题目 放射物理 英文版 教学课件

PROBLEMS1ACARACCELERATESATARACEOF50KMPERHOURPERSECONDEXPRESSTHISACCELERATION2ARENTOF10WAFLOWSINTOACONDENSEROFCAPACITY100IFFOR50SCALCULATETHEPOTENTIALDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEPLATESOFTHECONDENSER3APATIENTISGIVENANZRAYCAPOSUAOF200RCALCULATETHISEXPOSUREINCKG4AFTERAFULLCOURSEOFTREATMENT,AMMORRECEIVEDADOSEOF4000ADSEXPRESSTHISDOSEINGRAYS,INMCVPERG5ASOURCEOFCOBALT60WITHHALFLIFEOF52YEARSHASANACTIVITYOF1100CIEXPRESSTHISACTIVITYINBECQUEREHESTIMATETHEACTIVITYAFTER55YEARS6HYDROGENINNATUREEXISTSAAMIXTUREOFIHAND,HWITHATOMICMASSESOF1007825AND2014102,RESPECTIVELYTHESEOCCURINRELATIVEABUNDANCE99985AND0015CALCULATETHEATOMICWEIGHTOFHYDROGENCHECKYOURANSWERWITHTABLE137LITHIUMINNATURECONSISTSOFTWOISOTOPESOFATOMICMASSES601513AND701601,WITHPERCENTAGEABUNDANCESOF742AND9258FINDTHEATOMICWEIGHTCHECKYOURANSWERWITHTABLE188INTHECOMPLETEDECAYOF1000ATOMSOFBHOWMANYBETAPARTICLESWILLBERELEASEDANDHOWMUCHENERGYASGAMRAYSSEEFIG139ADEUTERIUMATOMISMADEUPOFAPROTONATOMICMASS1007276,ANELECTRONATOMICMASS0000548,ANDANEUTRONATOMICMASS1008665THEMASSOFTHEDEUTERIUMATOMIS2014102FINDTHEENERGYINMRVREQUIREDTOBRINGABOUTTHEDISINTEGRATIONOFTHEDEUTERIUMINTOHYDROGENPLUSANEUTRON10ACERTAINRADIOACTIVEMATERIALEMITSGAMRAYSWITHENERGYIMVVANOTHERSAMPLEOFRADIOACTIVEMATERIALEMITSGAMTRAYSWITHENERGY10KEVIFBOTHOFTHESEMILTHESAMEAMOUNTOFENERGYPERNUTTIME,COMPARETHEIRACTIVITIES11ARADIOSTATIONTRANSMITSATAFREQUENCYOF900KHZFINDTHEWAVELENGTHOFTHERADIATIONFINDTHEENERGYINELECTRONVOLTSOF1QUANTUMOFSUCHRADIATION12ELECTROMAGNETICWAVESOFLENGTH10CMAREUSEDINRADARINSTALLATIONSCALCULATETHEFREQUENCYOFSUCHRADIATIONANDTHEENERGYOF1QUAMOFSUCHRADIATION13THEEYEISSENSITIVETOYELLOWLIGHTWITHWAVELENGTH550NMFINDTHEFREQUENCYOFSUCHRADIATIONANDTHEENERGYINELECTRONVOLESOF1QUAMOFSUCHRADIATION14ANXRAYMACHINEOPERAWITHAPEAKPOTENTIALOF280,000VOTESFINDTHEMINIMUMWAVELENGTHOFTHERADIATIONEMITTEDBYTHEXRAYTUBE,ANDTHEFREQUENCYOFTHISRADIATION15GAMMARAYSFROMRADIUMHAVEENERGIESUPTO22MEVWHATISTHEWAVELENGTHINPMOF22MEVRADIATIONTHEDISTANCEBETWEENADJACENTATOMSINAROCKSALTCRYSTALIS281PUTCANYOUAWHYTHERADIATION,FROMRADIUMPASSTHROUGHAMATERIALSUCHOCKSALTASIFITWERETRANSPARENT16DETERMINETHEMINIMUMWAVELENGTHOFTHERADIATIONEMITTEDFROMA35MEVLINAC17ARADIOTRANSMITTEROPERATESAT10KWAT300KHZFINDTHENUMBEROFQUANTATIEDPERSECOND18WHATISTHEENERGYANDWAVELENGTHOFTHERADIATIONETNIUEDFROMTUNGSTENWHENANELECTRONFALLSFROMTHEMTOTHEKSHELL19ANANTIPROTONISAPLOTWITHANEGATIVECHARGEWHATENERGYWOULDBEEMITTEDIF,PROTONANNIHILATEDANANTIPROTON20ANELECTRONHASAKINETICENERGYOF1M,VFINDITSTOMENERGYANDHENCECA/M,USEEQUATIONL20TODETERMINEIT,LOCITYRELATIVETOTHEVELOCITYOFLIGHTCHECKYANSWERAGAINSTTABLE1721SHOWTHATWHENVC,EQUATION121REDUCESTOKEM0/222ASOURCEOFGOLD198WITHAHALFLIFEOF269DAYSHASANINITIALACTIVITYOF5CICALCULATETHEACTIVITYAFTER40DAYSEXPRESSTHISACTIVITYINBECQUERELS23THETWOFORMSOFEQUATION123AREIDENTICALPROVETHISBYSHOWINGTHAT2“EINWHEREXISANYNMBER24THEGAMRAYSFROM“GOHAVEAHALFVALUELAYERINLEADOF11CMESTIMATETHETHICKNESSOFLEADREQUIREDTOATTENUATESUCHABEAMBYAFACTOROF10“WHATISTHECANGEOFTHESEPHOTONSINLEAD25CELLSGROWWITHADOUBLINGTIMEOF20HOURSASSUMINGEXPONNTIALGROWTH,CALCULATETHENUMBEROFCELLSPRESENTAFTERTHREEDAYS,STARTINGWITH10CELLSPLOTONSEMILOGPAPER26ATUMORCONTAINING10“CELLSISINACTIVATEDBYRADIATIONWITHAMEANLETHALDOSEOFD“150GYFINDTHENUMBEROFSURVIVORSAFTERADOSEOF45GY27FROMTHEDEFINITIONOFA,THETRANSFORMATIONCONSTANT,ANDTHEUSEOFEQUATION124CALCULATETHEINITIALNUMBEROFDISINTEGRATION,PERSECONDFORTHEGOLDSOURCEDESCRIBEDINFIGURET4EXPRESSTHISINITIALACTIVITYINBEQUERELSANDCURIESPLOTTHEDECAYOFTHISACTIVITYASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEANDSHOWTHATTHETOTALNUMBEROFDISINTEGRATI0N,ISFTS28SHOWBYNUMERICALINTEGRATIONTHATTHEAREAUNDERTHECURVEOFFIGURE14ISAPPROXATELY39X10SATOMDAYSSINCETHEREWERE108ATOMSPRESENTINITIALLYTHISSHOWSTHATTHEMEANLIFEIS39DAYSTHISCHECKSWITH1/A29CALCULATETHEVALUEOFONEDOLLARCOMPOUNDEDMONTHLYAT10PERMAFTER1YEARCOMPARETHISRESULTWITHTHEVALUEOBTAINEDWHENCOMPOUNDINGSCONTINUOUS30WHATINTERESTRATECOMPOUNDEDCONTINUOUSLYISREQUIREDTODOUBLEYOURMONEYVERY10YEARS31ACELLCULTURECONTAINING10CELLSHASADOUBLINGTIMEOF10HOURSFINDTHENUMBEROFCELLS“BORN“PER32THEHALFLIFEOFGOLD198IS269DAYSCALCULATETHETRANSFORMATIONCONSTANTANDTHEANLIFE33WITHYOURCALCULATORDETERMINE2,AND3FOR,FEWVALUESOFZBETWEEN0AND4NOWDETERMINETHESLOPEOFTHESEFUNCTIONSNUMERICALLYFOREXAMPLE,THESLOPEOFATZ4ISABOUT00S/02PLOTTHEFUNCTIONSANDTHESLOPESSAFUNCTIONOFZOBSERVETHATTHESLOPEOFE“ISTHESAMEASEWHILETHESLOPEOF2ISLESSTHAN2“ANDSLOPEOF3ISGREATERTHAN3AISTHEONLYFUNCTIONWHOSEDEDVMTIVEISEGUO/TOTHEION34USINGTHERESULTFROMPROBLEM33,DIFFERENTIATETHEEQUATIONNNEE“WITHRESPECTTOTIMEANDSHOWTHATYOUOBTAINTHEDIFFERENTIALEQUAION125THISSHOWSTHEIMEGRATIONPERFORMEDINTHEFINALPARTOFSECTION117ISCORRECT35OBTAINAPORTABLEGEIGERCOUNTERWITHSPEAKEROUTPUTSOTHATINDIVIDUALPULSESCANBEHEARDPLACETHISOUTSIDETHEROOMORDOWNTHECORRIDORFROMACOBALT60UNITOBVETHECOUNTINGRATEWITHTHEMACHINEOFFTURNONTHECOBALTUNITANDOBSERVETHEQUANTUMNATUREOFRADIATIONBYMVINGTHEDETECTORBEHINDWALLBARRIERS,DEMONSTRATETHEEXTREMEPENETRATINGPOWEROFTHERADIATION,FROMCOBALT36FINDATLEASTTWOOTHEREXAMPLESOFEXPONENTIALBEHAVIORWRITEDOWNTHEDIFFEREN11TIALEQUATIONANDTHEINTEGRATEDEQUATIONDESCRIBINGTHEPHENOMENAPROBLEMSPROBLEMSMARKEDWITHASTERISKAREMOREDIFFICULT1THEHIGHVOLTAGETRANSFORMERFORANZRAYMACHINEHAS500TURNS,HESECONDARYFOREACHTURNONTHEPRIMARYTHEPRIMARYIS,CITEDBY120VOLTS,60CYCLEFINDTHEROOTMEANSQUAREVOLTAGEANDPEAKVOLTAGEEDEVELOPEDACROSSTHESECONDARYOFTHETRANSFORMER2AN,RAYTUBEREQUIRESAFILAMENTVOLTAGEOF8VOLTSHOWWOULDYOUCONSTRUCTASTEPDOWNTRANSFORMERTOEXCITETHISFILAMENTFROMA290VOLTLINEDISCUSTHEDIFFICULTIESWITHINSULATION9FINDTHEAPPROXMATEPOWERDISSIPATEDINADIAGNOSTICTUBEOPERATINGAT80KV9PHASEAT400MAIFTHETUBEISOPERATEDFOR2SATTHISRATING,CALCULATETHENUMBEROFJOULESOFENERGYANDTHENUMBEROFCALORIESIMPARTEDTOTHEANODE418JOULES1CALORIE4ATHERAPYUNITISDESIGNEDTOOPERAAAT90MAAND250KVCONSTANTPOTENTIALCONTINUOUSLYFINDTHERATEOFENERGYINPUTTOTHETARGETINJOULES/SANDCALORIES/S5ADIAGNOSTICTUBEHASATARGETTHATISSLOPEDAT150THEELECTRONSAREFOCUSEDALONGASTRIPOFTHEANODE25MMWIDEHOWLONGSHOULDTHISSTRIPBETOYIELDAPROJECTEDFOCALSPOT25TURNX25MMWHATISTHEGAININLOADINGTHATMIGHTBEEXPECTEDFROMTHEUSEOFTHISLINEFOCUSRATHERTHANAPOINTFOCUS6IFTHETUBEDESCRIBEDINTHELASTPROBLEMWEREMADEINTOAROTATINGANODETUBEWITHADISCOFRADIUS3CM,ESTIMATETHEGAININLOADINGOVERTHELINEFOCUSTUBE7EXPLAINTHEADVANTAGEOFTHEHANDEDTYPEANODEINATHERAPYTUBEEXPLAINWHYTHETARGETINATHERAPYTUBEMUSTBEPLACEDATALARGERANGLETHANINADIAGNOSTICTUBE8ASIEMENSB750RGSTUBEWITHCHARACTERISTICSGIVENINFIGURE21ISUSEDINTHEFULLWAVECIRCUITOFFIGURE256WITH4RECTIFIERSTACKSEACHCONTAINING150SILICONMAIFIERSWITHTHECHARACTERISTICSSHOWNINFIEURE24THETRANSFORMERISEXCITEDINNIVE100AT41APLOTTHECURRENTTHROUGHTHETUBE,THEVOLTAGEACROSSTHETUBE,ANDTHEV,ITAGEACROSSONEOFTHERECTIFIERSASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEDETERMINETHEAVERAGETUBECURRENTPLOTTHEPOWERDISSIPATEDINONEOFTHERECTIFIERSASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEANDDETERMINETHEMEANPOWERDISSIPATED9IFTHERMSVALUEOFANACLINEVALUEOFTHERECTIFIEDVOLTAGE”，VOLTS,DETERMINETHEPEAKVALUEANDTHEAVERAGE10SHOWEITHERGRAPHICALLYORBYCALCULUSTHATTHEAVERAGEVALUEOFARECTIFIEDACVOLTAGEIS2GRRVNANDTHERMSVALUEVN/,12,WHEREVOISTHEPEAKVOLTAGE11SHOWGRAPHICALLYTHATFORTHETUBECURRENTWAVEFORMSHOWNINFIGURE23E,THEAVERAGECURRENTASMEASUREDBYTHEMILLIAMMETERISABOUT145MA12SHOWTHATTHERIPPLEINFIGURE26EIS023V,ANDTHEAVERAGEVALUEOFTHEVOLTAGEIS165V,WHEREV,ISTHEPEAKVOLTAGEI,GETTHEAVERAGEVALUEUSEAGRAPHICAL13AFORTHEDELTACONNECTIONOFFIGURE26C,PLOTTHEVOLTAGEASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEORANGLESHOWTHATITVARIESBETWEEN0866V,ANDV,WITHANAVERAGEVALUEOF0955V,ANDTHATTHEMAXIMUMVALUESOCCURATANGLESOF30,90,150,ETEDEGREESANDTHEMINIMUMVALUESAT0,60,120,ET,DEGREES,WHEREV,ISTHEPEAKVOLTAGEACROSSONEWINDINGOFTHESECONDARYIBLDRAWTHECNMNLERECIRCUITFUR12NNKRRRR,I6ANNNIFRHPUAN,HL,NAD,WHATMUSTBETHERATIOOFTURNSONTHESECONDARIESOFTHETWOCIRCUITSOFFIGURES266AND6C、HENTHERATIOSAREADIUCREDINTHISWAVN1,HRANNDRVNLROPNDRHP15WHYMAYTHEDYNAMAXTUBEOFPROBLEM14NOTBEOPERATEDAT300MA,3PHASEANDAT50KV,16DETERMINETHEENERGYINPUTINHEATUNITSFORATUBEOPERATEDONSINGLEPHASEFULLWAVERECTIFICATIONFOR10S,AT400MAAND120KV,17ADYNAMAX69MACHLETTWITHHIGHSPEEDROTOR18011ZISENERGIZEDFROMA3PHASE,12PULSETRANSFORMERISANEXPOSUREOF01SAT300MAAND100KV,PERMISSIBLEWHATISTHELONGESTSINGLEEXPOSURETHATMAYBEUSEDIFANEXPOSUREOF01，ISUSED,APPROXIMATELYHOWMANYOFTHESESPACED3SAPARTAREPERMITTED18BYESTIMATINGTHEAREASUNDERTHE100KV,80KV,AND60KV,U,V,OFFIGURE213,DETERMINETHEREADY,NUMBERSOFPHOTONSEMITTEDANDTHERELATIVEENERGYRADIATEDPLOTTHESEASAFUNCTIONOFKILOVOFAGEANDESTIMATEHOWTHESEDEPENDONKILOVOLMGE19INADELTACONNECTION,SHOWTHATATALLTIMESTHESUMOFTHEVOLTAGESACROSSTWOWINDINGSISEQUALTOTHEVOLTAGEACROSSTHETHIRD20ANXRAYTUBEOPERATEDAT200KV,WITHATUBECURRENTOF10MAGIVESANEXPOSURERATEOF30R/MINAT50CMESTIMATETHEEXPOSURERATEFROMTHESAMEXRAYTUBEIFTHETUBECURRENTISINCREASEDTO125MAPROBLEMS1OBTAINAPICTUREOFTHETARGETOFADOUBLEFOCUSZRAYLOBEINTHEDEPARTMENTPLACEALEADSHEETWITHAPINHOLEINITABOUT40CMFROMTHETARGETANDA“NOSCREENFILMORAFILMSCREENCOMBINATIONAT120CMFROMTHETARGETTHISWILLGIVEANIMAGEWITHMAGNIFICATION20）OBTAINPICTURESOFBOTHFOCALSPOTS2OBTAINASMALLRECTIFIERFROMTHELOCALELECTRONICSUPPLYHOUSEANDMEASUREASETOFCHARACTERISTICSSIMILARTOTHOSEOFFIGURE24PROBLEMS1PLOTTHEDECAYRFORAU198ASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEONLINEARPAPERSCATTINGWITHINITIALACTIVITYOF298BQSHOWTHATTHEAREAUNDERTHECURVETOISINDIS2RADIUMHASAHALFLIFEOF1620YARADIUMNEEDLECONTAINS1MGOFRADIUMTHEUMBERIS226,ANDAVOGADROSNUMBERIS602XL0“FINDTHETRANSFORMATIONSCONSTANRFORRADIUMANDTHEACTIVITYINBQANDMCI1Y316X10S3P32HASAHALFLIFEOF143DANDEMITSBETAPARTICLESWITHMEANENERGY0695MEVFINDTHENUMBEROFPHOSPHORUSATOMSPRESENTINA1MGSOURCEFINDTHEENERGYLIBERATEDPERCWHENSUCHASOURCEISPLACEDINBIOLOGICALMATERIAL1D864X10S“41131HASAHALFLIFEOF806DFINDTHEMEANLIFEANDTHETRANSFORMATIONCONSTANTASOURCEOFIODINEHASANACTIVITYOF25MCIFINDTHEACTIVITYAFTER12DAYSCHECKYOUANSWERAGAINSTFIGURE32EXPRESSYOURANSWERINMCIANDBQ5ASOURCEOF1131WITHHALFLIFE806DHASANINITIALSTRENGTHOF120X10“BQFINDTHEMEANLIFEANDDETERMINETHETOTALNUMBEROFDISINTEGRATIONSFROMTHESOURCE6ASOURCEOFAU198WITHINITIALACTIVITY100XLOSBQISUSEDONAMOLDANDWORNBYAPATIENTFOR5DAYSFINDTHEEMITTEDRADIATION71MGOFRADIUMDECAYSFOR1DAYHOWMANY018MCVGAMMARAYSWILLBEEMITTED8THEMASSOFBCUIS639297568AM,INAPDECAYITREDINTO,NIWITHMASS63927956FINDTHEMAXIMUMENERGYOFTHE1IPARTICLEANDCOMPAREWITHFIGURE369WHENCU64EMITSA/3PARTICLEITISCONVERTEDINTOOZNWITHMSS639291400UDETERMINETHEMAXIMUMENERGYOFTHEPPARTIDEEMITTEDANDCOMPAREWITHFIGURE3610DETERMINETHEMEANENERGYOFTHENEUTRINOSEMITTEDFROMTHEDECAYOFP3211NUMERICALLYINTEGRATEUNDERTHECURVEFORP32GIVENINFIGURE36ANDSHOWTHENERGYIS07MEV12ASMALLSOURCEOFCS137ISEMBEDDEDINASMALLSAMPLEOFTISSUEESTIMATETHEENERGYABSORBEDAFTER100DISINTEGRATIONSASSUMINGFLUORESCENTRADIATIONISABSORBEDBUTTHEGAMCAPEASSUMETHEMEANENERGYOFTHEBETASIS1/3THEMAXIMUM13REPEATTHECALCULATIONSOFPROBLEM12ASSUMINGALLGAMAABSORBED14AFTER100DISINTEGRATION,OFASOURCEOFNA22EMBEDDEDINASMALLSAMPLEOFTI,MATETHEENERGYDEPOSITEDASSUMINGALLGAMAESCAPEANDTHATTHEFIUORESENTYIELDISZEROASSUMETHEMEANENERGYOFTHELS1/3THEMAXIMUM15REPEATTHECALCULATIONSOFPROBLEM14ASSUMINGALLGAMAABSORBED16DETERMINETHEINTERNALCONVERSIONYIELDINTHELSHELLFORTHE04117MVVTRANSITIONINAU19817DESCRIBEAKNIMAUGERELECTRONISAKMLAUGERELECTRONPOSSIBLE18SRBISAFISSIONFRAGMENTWITHMASS8991487AMUDETERMINETHETOTALENERGYRELEASEDINTHEDECAYOF1MCIOFTHISISOTOPEINTOVZRWHOSEMASSIS89904710519OBTAINANACCURATESOLUTIONTOEXAMPLE3320ASOURCEOFTC99MARRIVESINTHEDEPARTMENTAT10AMONMONDAY,ATWHICHTIMETHEDAUGHTERISSEPARATEDTHEPARENTISFOUNDTOHAVEANACTIVITYOF50X100IIQDETERMINETHEACTIVITYOFTHEPARENTAFTER30DANDDETERMINETHEAMOUNTOFDAUGHTERTHATMAYBEELUTED21ESTIMATETHEPOWERMEGAWATTSWHICHCANBEOBTAINEDFROMAREACEORTHATCON50GOFU235PERDAY22ONEGRAMOFNA23ISPLACEDINAREACTORATAFLUXDENSITYOF5X102CMSFOR30HESTIMATETHEACTIVITYPRODUCED2310GOFGOLDISTOBEACTIVATEDFINDTHETIMEREQUIREDINAREACTORTOPRODUCEANACTIVITYOF200MCIOF“AIRIFTHETHUSIS10“CM22415GOFGOLDISTOBEACTIVATEDINAFLUXOF5X102CUTFINDTHESATURATIONACTIVITYDETERMINETHEACTIVITYAFTER40DWHATFRACTIONOFTHEGOLDATOMSHAVEBEENACTIVATEDIN40DAYS25DIFFERENTIATEEQUATION315ANDSHOWTHATITSATISFIESEQUATION31426SHOWTHATTHETIMEATWHICHTHEDAUGHTERFIG3I1ATTAINSITSMAXIMUMVALUEISGIVENBYT,INA2/A,/A2127DETERMINETHEENERGYRELEASEFROMTHEFUSIONREACTIONOFEQUATION321,GIVENTHEFOLLOWINGM,SH2014102,H301602970,N10086652228REARRANGEEQUATION324SOTHEVARIABLESNANDTARESEPARATEDTHENINTEGRATETHEEQUATIONANDOBTAINEQUATION32629THEMEANLIFECANBECONSIDEREDASTHEAVERAGELENGTHOFTIMEANATOMLIVESTHEUMBEROFATOMSPRESAAFUNCTIONOFTIMEISGIVENBYNTN,M,SKETCHTHISEXPONNTIALANDBREAKITUPINOFHORIZONTALSLICESOFEQUALHEIGHTISANDLENGTHSTT2,AT,CALLTHEATOM,FIRSTSLICELIVETIMET,THESECONDSLICET,ETCSOTHETOTALLIFEOFALLTHEA,SKT,T2T,ANDTHISISTHEUNDERTHECURVEINTEGRAUNDERNEEANDTHUSSHOWTHATTHEMEANLIFEIS1/AAREA30IFTHESTUDENTADDSUPTHENUMBEROFGAMSSHOWNINTHETABLEOFFIGURE37,ITWILLBENOTEDTHATTHETOTALISGREATERTHAN10HOWISTHISPOSSIBLEPROBLEMS1THEPRINCIPALGAMRAYLINESFROMRADIUM,INEQUILIBRIUMWITHITSDAUGHTERPRODUCTS,AREGIVEINTABLE131DETERMINETHEFOLLOWINGATHEPHOTONFLUENCERATEATADISTANCEOFLCMFROMA“POINTROF1MGOFRADIUM37X10BQ,BTHEENERGYFLUENCERATEATTHESAMEPOINTCTHEAVERAGEPHOTONENERGY,DTHESINGLEPHOTONENERGY,WHICHHASANATTENUATIONCOEFFICIENTINWATEREQUALTOTHEAPPARENTATTENUATIONCOEFFICIENTOFTHESPECTRUMGIVE2FORTHEGAMRAYSPECTGIVENPROBLEM1,CALCULATETHEKERMARATETOAMALLMASSOFWATERPLACEDATM1CMFROMTHESOURCECALCULATEALSOTHEDOSERATETOTHEWATER,ASSUMINGEQUILIBRIUMBETWEENKERMAANDDOSE3STARTINGWITHTHESPECSMGIVEINPROBLEM1,ASSUMETHERADIATIONTOHAVEPASSEDTHROUGH100CMOFWATERAGAINFINDTHEEQUIVALENTENERGYASINPROBLEMLD4RADIATIONHASANHVLOF15MMCUFINDTHEEQUIVALENTKILOVOHAGE,V,ASSUMINGTHEMEANPHOTONENERGYISEQUALTOVE,CALCULATETHEMEANENERGYOFTHERECOILELECTRONSFORSIMPLICITYCONSIDERTHATONLYCOMPTONELECTRONSARESETINMOTION5ASMALLCAVITYOFVOLUME04CMPLACEDINABLOCKOFTISSUERECORDSANIONIZATIONOF667X100CWHENIRRADIATEDWITHTHERADIATIONOFPROBLEM4FINDTHEABSORBEDDOSEINSOFTTISSUEASSUMEAMEANSTOPPINGPOWOF1186USINGTHEDATAFORTHEENERGYABSORPTIONCOEFFICIENTOFTHETABLEA3D,CALCULATETHEFFACTORFORBONEFORAPHOTONENERGYOF010MCVCHECKYOURRESULTWITHTHEFVALUEGIVENINTABLEA7ORINFIGURE8107AVERYSMALL,CORECTLYCALIBRATED,DOSIMETERRECORDSANEXPOSUAOF200RWHENIMBEDDEDINSOLIDBONEANDIRRADIATEDWITHHVL20MMCUCALCULATETHEABSORBEDDOSEINTHEBONE8ASMALLCARBONCHAMBERWITHVOLUMEOF01CMISPLACEDINMUSCLEANDACHARGEOF667XL00COULOMBISLIBERATEDBYRADIATIONWITHHVL15MMCUFINDTHEABORBEDDOSEINTHEMUSCLEASSUMEMEANSTOPPINGPOWEROFCARBONRELATIVETOAIRIS1029EXPLAINWHYELECTRONICEQUILIBRIUMCANNEVERBEACHIEVEDBYVERYHIGHENERGYRADIATION10FINDTHEMEANENERGYOFELECTRONSSETINMOTIONBY40M,VPHOTONSWHATISTHERANGEOFSUCHELECTRONSINWATER,INAIRDENSITY0001293GM/CM,ANDINBONEDENSITY165GM/CM11THEEXPOSRATEFROMACOBALTUNITASMREDWITHACORRECTLYCALIBRATEDVICTOREENODOSIMETERIS80R/MINTHISMEASUREMENTWASMADEUNDERCONDITIONSOFBACKSCATTERANDWITHACHAMBEROFTHEPROPERALLTHICKNESSCALCULATETHEABSORBEDDOSERATEINMUSCLEATTHEPEAKOFTHEBUILDUPCURVE12ACARBONCHAMBEROFVOLUME15CMISPLACEDINACARBONBLOCKANDCENTEREDINA24MVBEMTRONBEAMTHEBLOCKISADJUSTEDINTHICKNESSTOGIVETHEMAXIMUMIONIZATIONANIONIZATIONF30X10COULOMBISCOLLECTEDIN30SECONDSTHETEMPERATOREIS250C,THEPRESSUREIS755CMOFHGFINDTHEABSORBEDDOSERATEINWATERATTHEPEAKOFTHEBUILDUPCURVEASSUMEMEANSTOPPINGPOWEROFCARBONRELATIVETOAIRIS09513THEENERGYABSORPTIONCOEFFICIENTSFORAIRARETABULATEDINTABLEA3FORPHOTONENERGIESOF010,050,AND20MTV,CALCULATETHEENERGYFLUENCE/RANDTHEPHOTONFLUENCE/RCHECKYOUVALUESWITHTHEANSWERSGIVEINTABLEA214ANIONIZATIONCHAMBERHASWALLSMADEOFALUMINUMANDISUSEDMMEASUREABSORBEDDOSEINAWATERPHANTOMFROMABEAMFROMA10MVLINEARACCELERATORACOBALTEXPOSUACALIBRATIONFACTORISOBTAINEDANDHASAVALUE107THEIONCHAMBERHASANINNERRADIUSOF15MMANDAWALLTHICKNESSOF2MMFORONEUNITONTHELINECONITOR,THEDOSIMETERGIVEREADINGOF143FOLLOWINGAMPLE710,DETERMINETHEABSORBEDDOSEANDDIXUSSTHEASSUMPTIONSTHATAREREQUIREDINORDERTOOBTAINITSVALUEESTIMATETHEACCURACYOFTHEVALUEYOUHAVEOBTAINEDPROBLEMS1APULSEOFRADIATIONPRODUCESEQUALCONCENTRATIONSOFPOSITIVEANDNEGATIITFORWHICHA16X10SCOTSIFTHEINITIALCHARGECENTRATIONQO20NSPC/CM,PLOTTHECHARGECONCENTRATIONAFUNCTIONOFTIMEWHATTIQUIREDFORQOTODROPTOL/2THEORIGINALVALUE1/4THEORIGINALVALUEISTHISEXPONENTIALDECAY2THEPLATESOFANIONCHAMBERARE50CMAPARTAND600VOLTSISAPPLIEDBETWEENTHEMAPULSEOFRADIATIONPRODUCESANINSTANTANEOUSUNIFORMCHARGEDISTRIBUTIONNTHEAIRBETWEENTHEPLATESDETERMINETHETIMEDURINGWHICHRECOMBINATIONRANTAKEPLACE3FINDTHEFRACTIONOFIONSCOLLECTEDINAPARALLELPLATEIONCHAMBEREXPOSEDTORADIATION,WHICHLIBERATES180PC/CMPERPULSETHEPLATESARE18CMAPARTAND360VOLTSISAPPLIEDBETWEENTHEM4APARALLELPLATECHAMBERWITHPLATES15CMAPARTAND300VOLTSBETWEENTHEMISEXPOSEDTOCONTINUOUSRADIATION,WHICHLIBERATES8WC/CMSTOTHEAIRBETWEENTHEPLATESFINDTHEFRACTIONOFIONSCOLLECTED5ACYLINDRICALAIRFILLEDIONCHAMBEROFRADIUS06CMWITHACENTRALELECTRODEOFRADIUS01CMISEXPOSEDTOACOBALT60BEAMATANEXPOSURTAOF200R/MINIFTHECOLLECTINGVOLTAGEIS180VOLTS,DETERMINETHEFRACTIONOFIONSCOLLECTED6THECHAMBEROFPROBLEM5ISEXPOSEDMAPULSEDBEAMWITHANEXPOSUREOF205RPERPULSEFINDTHEFRACTIONOFIONSCOLLECTED7PERFORMTHEINTEGRATIONOFEQUATION98ANDSHOWTHATTHEINTEGRALISGIVENBYEQUATION998PERFORMTHEINTEGRATIONOFQUAON917ATOYIELDEQUATION917B9PERFORMTHECALCULATIONINVOLVEDINPROCEEDINGFROMEQUATION919ATOEQUATION919610THECHAMBERDESCRIBEDINPROBLEM5ISUSEDTOMEASURETHERADIATIONFROMAFULLVEDIAGNOSTICXRAYUNIT,WHICHYIELDSANAVERAGEEXPOSURRATEOF100R/MINDETERMINETHEFRACTIONOFIONSLOSTCORECOMBINATIONASSUMINGFIRSTAUNIFORMEXPOSURERATEANDTHENSQUAREPULSESEACHLAS,ING1/120SEC11AHIGHPOWERHIGHENERGYLINACGIVERAGEDOSERATEOF10GY/MINATFMETERTHISISEQUIVALENTTOABOUT333XIO0PC/CMMWALLEDCAVITYACYLINDRICALCHAMBERWITHARADIUSOF05CMANDANINNERELECVODE005CMRADIUSISUSEDTORETHISRADIATIONWITH400VOLTSACROSSTHECHAMBERANDTHEHNACPRODUCING100PULSES/S,ESTIMATETHEFRACTIONOFIONSCOLLECTEDTHESAMELINACHASAPARALLELPLATEMONITORCHAMBER40CMFROMTHETARGETIFTHEPLATESARE1MMAPARTANDAPOTENTIALOF200VOLT,ISAPPLIEDBETWEENTHEM,ESTIMATETHEFRACTIONOFTHECHARGELOSTTORECOMBINATION12DERIVEEQUATION927FROMEQUATIONS924,925AND92613SHOWTHATFORTHECOFFIGURE97C,VNV,R,/R,RXV,R,/R,WHATRESISTORVALUESWOULDYOUCHOOSETOMAKEVNIOV,V,14ANIONCHAMBERWITHOUTERDIAMETER100CMISUSEDTOMEASURETHEOUTPUTOFANRAYMACHINETHATHASATREATMENTCONEDESIGNEDTOTREATATADISTANCEOF500CMTHECHAMBERISPLACEDINCONTACTWITHTHISTREATMENTCONEWID,ITSCENTER505FROMTHETARGETTHECHAMBERHASACALIBRATIONFACTOROF0315X100ROENTGENSPEROULOMBATATEMPERAAOF200CANDAP,MOF1013KPAFORTHERADIATIONBEIN