英语专业毕业论文-中西文化的称谓语差异

江西理工大学本科毕业论文THEDIFFERENCESOFADDRESSFORMSINENGLISHANDCHINESEANDTHEIRCULTURECONNOTATION学院THEFACULTYOFFOREIGNSTUDY专业ENGLISH班级CLASS071学生姓名指导教师摘要称谓语是发话人用来称呼交际对方的用语，它是一种语言现象，但其功能远不仅如此。称谓语的使用，反应出特定的社会现象和文化内涵。中国拥有五千多年的悠久历史，中国发展至今，保留着大量的称谓语，这些称谓语都反应了一个时代的特征和文化内涵。如今，随着中国的对外开放以及加入WTO，中国与外界的联系也越来越密切、深入、广泛。同时，中国的现代化发展也使中国在国际上的地位日渐提高，影响力逐渐扩大，全世界开始关注中国，并开始研究和学习中国语言。然而英语仍然是世界通用语言，大多数的发达国家都是英语系国家，因此我们很有必要学习其先进的文化、知识和技术。本文通过收集、归纳中英称谓语，研究和学习中英称谓语的差异，分析其反映的文化内涵，从而达到学习双方文化的目的，利于双方文化交流沟通。关键词称谓语；差异；文化内涵ABSTRACTADDRESSFORMSARETHELANGUAGESUSEDBYTHESPEAKERSTOCALLTHEOTHERPEOPLEOFACONVERSATIONTHEYARETHEPHENOMENAOFLANGUAGE,BUTTHEYHAVEMUCHMOREFUNCTIONSADDRESSFORMSREFLECTTHEPARTICULARSOCIALPHENOMENONANDCULTURECONNOTATIONCHINAHASALONGHISTORYOFMORETHAN5000YEARSTILLNOW,THEREEXISTAGREATNUMBEROFADDRESSFORMSTHESEADDRESSFORMSALLREFLECTTHECHARACTERISTICSOFANAGEANDTHECULTURECONNOTATIONNOWADAYS,WITHTHECHINESEOPENINGTOTHEOUTSIDEANDJOININGINTOWTO,ITRELATESWITHTHEOUTSIDEWORLDMORECLOSELY,MOREDEEPLY,MORECOMPREHENSIVELY,ATTHEMEANTIME,THEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINESEMODERNIZATIONIMPROVESCHINESESTATUSGRADUALLYOVERTHEWORLD,ANDCHINESEINFLUENCESBECOMEWIDERALLTHECOUNTRIESOVERTHEWORLDSTARTTOPAYATTENTIONTOCHINA,ANDSTARTTOSTUDYANDLEARNCHINESELANGUAGEBUTENGLISHISSTILLTHECOMMONUSEDLANGUAGEOVERTHEWORLD,ANDTHELANGUAGEOFTHEMOSTDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESISENGLISHSOITSQUITENECESSARYFORUSTOLEARNTHEIRADVANCEDCULTURES,KNOWLEDGE,TECHNOLOGIESTHISTHESISFOCUSONCOLLECTINGTHEADDRESSFORMSOFENGLISHANDCHINESE,STUDYINGANDLEARNINGTHEDIFFERENCES,ANDANALYZINGTHECULTURECONNOTATIONREFLECTEDINTHEMSOASTOREACHTHEGOALOFLEARNINGTHECULTURESOFBOTHSIDES,ANDMAKETHEEXCHANGINGANDCOMMUNICATIONSOFDIFFERENTCULTURESMORECONVENIENTLYKEYWORDSADDRESSFORMSDIFFERENCESCULTURECONNOTATIONCHAPTERIINTRODUCTIONLANGUAGEISACARRIEROFCULTURE,ANDITALSOREFLECTSONECOUNTRYSCULTURALCHARACTERISTICSADDRESSFORMISANELEMENTOFLANGUAGEANDAVERYIMPORTANTBASEOFCOMMUNICATIONITSPROPERUSEISTHEFOUNDATIONOFMAINTAININGPEOPLESCONVENIENTCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEWORLDANDTHERISINGOFCHINA,THECOMMUNICATIONSBETWEENTHECULTURESOFCHINAANDWESTERNCOUNTRIESBECOMEMOREANDMOREHOWTORESEARCHANDSTUDYTHEPROPERUSEOFADDRESSFORMSWILLPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHECOMMUNICATIONSBETWEENTHECHINESECULTUREANDWESTERNCULTUREATPRESENT,LOTSOFEXPERTSANDSCHOLARSHAVESTUDIEDTHETOPICANDMANYBOOKSANDPAPERSHAVEWRITTENTHETOPIC,THESEWORKSAREMAINLYEMPHASIZINGONTHEADDRESSFORMSINCHINESEANDENGLISH,ANDTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTWOLANGUAGESTHESEWORKSARECOMPREHENSIVEANDTHEYHAVEACHIEVEDGREATSUCCESSESTHISTOPICINTHISTHESISAREBASEDONPREDECESSORSWORKS,ANDTHEPURPOSEOFWRITINGTHISTHESISISTORAISEMYOWNVIEWSANDIDEASONADDRESSFORMSBESIDESTHEPREDECESSORSWORKS,THISTHESISWILLALSORAISETHEGENERALIZATIONANDWESTERNIZATIONOFCHINESEFORMSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSOCIETYBRINGSPEOPLENEWIDEAANDNEWMIND,ANDLOTSOFTRADITIONALADDRESSFORMSCHANGETHEIRORIGINALMEANINGSWITHTHETIMEGOINGALSO,WITHTHERAPIDPROCCEDINGOFINTERNETANDINFORMATIONTECH,ALOTOFNEWADDRESSFORMSHAVEBEENCREATEDANDUSEDINOURDAILYLIFEMEANWHILE,AFTERCHINASENTRYINTOWTO,CULTURESOFWESTERNCOUNTRIESFLOWINTOCHINAANDAFFECTEVENIMPACTCHINESECULTUREANDPEOPLESMIND,PEOPLESTARTTOADJUSTTHEIRLIFEINCLUDINGADDRESSFORMSTOACCORDWITHTHEINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSSOITISQUITENECESSARYTOANALYSETHEPHENOMENAOFGENERALIZATIONANDWESTERNIZATIONOFCHINESEADDRESSFORMS,ANDFINDOUTTHEORIGINITWILLHELPUSTOUNDERSTANDOUROWNHISTORYANDCULTURE,THENTHEWORLDCHAPTERIITHEDEFINITIONOFADDRESSFORMANDTHEFUNCTIONS21DEFINITIONACCORDINGTOTHEEXPLANATIONINMODERNCHINESEDICTIONARY,ADDRESSFORMREFERSTOTHENAMESBASEDONTHEKINSHIPOROTHERRELATIONSAMONGTHEPEOPLEANDPEOPLESSTATUSESANDPROFESSIONSADDRESSFORMREFLECTSLANGUAGE,ANDITALSOREFLECTSTHESOCIALCULTURESINANYLANGUAGES,ADDRESSFORMPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINSOCIALINTERCOURSESTHETHEORYOFSOCIOLINGUISTICSPUTSTHATTHEUSEOFADDRESSFORMSHOULDBELIMITEDINTHEFRAMEOFETHNICCULTUREANDTHEADDRESSFORMDEPENDSONTHERELATIONSOFSIMILARITYORDISSIMILARITY,THERELATIONSOFASCENDANCE,COHERENCERELATIONSANDOTHERRELATIONSITSHOULDPROPERLYRECOGNIZETHERELATIONSAMONGTHEROLESINPARTICULARSITUATIONSITSHOULDALSOOBEYTHEBEHAVIORALNORMSOFSPEECHROLESEXPECTEDBYTHESOCIETYADDRESSFORMCANBEPARTEDINTWOBRANCHESKINSHIPADDRESSFORMANDSOCIALADDRESSFORM22FUNCTIONSININTERPERSONALCOMMUNICATIONS,ADDRESSFORMSCONSISTOFTHREEASPECTSADDRESSFORMSFORBOTHSIDESOFCOMMUNICATION,ADDRESSFORMSFORSPEAKERSOWN,ANDADDRESSFORMSFOROTHERSJOSHUAFISHMANRAISEDTHETHEORYOFREGISTERINTHERESEARCHOFSOCIOLINGUISTICSHEPUTTHEUSEOFADDRESSFORMSINTOFIVEREGISTERSFAMILYREGISTER,FRIENDREGISTER,RELIGIONREGISTER,EDUCATIONREGISTER,WORKREGISTERFISHMANCONSIDERSTHATPEOPLECANCHOOSETHEADDRESSFORMSINDIFFERENTSITUATIONSBASEDONTHEFIVEREGISTERSTHEAUTHORTHINKSTHATTHEFUNCTIONSOFADDRESSFORMSARETOMAINTAINTHECOHERENCEOFSPEECHESANDCLEARANCEOFMEANINGSANDTOMAKETHEPROPAGATIONSOFINFORMATIONBETWEENCOMMUNICATIVESIDESMOREFLUENTLYANDCONVENIENTLYTHEFEATURESAREASFOLLOWING1ADDRESSFORMSHELPTOBUILDNEWHUMANRELATIONS,EXPRESSTHEWILLTOGETCLOSE,ORJUSTBEUSEDASANADDRESSFORMS,OREXPRESSTHEWILLTOBEAWAYFOREXAMPLE,ONTHECALLINGOFNAMES,TWOSTRANGERSMEETWITHEACHOTHERFORTHEFIRSTTIME,ANDONEGETSTOKNOWTHEOTHERONESNAMEISZHANGXIAOJUN,WHENHECALLSXIAOJUN,ITWILLLETTHEOTHERONEFEELSFAMILIARITREFLECTSHEWANTSTOGETCLOSETOTHEOTHERONEANDUSEAPROPERSTRATEGY2ADDRESSFORMSADJUSTTHEOLDHUMANRELATIONITCANMAKETHEORIGINALRELATIONSCLOSERORREMOTERORKEEPTHEMSTILLFROMTHEFOLLOWINGCONVERSATION,WECANSEETHATDIFFERENTUSESOFADDRESSFORMSREFLECTBOTHSIDESMENTALACTIVITIESINGENIOUSLY,ANDIMPLYTHEIRWILLINGSTOADJUSTTHEORIGINALRELATIONEGAGENTLEMANSAYSTOALADY“DARLING,FORGIVEMETHISTIME,OK”THELADYANSWERS“NOWAYCHENZHONGQING,IWONTBEFOOLAGAIN”INTHECONVERSATION,THETWOPEOPLECHOOSEDIFFERENTADDRESSFORMS,ANDREFLECTTHEIRDIFFERENTAIMSTOADJUSTTHEORIGINALRELATIONTHEHUSBANDUSEDARLINGAVERYFAMILIARADDRESSFORMHISAIMISQUITECLEAR,HETRIESTOGETCLOSETOHISWIFE,ANDPRAYFORTHEFORGIVENESS,WHILETHEWIFECHOOSETHEFULLNAMETOCALLTHEHUSBANDINORDERTOKEEPDISTANCE,EVENMAKETHEORIGINALRELATIONREMOTER,ANDSHOWSHERMENTALACTIVITYOFNONCOOPERATIONANDREFUSETOACCEPTHERHUSBANDSAPOLOGYCHAPTERIIITHEDIFFERENCESOFKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINENGLISHANDCHINESEANDTHEIRCULTURECONNOTATION31THEDEFINITIONOFKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSREFERTOTHENAMESTHATDEFINETHEKINMEMBERSANDPRINCIPLESRELATIONSCENTEREDONTHEPRINCIPLEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSARETHENAMESORCALLINGSAMONGRELATIVESBASEDONCONSANGUINITYANDAFFINITYKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSARETHEMARKSCENTEREDONTHEPRINCIPLETODEFINETHERELATIONSAMONGRELATIVESANDPRINCIPLEACCORDINGTOTHECONSANGUINITYANDAFFINITYRELATIONS,THEAUTHORCOLLECTSANDCLASSIFIESTHEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSUSUALLYUSEDINOURDAILYLIFECONSANGUINITYCHINESEENGLISH丈夫HUSBAND妻子WIFE父亲FATHER母亲MOTHER儿子SON女儿DAUGHTER哥哥、弟弟BROTHER姐姐、妹妹SISTER祖父、外祖父GRANDFATHER祖母、外祖母GRANDMOTHER孙子、外孙GRANDSON孙女、外孙女GRANDDAUGHTER伯父、叔父、舅舅、姑父、姨父UNCLE侄子、外甥NEPHEW伯母、婶母、舅母、姑母、姨母AUNT侄女、外甥女NIECE堂兄弟姐妹、表兄弟姐妹COUSINAFFINITYCHINESEENGLISH公公、岳父FATHERINLAW婆婆、岳母MOTHERINLAW女婿SONINLAW儿媳DAUGHTERINLAW大伯、小叔、内兄、内弟、姐夫、妹夫BROTHERINLAW大姑、小姑、大姨、小姨、嫂子、弟媳妇SISTERINLAW32KINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINCHINESEAREMORECOMPLEXTHANTHOSEINENGLISHWHYCHINESEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSAREMORECOMPLEXFIRST,ITISTHEETIQUETTETRADITIONOFCHINESECULTURETHECHINESENATIONWASREPUTEDASACIVILIZEDNATIONANDASTATEOFCEREMONIESINTHEWORLDTHESYSTEMOFETIQUETTEHASFORMEDANDHIGHLYDEVELOPEDMANYTHOUSANDYEARSAGO,ANDITCOMBINEDWITHTHECONFUCIANIDEALSLATERITSAFFLUENCESANDBONDINGFORCESBECAMEMORECOMPREHENSIVEANDWIDERSOINSUCHAETIQUETTESOCIETY,THECULTUREOFETIQUETTEBECOMESOMATURETHEREMUSTBECOMPLEXADDRESSFORMSTOCOMPLYWITHTHEMSECOND,ITISBECAUSEOURNATIONHADBEENINTHEFEUDALSOCIETYFORALONGHISTORY,ANDTHEUNITOFSOCIALCOMMUNITYISFAMILYORCLANSOTHEPOWEROFCLANISVERYSTRONGINTHECLAN,THECLOSEANDDISTANTRELATIONSARECLASSIFIEDBYLEVELSSTRICTLY,ANDTHEDISTINCTIONSOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALRELATIVESAREVERYCLEARSOLOTSOFINTERRELATEDADDRESSFORMSAPPEAREDANDWERECLASSIFIEDINDETAILMEANWHILE,THEADDRESSFORMSINENGLISHAREQUITESIMPLEAFEWWORDSCANCOVERLOTSOFTHEMBRITISHETIQUETTECULTUREFORMEDMANYTHOUSANDYEARSLATERTHANCHINESE,ANDAFTERTHERENAISSANCE,SOMEBOOKSOFETIQUETTEAPPEAREDINTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIES,BUTTHETHEYONLYFOCUSEDONTEACHINGPEOPLEHOWTOHAVEAREFINEDWAYOFSPEAKINGANDGOODMANNERSANDTOBEGENTLETHESEETIQUETTEPRINCIPLESAREJUSTSOMEDECORATIONSANDEMBELLISHESFORTHESUPERCLASSSOCIETYTHEYARENOTLIKEWHATTHECHINESEANCIENTANCESTORSRECOGNIZEDTHEETIQUETTEASTHEFOUNDATIONTORUNTHECOUNTRYWELLANDGIVETHEPEOPLEPEACEANDSECURITYSOTHEETIQUETTEPRINCIPLESARENOTSOCOMPREHENSIVE,SYSTEMATIC,DETAILEDASCHINESEONESEVENTHOUGHTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIESALSOWENTTHROUGHTHEFEUDALSOCIETY,ANDTHEREWERESERFDOMANDTHEFEUDALPATRILINEALCLANSYSTEM,BUTAFTERTHERENAISSANCEANDTHEINDUSTRYREVOLUTION,WESTERNLEGALSYSTEMSTEPPEDINTOANEWPERIODTHEIDEAOFFREEDOM,EQUALITYANDFRATERNITYSPREADEVERYWHERE,ANDUNDERTHEAFFLUENCESOFLEGALSYSTEM,THEADDRESSFORMSOFCONSANGUINITYANDAFFINITYINENGLISHARESIMPLERTHANTHOSEQUITECOMMONFORUSTOSEEINCHINESESOADDRESSFORMSINCHINESEAREMORECOMPLEX33KINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINCHINESEEMPHASIZETHEPOSITIONWHILETHOSEINENGLISHDONOTKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINCHINESEEMPHASIZETHEPOSITIONANDELDERSANDJUNIORSAREEACHINTHEIRPLACESKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSSHOULDRECOGNIZETHEEXACTPOSITIONOFONEAMONGTHEBROTHERSANDSISTERS,THISCOMPLYWITHTHEIDEASOFELDERSGAINTHERESPECTSINETIQUETTETHEFAMILYSHOULDOBEYTHEPATRILINEALCLANSYSTEMORDEROFELDERSANDJUNIORSAREEACHINTHEIRPLACESANDELDERSGAINTHERESPECTSFROMTHEJUNIORSAGEANDPOSITIONAREIMPORTANTANDSTRICTBASISTODISTINGUISH,BECAUSEINTHEFEUDALSOCIETYWHEREGAINRESPECTSORNOTBASEDONAGE,EVENONEHOUR,ONEDAYEARLIER,THEFORMERONEGETSTHEPOSITIONASELDER,ANDHASTHERIGHTSTOGAINRESPECTSANDOBEDIENCEFROMTHELATERONES,ANDTHEDUTIESATTACHWITHTHERIGHTS,SUCHASRECOGNIZINGTHEELDERBROTHERASTHEFATHERANDINTHEANCIENTTIMETHEEMPERORPASSEDTHEPOSITIONTOTHEELDESTSONSOTHEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINCHINESEDISTINGUISHTHEELDERANDJUNIORONESCLEARLYBUTTHEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINENGLISHDONOTEMPHASIZETHEDIFFERENCEOFAGESTHEMALESINTHESAMEGENERATIONCALLEACHOTHERBROTHER,ANDTHEFEMALESCALLSISTER,ANDTHEWESTERNPEOPLEUSUALLYUSETHENAMEORNICKNAMEASADDRESSFORMSINTHESAMEGENERATIONJESUSADVOCATEDALLTHEMEMBERSINAFAMILYAREEQUALANDHECALLEDHISMOTHERSNAMEDIRECTLY,ANDHECONSIDEREDSONSANDDAUGHTERSCOULDDEBATEWITHPARENTS,EVENCOULDBEENEMIESSOTHERESNODIFFERENCEOFWHOSEPOSITIONSHIGHORLOW,ANDINTHESAMEGENERATION,THEMEMBERSCOULDCALLTHENAMESDIRECTLYNOMATTERWHOAREELDERORJUNIOR,TOSHOWFAMILIARANDFRIENDLYSOTHEPEOPLEINCHINESECANNOTCALLTHEELDERSNAMESDIRECTLY,BUTTHOSEINTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIESCANANDINTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIES,THECENTREFAMILYHASTHEDOMINANTPOSITION,THERELATIONSAMONGTHEFAMILYMEMBERSAREQUITESIMPLEALLMEMBERSDONOTPAYMUCHATTENTIONTOTHEKINSHIPOFEACHOTHER,FORTHEMEMBERSDONOTSTAYWITHEACHOTHERINTHESAMEHOUSEORPLACESOITSNOTNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHEACHOTHERSPOSITION34KINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINCHINESEEMPHASIZETHEINTERNALANDEXTERNALRELATIONSWHILETHOSEINENGLISHDONOTINCHINESECULTUREANDTRANSLATIONOFCHINESEANDENGLISH,PROFESSORLUHONGMEIPUTSTHATINTHECHINESEADDRESSFORMSCULTURE,PEOPLEFIRSTLYEMPHASIZETHEDIFFERENCESOFPATERNALLINEANDMATERNALLINE,FOLLOWEDWITHTHEDIFFERENCESOFBRANCHGROWTHANDMARRIAGERELATIONSSUCHAS祖父、外祖父，伯叔、舅舅，姑母、姨母,THESEAREDIFFERENTADDRESSFORMSBASEDONDIFFERENTBRANCHESOFTHEFAMILYANDCLAN,THOUGHTHEMEMBERSAREINTHESAMEGENERATIONANDHAVETHESAMEGENDERMOREOVER,THEREAREEIGHTADDRESSFORMSSUCHAS表兄弟、表姐们、堂兄弟、堂姐妹INTHEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINCHINESE,THESEADDRESSFORMSTIEDTIGHTLYWITHTHETRADITIONALIDEASOFGREATDIFFERENCESAMONGINTERNALANDEXTERNALONESWHICHPASSEDFROMTHEANCIENTTIMECHINESE“表”MEANSEXTERNALINENGLISH,表亲REFERSTHEEXTERNALRELATIVES,THEYARENOTTHEMEMBERSINTHESAMEFAMILY,BUT堂兄弟REFERSTOTHEINTERNALRELATIVES,THEYARETHEMEMBERSOFTHEFAMILYANDTHERESALSOATRADITIONALIDEATHATWHENTHEDAUGHTERGROWSUPANDMARRIESWITHAMAN,SHEBECOMESAMEMBEROFOTHERFAMILY,NOTANINTERNALMEMBERSOTHEASSETSOFTHEFAMILYANDOTHERSKILLSPASSEDFROMTHEANCESTORSWILLBEPASSEDTOTHEMALESANDINTERNALONESBUTNOTTHEFEMALESANDEXTERNALONESTHEREFORETHEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINCHINESEEMPHASIZETHEINTERNALANDEXTERNALRELATIONSINTHEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINENGLISH,THEREARENOTSOMANYDIFFERENCESOFPATERNALLINESANDMATERNALLINES,ANDPEOPLEONLYUSECOUSININSTEADOF表兄弟、表姐们、堂兄弟、堂姐妹INCHINESE,ALLTHESEREFLECTTHATKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSINENGLISHDONOTEMPHASIZETHEDIFFERENCESOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALRELATIONSASTHOSEINCHINESECHAPTERIVTHEDIFFERENCESOFSOCIALADDRESSFORMSINENGLISHANDCHINESEANDTHEIRCULTURECONNOTATION41THEDEFINITIONOFSOCIALADDRESSFORMSSOCIALADDRESSFORMSREFERTOTHEADDRESSFORMSBESIDESKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSTHEYREFLECTTHECULTUREOFSOCIALLIFEANDMUTUALRELATIONS,THESOCIALRELATIONSBETWEENTHETWOSIDESOFCOMMUNICATION,ANDTHESOCIALROLESANDTHERESPECTEDLEVELSANDSOONSOCIALADDRESSFORMSCANBEAPARTINTONONKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSANDSITUATIONADDRESSFORMSNONKINSHIPADDRESSFORMS,REFERTOTHEADDRESSFORMSBESIDEKINSHIPONES,SUCHASBOY,GIRL,GUY,THEYARECOMMONUSEDINTHESOCIETYTHEYREFLECTTHATTHECOMMUNICATIVETWOPEOPLEDONOTHAVETHERELATIONSHIPOFKINSITUATIONADDRESSFORMSREFERTOTHEPARTICULARADDRESSFORMSUSEDINPARTICULARSITUATION,THEYREFLECTTHEPEOPLESCLASSES,STATUS,ANDALSOTHERELATIONSBETWEENSUPPLYANDDEMANDHEREISACONVERSATIONBETWEENABLACKDOCTORANDAWHITEPOLICEMAN“WHATSYOURNAME,BOY”THEPOLICEMANASKED“DRPOUSSAINT,IMAPHYSICIAN”“WHATSYOURFIRSTNAME,BOY”“ALVIN”INTHISCONVERSATION,THEWHITEPOLICEMANSHOULDCALLTHEBLACKMAN“DOCTOR”,BUTHEUSES“BOY”TOADDRESSTHEDOCTOR,THENTHEBLACKMANTELLSTHEPOLICEMANHISTITLEANDPOSITION,BUTTHEWHITEPOLICEMANSTILLIGNORESTHATANDUSES“BOY”TOADDRESSTHEBLACKMANITREFLECTSTHATATTHATPERIOD,BLACKPEOPLEWEREINALOWCLASSANDDIDNOTGAINRESPECTSFROMTHEWHITEPEOPLE42THEDIFFERENCESOFSOCIALADDRESSFORMSINENGLISHANDCHINESEANDTHEIRCULTURECONNOTATIONBEINGPOLITEANDMODESTISATRADITIONALVIRTUEOFOURCHINESENATIONITISALSOEXISTEDINWESTERNCULTURE,BUTTHEREAREGREATDIFFERENCESOFEACHCULTURALBACKGROUNDSTHEPRACTICALUSESOFADDRESSFORMSAREQUITEDIFFERENTTHISPOINTISESPECIALLYREFLECTEDONTHETITLEADDRESSFORMSPEOPLEINCHINAUSETHEPOSITIONTITLETOCALLTHEOFFICERSTOSHOWRESPECT,SUCHASTEACHERZHANG,PROFESSORLI,PRINCIPALWANGANDSOONTHOUGHLOTSOFPEOPLEADVOCATEUSINGCOMRADEINSTEAD,THEOLDHABITCANNOTBECORRECTEDEASILYEVENMORE,SOMEONEWANTSTOSHOWTHERESPECTASMUCHASPOSSIBLE,SOHEORSHEIGNORETHEWORDVICEOFTHEPOSITIONTITLEBUTINTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIES,THEUSEOFTITLEADDRESSFORMSARELIMITEDFORTHEROYALS,SUPERCLASSOFGOVERNMENT,THEMEMBERSINTHEAREASOFRELIGIONS,MILITARY,ANDLEGISLATIONOWENTROLLOPE,AMERICANSOCIALLINGUIST,SUMMARIZEDTHERULESOFSOCIALADDRESSFORMSINAMERICANENGLISHASFOLLOWINGCARDINALYOUREXCELLENCYUSPRESIDENTMRPRESIDENTPRIESTFATHERLNLNLASTNAMENUNSISTERRELIGIOUSNAMEPHYSICIANDOCTORLNPHDDOCTORLNEDDETCDOCTORLNPROFESSORPROFESSORLNTHISISJUSTACOMMONRULEOFSOCIALADDRESSFORMSTHEPRACTICALUSESOFADDRESSFORMSAREMUCHMORECOMPLEXONTHEMATTEROFADDRESSFORMS,CHINESECULTUREBELIEVESTHEJUNIORONESSHOULDRESPECTTHEELDERONESTHISRELATESTOOURTRADITIONALMORALSWHENWECALLTHEELDERONES,WEOFTENCALLOLDWANG,WANGOLD,OLDGRANDPA,OLDGRANDMAANDSOONBECAUSEINCHINA,THEWORD“OLD”REFERSTOONEWHOISFULLOFKNOWLEDGE,WISDOMANDSKILLSBUTINTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIES,EXCEPTINTHEVERYFORMALSITUATIONSPEOPLECALLMR,LADY,MRSPEOPLEWHOAREFAMILIARWITHEACHOTHERUSUALLYCALLTHEIRNAMES,THESAMEFORTHESENIORSANDJUNIORS,ELDERSANDJUNIORS,TEACHERSANDSTUDENTSTHEYTHINKTHATREFLECTSTHEIRCLOSEFRIENDSHIPSESPECIALLYWHENYOUCALLTHEAGEDWITHANADDRESSFORMATTACHEDTOOLD,THEYUSUALLYBECOMEVERYANGRYFORTHEYTHINKTHATINTIMATESTHEYAREWEAK,POORINHEALTH,ANDLACKOFVIGORTHEYEXPECTYOUTOCALLTHEIRNAMESDIRECTLYMEANWHILEINTHISSITUATIONYOUWILLBECONSIDEREDNOTBEINGBROUGHTUPWELLINADDITION,THEREARELOTSOFWORDSWITHTHEMEANINGOFRESPECTINCHINESETHEMOSTPOPULARONESWERECOMRADE,MASTERANDSOONINTHEEARLYTIMENOMATTERWHATGENDERYOUARE,THESEADDRESSFORMSWEREINCOMMONUSERECENTLY,WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFREFORMANDOPENINGOFCHINA,MR,LADY,MISSANDSOONAREOFTENUSEDTHEINTERNATIONALADDRESSFORMSAREUSEDMOREANDMORECOMPREHENSIVELYTHISALSOREFLECTSTHEIMPACTSANDAFFLUENCESOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONONCHINESETRADITIONALSENSEOFVALUEINTHEWESTERNCULTURE,THEADDRESSFORMSOFSHOWINGRESPECTAREUSUALLYMR,MRS,MISS,SIR,MADAMETCJUSTLIKEWEPUTFORWARDABOVE,THEFORMERTHREEADDRESSFORMSCANBEATTACHEDTOFAMILYNAMEORFULLNAMEBUTWHENYOUUSEMR,MRS,SIR,MADAM,YOUSHOULDKNOWTHEFOLLOWINGSEVENTHOUGHMR,MRSCANBEATTACHEDTOFAMILYNAMEORFULLNAME,THEYCANNOTBEATTACHEDTOTHERELIGIOUSNAME,ANDTHEYAREUSUALLYUSEDFORTHEPERSONSWITHNOTITLEORUNKNOWNTITLE,ORTHEYAREVERYFORMAL,ANDDONOTSHOWTHECLOSERELATIONMRCANBEATTACHEDTOTHETITLEOFGOVERNMENTOFFICER,FOREXAMPLE,MRPRESIDENTITCANBEATTACHEDTOTHENAMESOFPLACES,SPORTSORJOBS,SUCHASMRAMERICANTHECHAMPIONOFMUSCULARDEVELOPMENTMATCHINAMERICA,MRBASEBALLTHEBASEBALLPLAYERWHOPERFORMSVERYWELLINTHEBASEBALLGAMEMRSISANADDRESSFORMREFERSTOTHEWOMANMARRIED,ITCANBEATTACHEDTOTHEFAMILYNAMEOFTHEHUSBANDORTHENAMEAFTERMARRIAGE,ITLIKESMR,CANBEATTACHEDTOTHENAMESOFPLACES,SPORTS,JOBS,SUCHASMRSAMERICANTHECHAMPIONOFBEAUTYMATCHINAMERICAANDMARRIEDSIR,MADAMUSUALLYCANNOTBEATTACHEDTOTHEFAMILYNAMESTHEYDONOTSHOWTHECLOSERELATIONSOFPEOPLESIRISUSEDTOCALLTHESENIORS,ELDERS,CHANCELLORS,POLICE,TEACHERSFORSTUDENTS,MALEGUESTSFORTHESTAFFSOFSHOPANDWHENTHESTRANGERSMEETWITHEACHOTHER,SOMEWILLUSESIRTOCALLTHEOTHERSMADAMISANADDRESSFORMTOCALLTHEFEMALESUNFAMILIARITISUSUALLYUSEDBYTHESTAFFSTOCALLTHEFEMALEGUESTSMADAMCOULDBEATTACHEDTOTHERELIGIOUSNAMEINTHEEARLYTIME,BUTNOWITISUSUALLYUSEDWITHFAMILYNAMESANDPOSITIONS,SUCHASMADAMSMITH,MADAMPRESIDENT,MADAMAMBASSADORSIRCANBEATTACHEDTOFULLNAMESORRELIGIOUSNAMES,BUTCANNOTBEATTACHEDTOFAMILYNAMESWHENITISUSEDWITHFULLNAMES,ITDOESNOTREFERTOTHEGENERALMEANINGOFSIRITMEANSTHENOBILITYOFAPEOPLE,SUCHASSIRJOHNWHITEORSIRJOHNCHAPTERVTHEGENERALIZATIONANDWESTERNIZATIONOFCHINESEADDRESSFORMS51THEGENERALIZATIONOFCHINESEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSTHEGENERALIZATIONOFCHINESEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSMEANSTHATPEOPLEUSETHEKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSTOCALLTHENONKINSHIPPEOPLEITSTHEMAINPARTOFGENERALIZATIONOFADDRESSFORMS,ANDITENRICHESTHEMEANINGSANDDIRECTIONSOFKINSHIPADDRESSFORMSCHILDRENCALLTHEAGEDPEOPLEGRANDPATHEYCALLTHEELDERMALEPEOPLE“BROTHER”INTHESTREET,EVENTHOUGHTHEYDONOTHAVETHERELATIONSOFCONSANGUINITYWHATTHEYDOCONFORMSTHEPRINCIPLESOFLOVEINTHECOMMUNICATIONSOFHUMANINCHINESECULTURETHEYWANTTOEXPRESSTHEIRCONCERNINGANDMODESTY52THEGENERALIZATIONOFCHINESESOCIALADDRESSFORMSTHEGENERALIZATIONOFCHINESESOCIALADDRESSFORMSREFERSTOTHEUSINGOFTHEADDRESSFORMSWHICHHAVEPARTICULARSOCIALRELATIONCHARACTERISTICSTOTHEONESWHODONOTHAVETHECHARACTERISTICSFOREXAMPLE,INTHEADDRESSFORMSOFPOSITION,PEOPLEIGNORETHEVICEOFONESPOSITIONTHEYCALLDIRECTORINSTEADOFVICEDIRECTOR,CALLPROFESSORINSTEADOFVICEPROFESSORTHESEINTIMATETHERESPECTANDGLORIFICATION,ANDPEOPLEACHIEVETHEIRREQUIRESBASEDONTHESEADDRESSFORMSINTHECOMMONADDRESSFORMS,SOMEADDRESSFORMSHAVEPARTICULARDIRECT