALENTBONDSCORRECT33NH3,CL2,SO2ANDSOONAREALLNONELECTROLYTESERROR,CL2ISNEITHERELECTROLYTENORNONELECTROLYTETHEMELTINGPOINTOF34MOLECULECRYSTALSISNOTNECESSARILYLOWERTHANTHATOFMETALCRYSTALSRIGHTFOREXAMPLE,HGISLIQUIDATNORMALTEMPERATURE35,THEMELTINGPOINTOFTHESAMEPRIMARYGROUPELEMENTSDOESNOTNECESSARILYRISEFROMTOPTOBOTTOM,BUTTHEMELTINGPOINTOFTHEHYDRIDERISESTHEMELTINGPOINTOFHYDRIDESISNOTNECESSARILYHIGHERTHANTHATOFHYDROGENBONDS36AFTERELECTROLYSISOFCOPPERSULFATESOLUTIONORSILVERNITRATESOLUTION,THEACIDITYOFTHESOLUTIONWILLINCREASEERROR,IFCUISUSEDASANODE,ELECTROLYTICACIDITYWILLBEREDUCEDIN37SODIUMCHLORIDECRYSTALS,THEREARE6NEARESTANDEQUALSODIUMIONSAROUNDEACHSODIUMIONWRONG,THEREARE12381L1MOL/LFECL3SOLUTIONISCOMPLETELYHYDROLYZEDTOPRODUCECOLLOIDALPARTICLESOFNATHEERRORISFARSMALLERTHANNA,ANDACOLLOIDA