石油开采外文翻译---北福克兰盆地石油地质石油盆地外文地质外文石油地质福克兰外文翻译翻译译文

OIL,INCLUDINGOILEXPLORATION,ISTHENEXTBIGSUBJECTFORTHEFALKLANDISLANDSWEHAVEPLEASUREINPUBLISHINGTHISVERYFULLANDDETAILEDSTUDYOFTHEOILPROSPECTSINTHENORTHFALKLANDBASINDRIANDUNCANISCEOOFDESIREPETROLEUMPLC,WHICHISALEADINGOPERATORINTHISFIELD,ANDHISARTICLEISANAUTHORITATIVEACCOUNTOFTHECURRENTSITUATIONPETROLEUMGEOLOGYOFTHENORTHFALKLANDBASINBYDRIANDUNCAN,CEOOFDESIREPETROLEUMPLCWITHINTHEFALKLANDISLANDSDESIGNATEDAREATHEREARETHREEMAJORBASINSNORTHFALKLANDBASIN,FALKLANDPLATEAUBASINANDSOUTHFALKLANDBASINTHESUBJECTOFTHISARTICLEISTHENORTHFALKLANDBASIN,WHEREDESIREPETROLEUMHASBEENEXPLORINGFORHYDROCARBONSSINCE1997THENORTHFALKLANDBASINISAFAILEDRIFT,WHICHFORMEDDURINGTHEBREAKUPOFTHEANCIENTLANDMASSOFGONDWANAPLATETECTONICRECONSTRUCTIONSUGGESTSTHATTHEENTIREFALKLANDSAREAPRIORTOTHEBREAKUPWASORIGINALLYLOCATEDTOTHESOUTHEASTOFSOUTHAFRICAANDMOVEDTOITSPRESENTPOSITIONDURINGTHEOPENINGOFTHESOUTHATLANTICDURINGTHEJURASSICTOTHECRETACEOUSTHENORTHFALKLANDBASINCANBEFURTHERSUBDIVIDEDINTOANORTHERN,ORMAIN,BASININWHICHTRANCHESATOFARELOCATEDANDASOUTHERNBASININTHEAREAOFTRANCHESIANDLTHESOUTHERNBASINISUNDRILLEDANDCOMPRISESANOLDERSUITEOFROCKSTHANTHATFOUNDINTHEMAINBASINTOTHENORTHTHISARTICLECONCENTRATESONTHEMAINAREAINTRANCHESCANDDWHERETHENEXTDRILLINGCAMPAIGNWILLTAKEPLACEEXPLORATIONHISTORYTHEFIRSTPHASEOFEXPLORATIONWASINTHEEARLY1990SWHENSPECTRUMACQUIREDTHEFIRSTDETAILED2DSEISMICACROSSTHEAREATHESEDATADEFINEDTHEOUTLINESOFTHENSTRENDINGNORTHFALKLANDBASIN,APPROXIMATELY180KMSLONGBY30KMSWIDEANDFORMEDTHEBASISFORTHEEVALUATIONWHICHLEDTOTHEFIRSTROUNDOFLICENSINGIN1996SEVENLICENCESWEREAWARDEDIN1997TOSHELL,AMERADA,LASMO,INTERNATIONALPETROLEUMCORPORATIONIPCANDDESIRETHESECOMPANIESACQUIREDMORE2DSEISMICOVERTHEIRLICENCESANDINADDITIONSHELLACQUIREDASMALL3DSURVEYSHELL,AMERADA,LASMOANDIPCFORMEDFOSAFALKLANDSOFFSHORESHARINGAGREEMENTJOINTLYTOCONDUCTADRILLINGCAMPAIGNIN1998THESEMISUBMERSIBLEDRILLINGRIGTHEBORGNYDOLPHINWASCONTRACTEDANDDRILLINGBEGANINAPRIL1998AMERADADRILLEDTWOWELLS14/91AND14/92SHELLDRILLEDTWOWELLS14/51AND14/101LASMOANDIPCDRILLEDONEWELLEACH14/131AND14/24LDRILLINGENDEDINNOVEMBER1998OFTHESIXWELLS,FIVERECORDEDGOODOILANDORGASSHOWSBUTTHEPRESENCEOFHYDROCARBONSINCOMMERCIALQUANTITIESWASNOTESTABLISHEDOVERTHENEXTFEWYEARSAMERADA,SHELLANDLASMOWITHDREWFROMTHEFALKLANDSANDASARESULTDESIREPETROLEUMBECAMETHEOPERATOROFTRANCHESCANDDANDARGOSEVERGREENBECAMETHEOPERATOROFTRANCHEAFOLLOWINGTHEACQUISITIONOFFURTHERSEISMICIN2000,IPCWEREACQUIREDBYTALISMANWHOBECAMETHEOPERATOROFTRANCHEFCONTINUINGLOWOILPRICESSTIFLEDALLACTIVITYINTHEAREAUNTIL2004WHENDESIREACQUIRED800KM2OF3DSEISMICOVERTRANCHESCANDDINTHESAMEYEARROCKHOPPEREXPLORATIONWASAWARDEDNEWLICENCESINTHEAREAATTHEBEGINNINGOF2005,DESIRERAISEDSUFFICIENTMONEYTOFUNDFURTHERDRILLINGINTHENORTHFALKLANDBASINANDROCKHOPPERFARMEDINTOTRANCHESCANDDATTHETIMEOFWRITINGDECEMBER2005DESIREISSEEKINGARIGTOCOMMENCEDRILLINGASSOONASONEBECOMESAVAILABLEDURING2005DESIREASSUMEDA100INTERESTINTRANCHEFANDROCKHOPPERACQUIREDFURTHERLICENCESINTHEAREATHELATESTLICENCEPOSITIONISSHOWNINFIGLGEOLOGYTHENORTHFALKLANDBASINHASAPREDOMINANTLYNONMARINEJURASSICTOLOWERCRETACEOUSFILLOVERLYINGDEVONIANBASEMENTTHESENONMARINESEDIMENTSAREOVERLAINBYAMARINESEQUENCEOFUPPERCRETACEOUSTORECENTAGEINTHEDEEPESTPARTOFTHEBASININTRANCHEDTHETOTALSECTIONISOVER5KMSINTHICKNESSTHENONMARINEROCKSWEREDEPOSITEDINALARGELAKE,INTOWHICHFLOWEDSEVERALLARGERIVERSWHICHFORMEDSANDSTONEDELTASANDFANSASSHOWNSCHEMATICALLYINFIG2THISLAKEWASOFASIZESIMILARTOTHEPRESENTDAYLAKESOFEASTAFRICATHELAKEFILLEDSLOWLYWITHFINEGRAINEDCLAYSTONES,WHICHATTIMESWEREDEPOSITEDINOXYGENFREECONDITIONSRESULTINGINROCKSWITHVERYHIGHORGANICCARBONCONTENTTHESEROCKSARETHESOURCEOFTHEOILGENERATEDINTHEBASINEVENTUALLYINTHEUPPERCRETACEOUSASARESULTOFASIGNIFICANTSEALEVELRISEMARINECONDITIONSBECAMEESTABLISHEDINTHEBASINTHENORTHFALKLANDBASINCONTAINSALLTHEINGREDIENTSNECESSARYFORTHEDISCOVERYOFHYDROCARBONS,NAMELYSOURCEROCKS,RESERVOIRROCKS,SEALSANDTRAPSSOURCEROCKSTHE1998DRILLINGCAMPAIGNESTABLISHEDTHEPRESENCEOFATHICKOVER1,000METRESNONMARINE,OILSOURCEROCK,BELIEVEDTOBEONEOFTHERICHESTINTHEWORLDTHESESOURCEROCKSWEREIMMATUREINFIVEOFTHESIXWELLSDRILLEDBUTATTAINEDMATURITYINONEOFTHEMLIVEOILOF27DEGREEAPIWASRECORDEDATTHESURFACEFROMWELL14/101THESOURCEROCKSAREMATUREINTHEDEEPERPARTSOFTHEBASINWHERETHETEMPERATURESANDPRESSURESARESUFFICIENTLYHIGHTOGENERATEANDEXPELOILTHELOCATIONOFTHISAREAOFMATURESOURCEROCKS“THEKITCHEN“ISSHOWNINFIG3ONLYTHEBASALPARTOFTHESOURCEROCKISMATUREWITHTHEMAJORITYOFTHESOURCEROCKBEINGIMMATURERICHARDSBRITISHGEOLOGICALSURVEYANDHILLIERSHELLIN2000INWHICHTHEYESTIMATEDTHATUPTO60BILLIONBARRELSOFOILHADBEENGENERATEDANDEXPELLEDFROMTHISSOURCEROCKTHEREISALSOADEEPERSEPARATESOURCEROCK,MATUREFORTHEGENERATIONOFGAS,ASDEMONSTRATEDBYTHEGOODGASSHOWSATTHISDEEPERLEVELINWELL14/51SEALSTHEABUNDANTCLAYSTONESTHROUGHOUTTHESECTIONINCLUDINGTHEIMMATUREUPPERPARTOFTHESOURCEITSELFPROVIDEGOODSEALINGPOTENTIALRESERVOIRSDESIREBELIEVESTHATFINDINGEFFECTIVERESERVOIRROCKSISTHELARGESTRISKASSOCIATEDWITHTHEDISCOVERYOFHYDROCARBONSINCOMMERCIALQUANTITIESINTHISAREAIESANDSTONESOFSUFFICIENTQUALITYTOPRODUCEOILATRATESHIGHENOUGHTOBECOMMERCIALHOWEVERTHESEISMI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UMGEOLOGY,VOL233,PP273292ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIWOULDLIKETOTHANKDRCOLINPHIPPSFORHISHELPFULSUGGESTIONSINTHEPRESENTATIONOFTHISARTICLE石油,包括石油勘探,是福克兰群岛下一个大的主题。我们很高兴地出版这非常充实详细的北方福兰克群岛石油前景研究。伊恩邓肯博士是DESIREPETROLEUMPLC的首席执行官，这个领域的领头者，在现状下，他的文章是权威的。北福克兰盆地石油地质伊恩邓肯博士，DESIREPETROLEUMPLC的首席执行官在福兰克群岛指定区域有三个主要盆地北福克兰盆地，福克兰高原盆地，南福克兰盆地。这篇文章以北福克兰盆地为主，自1997年开始DESIREPETROLEUM已在此勘探烃类物质。北福克兰盆地是冈瓦纳古陆解体时形成的衰退峡谷。板块构造重组学说指出整个福兰克地区在解体之前侏罗纪与白垩纪南大西洋板块开放之时，从南非东南部移动到现在位置。北福克兰盆地可进一步细分为南北两部分，北部也就是主要的包括A区到F区，南部盆地为I区和L区。南部盆地未被钻探，并含有一套比北部盆地老的岩层。