商业计划书（英文版）

2000MILLERGAAPGUIDERESTATEMENTANDANALYSISOFCURRENTFASBSTANDARDSJANRWILLIAMS,PHD,CPAOURCOMMITMENTTOYOUTHANKYOUFORORDERINGTHE2000MILLERGAAPGUIDEEACHYEARWEBRINGYOUTHEBESTACCOUNTINGANDAUDITINGREFERENCEGUIDESONTHEMARKETTOCONFIRMTHETECHNICALACCURACYANDQUALITYCONTROLOFOURMATERIALS,HARCOURTPROFESSIONALPUBLISHINGVOLUNTARILYSUBMITTEDTOAPEERREVIEWOFOURPUBLISHINGSYSTEMANDPRODUCTSWEWERENOTSURPRISEDWHENTHESECPRACTICESECTIONOFTHEAICPADIVISIONFORCPAFIRMSACCEPTEDTHEUNQUALIFIEDPEERREVIEWREPORTREPRODUCEDINTHISGUIDEYOUSHOULDPROVIDEACOPYOFTHISREPORTTOYOURPEERREVIEWTEAMCAPTAINTHENEXTTIMEYOUUNDERGOAPEERREVIEWINADDITIONTOPEERREVIEW,OURBOOKS,ELECTRONICWORKPAPERS,ANDBOOKSONCDROMUNDERGOSTRICTTECHNICALANDCONTENTREVIEWSBYQUALIFIEDPRACTITIONERSTHISENSURESTHATOURGUIDESMEET“REALWORLD”STANDARDSANDAPPLICABILITYWEALSORELYONOUR20YEARSEXPERIENCEOFWORKINGTOBRINGYOUTHEINFORMATIONYOUNEEDINOTHERWORDS,OURBOOKSAREREVIEWEDEVERYSTEPOFTHEWAYFROMCONCEPTIONTHROUGHPRODUCTIONTOENSURETHATWEBRINGYOUTHEFINESTGUIDESONTHEMARKETINRESPONSETOFAVORABLEFEEDBACK,WECONTINUETOPUBLISHTHEMOSTPORTABLEBOOKAVAILABLE,PUTTINGCRITICALANSWERSATYOURFINGERTIPSWHENANDWHEREYOUNEEDTHEMOURGUIDESALSOCONTAINLOWCOST,SELFSTUDYCPE,ANOTHERWAYYOUCANMAKEUSEOFTHEKNOWLEDGEYOULLGAINFROMUSINGOURGUIDESPEERREVIEWED,TECHNICALLYACCURATE,CONVENIENT,ANDPRACTICALTHE2000MILLERGAAPGUIDESHOWSOURCOMMITMENTTOCREATINGBOOKSANDELECTRONICWORKPAPERSYOUCANTRUSTPEERREVIEWLETTERCALDWELL,BECKER,DERVIN,PETRICKCHAPTER14,“EARNINGSPERSHARE”CHAPTER26,“INTERIMFINANCIALREPORTING”CHAPTER41,“RESULTSOFOPERATIONS”2000MILLERGAAPIMPLEMENTATIONMANUALCHAPTER1,“ACCOUNTINGCHANGES”2000MILLERGAASGUIDESECTION342,SECTION420FORTHELATESTINFORMATION,REFERTOTHEMILLERGAAPUPDATESERVICEANDTHEHARCOURTPROFESSIONALPUBLISHINGWEBSITEWWWHBPPCOMBACKGROUNDCHANGESINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLE,ESTIMATE,ANDENTITYAREDESCRIBEDINTHEAUTHORITATIVELITERATUREASFOLLOWSCHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLERESULTSFROMTHEADOPTIONOFAGENERALLYACCEPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEDIFFERENTFROMTHEONEUSEDPREVIOUSLYFORFINANCIALREPORTINGPURPOSESTHETERMPRINCIPLEINCLUDESNOTONLYPRINCIPLESANDPRACTICES,BUTALSOMETHODSOFAPPLYINGTHEMAPB20,PAR7CHANGEINACCOUNTINGESTIMATENECESSARYCONSEQUENCEOFPERIODICPRESENTATIONSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSANDTHEMANYESTIMATESANDASSUMPTIONSTHATUNDERLIETHOSESTATEMENTSFUTUREEVENTSANDTHEIREFFECTSCANNOTBEKNOWNWITHCERTAINTYESTIMATINGANDTHEEXERCISEOFJUDGMENTAREREQUIREDINTHEPREPARATIONOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSAPB20,PAR10CHANGEINACCOUNTINGENTITYASPECIALTYPEOFCHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLETHATRESULTSWHENTHEREPORTINGENTITYISDIFFERENTFROMTHATOFPREVIOUSPERIODSTHISTYPEOFCHANGEISLIMITEDMAINLYTOAPRESENTINGCONSOLIDATEDORCOMBINEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTSINPLACEOFINDIVIDUALCOMPANYSTATEMENTS,BCHANGINGSPECIFICSUBSIDIARIESTHATMAKEUPTHEGROUPOFCOMPANIESFORWHICHCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTSAREPRESENTED,ANDCCHANGINGTHECOMPANIESINCLUDEDINCOMBINEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTSAPB20,PAR12CORRECTIONSOFERRORSARENOTACCOUNTINGCHANGESTHEYARESUFFICIENTLYSIMILAR,HOWEVER,THATTHEAUTHORITATIVELITERATUREDISCUSSESTHEMWITHACCOUNTINGCHANGESERRORSINFINANCIALSTATEMENTSRESULTFROMMATHEMATICALMISTAKES,MISTAKESINTHEAPPLICATIONOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES,ANDTHEOVERSIGHTORMISUSEOFFACTSTHATEXISTEDATTHETIMEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSWEREPREPAREDACHANGEFROMANUNACCEPTABLEACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEORMETHODTOANACCEPTABLEONEISALSOCONSIDEREDACORRECTIONOFANERRORAPB20,PAR13THREEAPPROACHESFORDEALINGWITHACCOUNTINGCHANGESANDCORRECTIONSOFERRORSAREINCLUDEDINAPB201THECURRENTANDPROSPECTIVEMETHOD,2THECUMULATIVEEFFECTMETHOD,AND3THERETROACTIVERESTATEMENTMETHODINTHECURRENTANDPROSPECTIVEMETHOD,THEIMPACTOFTHECHANGEISREFLECTEDINCURRENTANDFUTUREFINANCIALSTATEMENTSWITHOUTADJUSTMENTFORPRIORYEARSINTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTMETHOD,THEEFFECTOFTHECHANGEONPRIORYEARSISRECOGNIZEDINTHEDETERMINATIONOFINCOMEINTHEYEAROFCHANGEINTHERETROACTIVERESTATEMENTMETHOD,PRIORYEARSFINANCIALSTATEMENTSAREREVISEDTOINCLUDETHEEFFECTOFTHECHANGETHEAUTHORITATIVELITERATURESPECIFIESWHICHMETHODISAPPROPRIATEINEACHINDIVIDUALCIRCUMSTANCE,ASSUMMARIZEDBELOWMETHODOFACCOUNTINGTYPEOFCHANGE/CORRECTIONCURRENTANDPROSPECTIVECUMULATIVEEFFECTRETROACTIVERESTATEMENTCHANGEINPRINCIPLEGENERALRULELIMITEDSPECIALCASESXXCHANGEINESTIMATEXCHANGEINENTITYXCORRECTIONOFERRORSXTHEFOLLOWINGAREASARENOTCONSIDEREDCHANGESINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEAPB20,PAR81APRINCIPLE,PRACTICE,ORMETHODADOPTEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEONNEWORPREVIOUSLYIMMATERIALEVENTSORTRANSACTIONS2APRINCIPLE,PRACTICE,ORMETHODADOPTEDORMODIFIEDBECAUSEOFEVENTSORTRANSACTIONSTHATARECLEARLYDIFFERENTINSUBSTANCEPRACTICEPOINTERASITUATIONTHATISNOTMENTIONEDINAPB20,BUTGENERALLYISNOTCONSIDEREDACHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLE,ISCHANGINGFROMANACCELERATEDDEPRECIATIONMETHODTOTHESTRAIGHTLINEMETHODATAPOINTINTHELIFEOFTHEASSET,PROVIDEDTHECHANGEISPLANNEDATTHETIMETHEACCELERATEDMETHODISADOPTEDANDTHEPOLICYISAPPLIEDCONSISTENTLYACHANGEINTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEELEMENTSOFCOSTMATERIAL,LABOR,ANDOVERHEADINCLUDEDININVENTORYISANACCOUNTINGCHANGETHATMUSTBEJUSTIFIEDBASEDONTHERULEOFPREFERABILITYFIN1,PAR5FAS111AMENDSAPB20TORECOGNIZETHEHIERARCHYOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESSETFORTHINSTATEMENTONAUDITINGSTANDARDSSASNO69THEMEANINGOF“PRESENTFAIRLYINCONFORMITYWITHGENERALLYACCEPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES”INTHEINDEPENDENTAUDITORSREPORTSAS69DEFINESFOURCATEGORIESOFESTABLISHEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESSOURCESOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESINHIGHERCATEGORIESCARRYMOREWEIGHTANDSHOULDBEFOLLOWEDWHENCONFLICTSARISEWHENTWOSOURCESWITHINTHESAMECATEGORYPROVIDECONFLICTINGGUIDANCE,THEAPPROACHTHATBETTERPORTRAYSTHESUBSTANCEOFTHETRANSACTIONSHOULDBESELECTEDSEETHESECTIONOFTHE2000MILLERGAAPGUIDETITLED“ABOUTTHEGAAPHIERARCHY,”FORFURTHERINFORMATIONREPORTINGACHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLETHEFOLLOWINGARESOMECOMMONCHANGESINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESAPB20,PAR91ACHANGEINTHEMETHODOFPRICINGINVENTORY,SUCHASLIFOTOFIFOORFIFOTOLIFO2ACHANGEINTHEMETHODOFDEPRECIATINGPREVIOUSLYRECORDEDASSETS,SUCHASFROMSTRAIGHTLINETOACCELERATEDMETHODORFROMACCELERATEDTOSTRAIGHTLINEMETHOD3ACHANGEINTHEMETHODOFACCOUNTINGFORLONGTERMCONSTRUCTIONTYPECONTRACTSALTHOUGHTHEPRESUMPTIONISTHATONCEANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEHASBEENADOPTEDITSHOULDNOTBECHANGED,WHENACHANGEISNECESSARYITGENERALLYISRECOGNIZEDBYINCLUDINGTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTOFTHECHANGEINTHENETINCOMEOFTHEPERIODOFCHANGEAPB20,PAR18THECUMULATIVEEFFECTOFACHANGEINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEISTHETOTALDIRECTEFFECTSLESSRELATEDTAXESTHATTHECHANGEHASONPRIORPERIODSIE,ONRETAINEDEARNINGSATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEPERIODFOREXAMPLE,IFTHETOTALDIRECTEFFECTSOFACHANGEINADEPRECIATIONMETHODHASTHEEFFECTOFINCREASINGPRIORYEARSINCOMEBY100,000ANDIFTHEAPPROPRIATEINCOMETAXRATEIS40,THECUMULATIVEEFFECTOFTHECHANGEINTHEDEPRECIATIONMETHODIS60,000100,000140PRACTICEPOINTERWHENCOMPUTINGTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTOFACHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLE,DONOTINCLUDETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEPREVIOUSPRINCIPLEANDTHENEWLYADOPTEDPRINCIPLEFORTHECURRENTPERIODCOMPUTETHECUMULATIVEEFFECTASTHEDIFFERENCEINRETAINEDEARNINGSATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEPERIODOFCHANGETHUS,THETIMINGOFTHECHANGEWITHINANANNUALPERIODISNOTIMPORTANTBECAUSETHEAMOUNTOFTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTISTHESAMEREGARDLESSOFWHENTHECHANGEISMADETIMINGMAYBEIMPORTANT,HOWEVER,INREPORTINGATINTERIMDATESWITHINANANNUALPERIODTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTISNOTANEXTRAORDINARYITEM,BUTITISSHOWNINTHEINCOMESTATEMENTNETOFRELATEDTAXEFFECTSBETWEENEXTRAORDINARYITEMSANDNETINCOME,ASFOLLOWSNUMBERSASSUMEDFORILLUSTRATIVEPURPOSESAPB20,PAR20INCOMEBEFOREEXTRAORDINARYITEMSINCLUDINGTHEEFFECTOFACHANGEINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEFORTHECURRENTYEAR700,000EXTRAORDINARYLOSSNOTE_NETOF28,000OFRELATEDTAXEFFECT42,000CUMULATIVEEFFECTOFACHANGEINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLENETOF40,000OFRELATEDTAXEFFECT60,000NETINCOME718,000EARNINGSPERSHARESHOWNONTHEFACEOFTHEINCOMESTATEMENTSHOULDINCLUDETHEPERSHAREAMOUNTATTRIBUTABLETOTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTSOFTHEACCOUNTINGCHANGENETOFRELATEDTAXESTHEAUTHORITATIVELITERATURESPECIFIESTHATCERTAINCHANGESINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEBEACCOUNTEDFORBYRESTATINGPRIORYEARSFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHEFOLLOWINGCHANGESINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEAREEXCEPTIONSTOTHEGENERALRULEOFPRESENTINGTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTININCOME,ANDPRIORPERIODFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHATAREPRESENTEDFORCOMPARATIVEPURPOSESMUSTBERETROACTIVELYRESTATEDINREPORTINGACHANGEINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEAPB20,PAR271CHANGEFROMLIFOMETHODOFINVENTORYPRICINGTOANOTHERMETHOD2CHANGEINACCOUNTINGFORLONGTERMCONSTRUCTIONTYPECONTRACTS3CHANGETOORFROMTHE“FULLCOST”METHODOFACCOUNTINGINTHEEXTRACTIVEINDUSTRIES4CHANGEFROMTHERETIREMENTREPLACEMENTBETTERMENTMETHODOFACCOUNTINGFORRAILROADTRACKSTRUCTURESTOTHEDEPRECIATIONMETHODOFACCOUNTINGFAS73,PAR2INADDITION,AONETIMECHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESFORCLOSELYHELDCORPORATIONSINCONJUNCTIONWITHAPUBLICOFFERINGOFEQUITYSECURITIES,ORWHENSUCHACOMPANYFIRSTISSUESFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTO1OBTAINADDITIONALEQUITYCAPITAL,2EFFECTABUSINESSCOMBINATION,OR3REGISTERSECURITIES,ISACCOUNTEDFORBYRETROACTIVELYRESTATINGFINANCIALSTATEMENTSOFPREVIOUSPERIODSAPB20,PAR29PRACTICEPOINTERTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTMETHODANDRETROACTIVERESTATEMENTMETHODBOTHREQUIRETHESAMEINFORMATIONTHEEFFECTOFTHEACCOUNTINGCHANGEONALLPRIORPERIODSMUSTBEDETERMINEDINARETROACTIVERESTATEMENT,THISEFFECTISCHARGEDORCREDITEDTOBEGINNINGRETAINEDEARNINGSINTHEYEAROFCHANGEINTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTMETHOD,THETOTALEFFECTAPPEARSINTHEINCOMESTATEMENTOFTHEYEAROFCHANGEASASEPARATEITEMIMMEDIATELYABOVENETINCOMEUNDERBOTHMETHODS,THENEWLYADOPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEORPRACTICEISUSEDINDETERMININGNETINCOMEOFTHEYEAROFCHANGECALCULATINGTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTINCOMPUTINGTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTOFACHANGEINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLE,THEDIRECTEFFECTSOFTHECHANGEAREALWAYSINCLUDED,BUTTHENONDISCRETIONARYEFFECTSINDIRECTEFFECTSAREINCLUDEDONLYIFTHEYAREBEINGRECORDEDONTHEBOOKSASARESULTOFTHECHANGEDIRECTEFFECTSOFACHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEARETHOSEADJUSTMENTSTHATARENECESSARYTOAPPLYTHECHANGETOALLAFFECTEDPRIORPERIODSNONDISCRETIONARYEFFECTSINDIRECTARESECONDARYEFFECTSTHATSOMETIMESARISEFROMAPPLYINGTHENEWLYADOPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLETOTHEPRIORYEARSINVOLVEDINTHECHANGEFOREXAMPLE,ACHANGEFROMANACCELERATEDDEPRECIATIONMETHODTOTHESTRAIGHTLINEMETHODWILLDIRECTLYAFFECTTHENETINCOMEOFTHEPRIORPERIODSINWHICHTHEACCELERATEDMETHODWASUSEDPROFITSHARINGEXPENSE,INCENTIVECOMPENSATIONCOSTS,ANDROYALTIESBASEDONNETINCOME,HOWEVER,AREAFFECTEDONLYIFTHEBASEONWHICHTHEYWERECOMPUTEDNETINCOME,INCOMEBEFOREEXTRAORDINARYITEMS,ETCISCHANGEDFOREXAMPLE,IFINPRIORYEARSAMANAGERHADBEENRECEIVINGABONUSOF10OFNETINCOME,ANDACHANGEINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEAFFECTSTHEPRIO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1STATESTHATAPRONOUNCEMENTISSUEDBYTHEFASBORBYOTHERBODIESCONSTITUTESSUFFICIENTSUPPORTFORMAKINGACHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLE,PROVIDEDTHEHIERARCHYESTABLISHEDBYSAS69ISFOLLOWEDWHENANAICPAINDUSTRYAUDITANDACCOUNTINGGUIDEORSTATEMENTOFPOSITIONREQUIRESACHANGEINACCOUNTING,THEMANNEROFREPORTINGTHATCHANGETHERETROACTIVERESTATEMENTMETHODORTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTMETHODSPECIFIEDINTHEGUIDEORSOPSHOULDBEFOLLOWEDAPB20,PAR4,ANDFIN20,PAR5REPORTINGCHANGESINPRINCIPLESININTERIMPERIODSTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTOFACHANGEINACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEISINCLUDEDINNETINCOMEOFTHEFIRSTINTERIMPERIODOFTHEYEARINWHICHACHANGEISMADE,REGARDLESSOFTHEPERIODDURINGTHEYEARINWHICHTHECHANGEOCCURSIFTHEACCOUNTINGCHANGEOCCURSINOTHERTHANTHEFIRSTINTERIMPERIOD,THECURRENTANDPRIORINTERIMSTATEMENTSARERESTATEDTOINCLUDETHENEWLYADOPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLETHECUMULATIVEEFFECTOFTHECHANGEINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEISINCLUDEDONLYINTHENETINCOMEOFTHEFIRSTINTERIMPERIODFAS3,PARS9AND10WHENTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTSOFACHANGEINANACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLECANNOTBEDETERMINED,THEPROFORMAAMOUNTSCANNOTBECOMPUTEDINTHISEVENT,THECUMULATIVEEFFECTANDPROFORMAAMOUNTSAREOMITTEDTHEAMOUNTOFTHEEFFECTOFADOPTINGTHENEWACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEANDITSPERSHAREDATAFOREACHINTERIMPERIODANDYEARTODATEAMOUNTSAREDISCLOSEDINAFOOTNOTETOTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,HOWEVER,ALONGWITHTHEREASONSFOROMITTINGTHECUMULATIVEEFFECTANDPROFORMAINFORMATIONFAS3,PAR12PUBLICLYTRADEDCOMPANIESTHATDONOTISSUESEPARATEFOURTHQUARTERREPORTSMUSTDISCLOSEINANOTETOTHEIRANNUALREPORTSANYEFFECTOFANACCOUNTINGCHANGEMADEDURINGTHEFOURTHQUARTERTHISISSIMILARTOOTHERDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSOFPUBLICLYTRADEDCOMPANIESTHATDONOTISSUEFOURTHQUARTERINTERIMREPORTSFAS3,PAR14THEFOLLOWINGDISCLOSURESCONCERNINGACUMULATIVEEFFECTTYPEACCOUNTINGCHANGESHOULDBEMADEININTERIMFINANCIALREPORTSFAS3,PAR111THENATUREANDJUSTIFICATIONOFTHECHANGEMADEINTHEINTERIMPERIODINWHICHTHENEWACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEISADOPTED2THEEFFECTSOFTHEACCOUNTINGCHANGEONINCOMEFROMCONTINUINGOPERATIONS,NETINCOME,ANDRELATEDPERSHAREDATAFORATHEINTERIMPERIODINWHICHTHECHANGEISMADEBEACH,IFANY,PRIORINTERIMPERIODOFTHESAMEYEARCEACH,IFANY,RESTATEDPRIORINTERIMPERIODOFTHESAMEYEARDYEARTODATEANDLASTTWELVEMONTHSTODATEFINANCIALREPORTSTHATINCLUDETHEADOPTIONOFTHENEWACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEEINTERIMFINANCIALREPORTSOFTHEFISCALYEAR,SUBSEQUENTTOTHEINTERIMPERIODINWHICHTHEACCOUNTINGCHANGEWASADOPTED3THEPROFORMAEFFECTSOFTHEACCOUNTINGCHANGEONINCOMEFROMCONTINUINGOPERATIONS,NETINCOME,ANDRELATEDPERSHAREDATAFORATHEINTERIMPERIODINWHICHTHECHANGEISMADEBANYINTERIMPERIODOFPRIORFISCALYEARSFORWHICHFINANCIALINFORMATIONISPRESENTEDCYEARTODATEANDLASTTWELVEMONTHSTODATEFINANCIALREPORTSTHATINCLUDETHEADOPTIONOFTHENEWACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLEIFNOINTERIMPERIODSOFPRIORFISCALYEARSAREPRESENTED,NOTEDISCLOSUREFORTHECORRESPONDINGINTERIMPERIODOFTHEIMMEDIATEFISCALYEARINWHICHTHEACCOUNTINGCHANGEOCCURREDISMADEFORACTUALANDPROFORMAINCOMEFROMCONTINUINGOPERATIONS,NETINCOME,ANDRELATEDPERSHAREDATAREPORTINGACHANGEINACCOUNTINGESTIMATEACHANGEINANACCOUNTINGESTIMATEUSUALLYISTHERESULTOFNEWEVENTS,CHANGINGCONDITIONS,MOREEXPERIENCE,ORADDITIONALINFORMATION,ANYOFWHICHREQU