化学高中有机化学知识点总结（chemistry summary of organic chemistry knowledge in senior high school）

化学高中有机化学知识点总结（CHEMISTRYSUMMARYOFORGANICCHEMISTRYKNOWLEDGEINSENIORHIGHSCHOOL）CHEMISTRYSUMMARYOFORGANICCHEMISTRYKNOWLEDGEINSENIORHIGHSCHOOL1,WATERBATHHEATINGREACTIONISREQUIRED1SILVERMIRRORREACTION2,HYDROLYSISOFETHYLACETATE3NITRATIONOFBENZENE4HYDROLYSISOFSUGAR5PREPARATIONOFPHENOLICRESIN6DETERMINATIONOFSOLIDSOLUBILITYANYREACTIONUNDERTHECONDITIONOFNOHIGHERTHAN100DEGCCANBEHEATEDBYWATERBATH,ANDTHEADVANTAGESARETHATTHETEMPERATURECHANGEISSTABLE,THEFLUCTUATIONOFTHETEMPERATUREISNOTGREAT,ANDTHEREACTIONISFAVORABLE2EXPERIMENTSWITHTHERMOMETERSAREREQUIRED1ETHYLENE170DEG,2,DISTILLATION3,ANDDETERMINATIONOFSOLUBILITYOFSOLIDINLABORATORY4,THEHYDROLYSISOFETHYLACETATE70DEGC5,DETERMINATIONOFNEUTRALIZATIONHEAT6NITROBENZENE5060DEGCINSTRUCTIONS1THERMOMETERISREQUIREDFORANYONEWHONEEDSACCURATETEMPERATURECONTROL2PAYATTENTIONTOTHEPOSITIONOFTHEMERCURYBULB3ORGANICCOMPOUNDSTHATREACTWITHNAAREALCOHOLS,PHENOLS,CARBOXYLICACIDS,ANDSOON,INCLUDINGCOMPOUNDSWITHHYDROXYLGROUPS4MATERIALSTHATCANREACTWITHSILVERMIRRORSAREALDEHYDES,FORMICACID,FORMICACID,FORMATE,GLUCOSE,MALTOSESUBSTANCESTHATCONTAINALDEHYDEGROUPS5CANMAKEPOTASSIUMPERMANGANATEACIDSOLUTIONFADESUBSTANCES1THEDERIVATIVESOFHYDROCARBONSANDHYDROCARBONSCONTAININGCARBONANDCARBONDOUBLEBONDS,CARBONANDCARBONBONDS,ANDHOMOLOGUESOFBENZENE2ACOMPOUNDCONTAININGHYDROXYLGROUPSSUCHASALCOHOLSANDPHENOLS3ACOMPOUNDCONTAININGANALDEHYDEGROUP4INORGANICSUBSTANCESWITHREDUCEDPROPERTIESSUCHASSO2,FESO4,KI,HCL,H2O2,ETC6CANMAKETHEMATERIALFADEBROMINE1DERIVATIVESOFHYDROCARBONSANDHYDROCARBONSCONTAININGCARBONCARBONDOUBLEBONDSANDCARBONCARBONTRIPLEBONDSADDITION2PHENOLS,SUCHASPHENOLSSUBSTITUTED3ALDEHYDECONTAININGSUBSTANCEOXIDATION4ALKALINESUBSTANCESSUCHASNAOH,NA2CO3REDOXDISPROPORTIONATION5STRONGINORGANICREDUCINGAGENTSSUCHASSO2,KI,FESO4,ETC6THEORGANICSOLVENTSUCHASBENZENEANDBENZENE,TETRACHLOROMETHANE,GASOLINE,HEXANE,WHICHBELONGSTOTHEEXTRACTION,THEWATERLAYERANDTHEORGANICLAYERISORANGEREDCOLORTHELIQUIDORGANICMATTER7GREATERDENSITYTHANWATERWITHBROMOETHANE,BROMOBENZENE,NITROBENZENE,CARBONTETRACHLORIDE8ALIQUIDORGANICSUBSTANCEOFLESSDENSITYTHANWATERHYDROCARBONS,MOSTESTERS,ANDONECHLORINEALKANE9SUBSTANCESTHATCANUNDERGOHYDROLYSISREACTIONSHAVEHALOGENATEDHYDROCARBONS,ESTERSFATS,TWOSUGARS,POLYSACCHARIDES,PROTEINSPEPTIDES,SALTS10ORGANICCOMPOUNDSTHATARENOTSOLUBLEINWATERHYDROCARBON,HALOGENATEDHYDROCARBON,ESTER,STARCH,CELLULOSE11ORGANICMATTERTHATISAGASATNORMALTEMPERATUREWITHTHENUMBEROFCARBONATOMSISLESSTHANOREQUALTO4INHYDROCARBONMOLECULESNEOPENTANEEXCEPTION,METHYLCHLORIDE,FORMALDEHYDE12CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID,HEATINGREACTIONOCCURSNITRATIONANDSULFONATIONOFBENZENEANDBENZENEHOMOLOGUES,DEHYDRATIONOFALCOHOLS,ESTERIFICATIONANDHYDROLYSISOFCELLULOSE13SUBSTANCESTHATCANBEOXIDIZEDUNSATURATEDCOMPOUNDSCONTAININGCARBONCARBONDOUBLEBONDSORCARBONCARBONBONDSKMNO4HOMOLOGUESOFBENZENEALCOHOLSALDEHYDESPHENOLSMOSTORGANICMATTERCANBEBURNED,ANDCOMBUSTIONISOXYGENATEDBYOXYGEN14ACIDICORGANICCOMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDSCONTAININGPHENOLS,HYDROXYLGROUPS,ANDCARBOXYLGROUPS15CANDENATURETHEPROTEINSUBSTANCESSTRONGACIDANDALKALIANDHEAVYMETALSALT,FORMALDEHYDE,PHENOL,STRONGOXIDANT,STRONGALCOHOL,HYDROGENPEROXIDE,IODINE,THREECHLOROACETICACID16ORGANICCOMPOUNDSTHATCANREACTWITHACIDSANDBASESORGANICCOMPOUNDSWITHACIDS,BASES,ANDBIFUNCTIONALGROUPSAMINOACIDS,PROTEINS,ETC17ORGANICCOMPOUNDSTHATREACTWITHNAOHSOLUTIONS1PHENOL2CARBOXYLICACID3HALOGENATEDHYDROCARBONSAQUEOUSSOLUTIONHYDROLYSIS,ALCOHOLSOLUTIONELIMINATION4ESTERHYDROLYSIS,NONHEATING,SLOWREACTION,FASTHEATINGREACTION5PROTEINHYDROLYSIS18ORGANICREACTIONSWITHOBVIOUSCOLORCHANGES1THEREACTIONOFPHENOLWITHFERRICCHLORIDESOLUTIONISPURPLE2KMNO4BLEACHINGOFACIDSOLUTIONSTHE3FADEBROMINE4STARCHTURNSBLUEWHENITISIODINE5PROTEININCONCENTRATEDNITRICACIDISYELLOWCOLORREACTIONIPHYSICALPROPERTIESMETHANECOLORLESS,ODORLESS,INSOLUBLEETHYLENECOLORLESS,SLIGHTLYODOROUS,INSOLUBLEACETYLENECOLORLESS,ODORLESS,SLIGHTLYSOLUBLECALCIUMCARBIDEFORMATIONH2SANDPH3CONTAININGAFOULODORBENZENECOLORLESS,HASASPECIALSMELL,LIQUIDINSOLUBLE,TOXICETHANOLCOLORLESS,WITHSPECIALFRAGRANCE,MISCIBLEANDVOLATILEACETICACIDCOLORLESS,PUNGENTODOR,SOLUBLEANDVOLATILETWO、LABORATORYMETHODMETHANECH3COONANAOHCAO,CH4NA2CO3,HEATINGNOTEANHYDROUSSODIUMACETATEALKALILIME13SOLIDANDSOLIDHEATINGSAMEASO2,NH3ANHYDROUSCANNOTUSENAACCRYSTALCAOWATERABSORPTION,DILUTIONOFNAOH,NOTCATALYSTETHYLENEC2H5OHCONCENTRATEDH2SO4170,C,CH2CH2H2ONOTEVALCOHOLV,CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID13DEHYDRATED,MIXEDWITHBROWNDRAINAGECOLLECTIONWITHCL2,HCL,TEMPERATURE170DEGC140CETHERREMOVALOFSO2ANDCO2BYALKALILIMEPORCELAINTOPREVENTBUMPINGACETYLENECAC22H2OTOC2H2CA2OHNOTEDRAINAGECOLLECTIONWITHOUTIMPURITYREMOVALCANNOTUSETHEUNIVERSALGENERATORSATURATEDNACLLOWERREACTIONRATECATHETERPLACEDCOTTONPREVENTSSLIGHTLYSOLUBLECAOH2FOAMFROMCLOGGINGTHECATHETERETHANOLCH2CH2H2OCATALYST,HEATING,PRESSURIZATIONCH3CH2OHIDONTKNOWITSANINDUSTRIALLABORATORY,TOONOTEANHYDROUSCUSO4TESTWATERWHITETOBLUEBOOSTCONCENTRATIONPLUSCAO,REHEAT,DISTILLATIONTHREE,COMBUSTIONPHENOMENONALKANEFLAMEISLIGHTBLUE,NOTBRIGHTALKENEBRIGHTFLAME,BLACKSMOKEBYBRIGHTFLAMEWITHSTRONGBLACKSMOKEPUREOXYGENIN3000DEGCOXYACETYLENEFLAMEBENZENEFLAMEBRIGHT,ALOTOFBLACKSMOKETONGQUEALCOHOLFLAMEISPALEBLUE,PUTALOTOFHEATFOUR,KMNO4BROMINEACIDALKANENOFADINGACETYLENEBOTHAREBLEACHEDTHEFORMERISOXIDIZEDANDTHELATTERISADDEDBENZENEKMNO4DOESNOTFADETOFADEBROMINEEXTRACTIONFIVEIMPORTANTREACTIONEQUATIONALKANESUBSTITUTEDCH4CL2HCLCH3CLGCH3CLCL2HCLCH2CL2LCH2CLCL2HCLCHCL3LCHCL3CL2HCLCCL4LAPPEARANCEPALECOLORWITHOILYLIQUIDONTHEWALLNOTEONLYTHE4GENERATIONISINTHEMETHANEGASCHLOROFORMCHLOROFORMCARBONTETRACHLORIDEACTSASAEXTINGUISHINGAGENTENE1,PLUSCH2CH2BR2CH2BRCH2BRCH2CH2HCLCATALYSTCH3CH2CLCH2CH2H2CATALYSTHEATINGCH3CH3ETHANECH2CH2H2OCATALYSTHEATING,PRESSURIZINGCH3CH2OHETHANOL2,POLYMERIZATIONPOLYNCH2CH2,A,CH2CH2NMONOMERPOLYMERNOTEBREAKDOUBLEBONDTOTWO“HALFKEY“POLYMERSPOLYMERSAREMIXTURESALKYNEBASICALKENEBENZENE11,SUBSTITUTIONBROMINETHEBR2,FEORFEBR3,THEBRHBRNOTEVBENZENEV,BROMINE,41LONGCATHETERCONDENSING,REFLUXING,GUIDINGGASANTIDUMPINGNAOHREMOVALOFIMPURITYPHENOMENONTHECATHETERMOUTHWHITEFOG,PALEYELLOWPOWDERAGBR,CCL4BROWNLIQUIDINSOLUBLEINWATERBROMOPHENYLONE2,INSTEADOFNITRATIONNITRICACIDTHEHNO3CONCENTRATEDH2SO4,60,C,NO2H2ONOTEFIRSTADDCONCENTRATEDNITRICACID,ANDTHENADDCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID,COOLINGTOROOMTEMPERATURE,PLUSBENZENE50DEGREES60DEGREESWATERBATHTHERMOMETERINSERTBEAKERINADDITIONTOMIXEDACIDNAOHNITROBENZENECOLORLESSOILYLIQUID,INSOLUBLE,BITTERALMOND,FLAVORPOISON13,REPLACESULFONATIONCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDTHEH2SO4CONCENTRATED,70DEGREES,THESO3HH2O2,PLUSTHE3H2NI,HEATING,2003CYCLOHEXANEALCOHOL1,REPLACEMENTLIVELYMETAL2CH3CH2OH2NAH22CH3CH2ONATHESODIUMDENSITYISGREATERTHANTHEALCOHOLANDTHEREACTIONISSTABLETHEDENSITYOFCFSODIUMISLESSTHANTHATOFWATER,ANDTHEREACTIONISSEVERE2ELIMINATIONINTRAMOLECULARDEHYDRATIONC2H5OH,C,CH2CH2H2SO4170THICKH2O3SUBSTITUTIONINTERMOLECULARDEHYDRATION2CH3CH2OHCONCENTRATEDH2SO4140DEGREESCH3CH2OCH2CH3ETHERH2OETHERCOLORLESS,NONTOXIC,VOLATILELIQUIDANESTHETIC4,CATALYTICOXIDATION2CH3CH2OHO22H2OCU,HEATING2CH3CHOACETALDEHYDEPHENOMENONCOPPERWIRESURFACEDARKENING,IMMERSEDINETHANOL,RED,LIQUIDHASASPECIALIRRITATINGODORACIDSUBSTITUTIONESTERIFICATIONCH3COOHC2H5OHH2OCONCENTRATEDH2SO4,HEATEDCH3COOC2H5AETHYLACETATESCENTEDCOLORLESSOILYLIQUIDNOTEDEHYDROGENATIONOFACIDHYDROXYALCOHOLISOTOPETRACERMETHODPORCELAINTOPREVENTBUMPINGCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDCATALYTICDEHYDRATION,WATERABSORPTIONSATURATEDNA2CO3EASYTOSEPARATEANDPURIFYHALOGENATEDHYDROCARBONS1,SUBSTITUTIONHYDROLYSISNAOHAQUEOUSSOLUTIONCH3CH2XNAOHH2O,HEATINGCH3CH2OHNAXNOTENAOHACTIONNEUTRALIZESHBRTOACCELERATEREACTIONRATETESTXADDINGNITRICACIDTOTHEAGNO3TOOBSERVEPRECIPITATION2,ELIMINATENAOHALCOHOLSOLUTIONCH3CH2CLNAOHALCOHOL,HEATING,CH2CH2NACLH2ONOTEHONADJACENTCATOMSCANBEELIMINATEDADDHTOHANDTAKEOFFHATHMARKOVLAWALCOHOLSOLUTIONINHIBITSHYDROLYSISINHIBITSNAOHIONIZATIONSIX,GENERALFORMULACNH2N2ALKANECNH2NOLEFIN/NAPH