这篇文章把重点放在将要开始钻探的C区和D区。勘探历史第一阶段的探索是在90年代初由频谱获得整个地区第一个详细的二维地震数据。这些数据指出了福兰克北部盆地轮廓,大约有180公里宽长和30公里宽,形成了1996年第一轮评价的基础。在1997年7个许可证被授予SHELL,AMERADA,LASMO,INTERNATIONALPETROLEUMCORPORATIONIPC和DESIRE公司。这些公司获得了超过许可证更多的二维地震数据，另外，SHELL公司获得了小部三维调查许可。1998年，SHELL,AMERADA,LASMO和IPC组成了FOSA组织（福克兰群岛海岸共享协议）来共同管理钻井工程。在1998年4月，BORGNYDOLPHIN半潜式钻探签约并开始钻探。AMERADA公司钻了两口井14/91和14/92井；SHELL公司钻了两口井14/51和14/101井LASMO公司和IPC公司各钻了一口井14/131和14/241井。钻探于1998年11月结束。在这6口井中，5口有良好的油气显示，但是烃类物质的商业储量并不足够。在以后的几年里，AMERADA,SHELL和LASMO公司将从福克兰地区退出，这导致DESIREPETROLEUM公司成为C区和D区经营者，ARGOSEVERGREEN公司成为A区经营者。通过2000年更深的地震测井，TALISMAN获得了IPC成为F区的经营者。持续低迷的油价抑制了该地区的所有活动直到2004年获得了C区和D区800KM2的地震数据。在这一年，洛克霍普勘探公司获得了这一地区的开发许可。2005年初，DESIRE公司斥巨资投资北福克兰盆地深部钻井，ROCKHOPPER加入到C区和D区。在本文攥写时（2005年12月）DESIRE公司正在寻找钻机尽快开钻。在2005年DESIRE公司承担了F区100的产权，ROCKHOPPER获得了该地区更多的开发许可。最近的开发许可位置如图1所示。图1北福克兰盆地目前许可和前景图地质北福克兰盆地拥有一套以陆相侏罗纪到下白垩纪为主下附泥盆纪的地层。这些陆相沉积物上附晚白垩纪到新近纪海相沉积序列。在盆地D区最深部分总截面厚度要超过5千米。这些陆相岩层在一个大的湖泊中沉积，几条大型河流汇入形成砂岩三角洲和扇形沉积，如图2所示。这个湖和现在东非的湖泊大小相近，湖中慢慢沉积细粒粘土矿物，这些物质在缺氧环境下沉积导致岩石有机碳含量很高，这些岩石是石油主要来源。最终在早白垩纪，海平面上升造成盆地海相条件确立。北福克兰群岛盆地含有寻找烃类物质的所有条件，即烃源岩，储集层，盖层和圈闭。图2北福克兰盆地下白垩纪地质图烃源岩1998年钻井确定了厚的（超过1000米）被认为是世界上最富集的陆相石油烃源岩，6口井中5口烃源岩是不成熟的，只有一口是成熟的。从井14/101中开采出来的石油API值为27已标记在表面。烃源岩在盆地更深部分已经成熟，那里的温度和压力已经足够高到产生和排泄石油。这一地区的成熟烃源岩“厨房”位置如图3所示。只有基部烃源岩是有大部成熟源岩组成。2000年RICHARDS（英国地质调查）和HILLERSHELL公司估计在这些源岩中曾产生和排泄石油600亿桶。还有一个更深的独立成熟源岩可生成天然气，就像在井14/51中深部良好的天然气显示一样。盖层整个地区丰富的粘土矿物含有未成熟的顶部，这提供了良好的潜在封闭条件。储层DESIRE公司认为有效储集层的发现是该地区发现烃类物质商业储量的关键。例如，优质砂岩可产生较高的产油率可以成为商用。然而预期的地震特性如利兹预测提供的良好预测表明良好的优质储积岩会显现出来。图3北福克兰盆地烃源岩分布图圈闭二维，特别是三维地震数据显示了大量的结构和地层圈闭机制。PLAYCONCEPT1000米厚的烃源岩只有在深部盆地的基底是成熟的。上附未成熟源岩是一种有效的局部圈闭，见图4，这被认为阻挡了石油向上附岩层的运移。这些较浅地层是第一次钻井工程的主要目标，把握这些地层的困难可能是导致商业烃化物发现失败的原因。图4未检测区域DESIRE公司认为主潜力盆地可能位于与图4所示烃源岩同一水平位置的未检测盆地的两翼部分。从这一位置，石油从成熟烃源岩到预测储积岩只有很短一段距离。此外，最好的油气开发可能位于盆地的两翼。2005年三维地震数据的获得就是专门为测试这个新模型而设计的。前景预测9个前景已经被认同（图1），多种拥有多重目标。只有他们中的两个将被详细的描述以说明这个盆地所发现前景类型的多样性。利兹预测这将是最