网球介绍(英文)

GOODAFTERNOONEVERYONETHANKYOUFORCOMINGTODAYIMZHANGYAJUNFROMSCHOOLOFURBANRAILTRANSPORTATIONIMHERETOTALKABOUTTENNIS,ASYOUCANSEEFROMTHEPPTSLIDEIHOPEAFTERMYPRESENTATIONYOUWILLKNOWSOMECOMMONSENSEABOUTTENNISANDENJOYITMYTALKWILLBEDIVIDEDINTOSEVENPARTS,WHICHLASTABOUTHALFANHOURPAGE2FIRSTLY,IDLIKETOGIVEANOVERVIEWOFMYTALKITCONTAINSTHEORIGINANDDEVELOPMENTOFTENNIS,TENNISEQUIPMENT,TENNISCOURT,TENNISASSOCIATION,WELLKNOWEVENTSOFTENNIS,CHINESETENNISACHIEVEMENTSANDTENNISTERMSPAGE3RIGHT,LETSSTARTWITHTHEORIGNOFTENNISTHEHISTORYOFTENNISGAMEWASDEVELOPEDFROMA12THCENTURYFRENCHHANDBALLGAMECALLED“PAUME“PALMINTHISGAMETHEBALLWASSTRUCKWITHTHEHANDAFTERSOMETIME“PAUME“GAMEPRODUCEDHANDBALL“JEUDEPAUME“GAMEOFTHEPALMANDTHEREWEREUSEDRACQUETSTHEGAMEWASFIRSTCREATEDBYEUROPEANMONKSFORENTERTAINMENTROLESDURINGCEREMONIALOCCASIONSANDSPREADANDEVOLVEDINEUROPEITBECAMEVERYPOPULAR,ESPECIALLYINFRANCE,WHEREWASADOPTEDBYTHEROYALFAMILYPAGE4BETWEENTHE16THAND18THCENTURIESTHEGAMEOFTHEPALMWASHIGHLYREGARDEDBYKINGSANDNOBLEMANTHEFRENCHPLAYERSWOULDBEGINTHEPALMGAMEBYSHOUTINGTHEWORD“TENEZ“PLAYTHEPALMGAMESOONCAMETOBECALLED“REALTENNIS“OR“ROYAL“DURING1530S,ENGLISHKINGHENRYVIIIBUILDSATENNISCOURTATHAMPTONCOURTPALACETHISCOURTNOLONGEREXISTBUTASIMILARCOURTBUILTTHEREIN1625ANDISINUSEUNTILTODAYUNTIL1583,THEFIRSTRACQUETWASINVENTEDINITALYPAGE5IN1873,MAJORWALTERWINGFIELDINVENTEDAVERSIONOFREALTENNISCALLEDSPHAIRISTIKETHATCANBEPLAYEDOUTDOORSONALAWN,ANDWHERETODAYSTENNISDEVELOPEDWINGFIELDDEALSSPHAIRISTIKEINBOXESTHATFEATURETWONETPOSTS,ANET,RACKETS,ANDINDIARUBBERBALLSWINGFIELDSBOXESKICKSTARTTHEMODERNFORMOFTENNIS,THOUGHTHEONETHINGTHATDOESNTWORKISTHENAME,ANDWINGFIELDSOONREALIZESTHATHISSUBTITLE“LAWNTENNIS“ISMUCHBETTERTHANGREEKWORDSPHAIRISTIKEIN1874,JOSEPHANDCLARENCECLARKBROTHERS,TAKEONEOFWALTERWINGFIELDSBOXESTOAMERICA,LEADINGTOTHEFIRSTLAWNTENNISTOURNAMENTINTHEUSALATERTHATYEARIN1877,THEVERYFIRSTWORLDTENNISCHAMPIONSHIPWASHELDATWORPLEROADINWIMBLEDON,LONDONUKIN1881,AMERICAFOUNDEDTHEUNITEDSTATESNATIONALLAWNTENNISASSOCIATIONUSNLTA,ANDINTHESAMEYEARITHOLDSITSFIRSTNATIONALCHAMPIONSHIP,THEFORERUNNEROFTHEUSOPENBUTTHENRESTRICTEDTOAMERICANRESIDENTSITISHELDATNEWPORT,RHODEISLANDIN1887,USCHAMPIONSHIPSAREOPENTOWOMENFORTHEFIRSTTIMELOTTIEDODWINSHERFIRSTWIMBLEDONLADIESSINGLESLOTTIEWINHERFIRSTSINGLESMATCHWITHONLY15YEARSIN1891,THEVERYFIRSTFRENCHCHAMPIONSHIPSAREPLAYED,THESECHAMPIONSHIPSWEREOPENFORFRENCHRESIDENTSONLYIN1896,TENNISBECAMEONEOFTHECORESPORTSINTHEFIRSTMODERNOLYMPICGAMESPAGE6NOW,LETUSTURNTOTHE20THCENTURYIN1900,DWIGHTFDAVIS,AHARVARDUNIVERSITYSTUDENTDECIDESTODEGREEATEAMCHALLENGEMATCHBETWEENTHEUNITEDSTATESANDTHEBRITISHISLESTHECUPWASENGRAVEDAS“INTERNATIONALLAWNTENNISCHALLENGETROPHY“,LATERKNOWNASTHEDAVISCUPIN1905,THEAUSTRALIANNATIONALCHAMPIONSHIPS,LATERBECAMEKNOWNASAUSTRALIANOPENAREFOUNDED,WITHTHEVENUEALTERNATINGBETWEENCENTERSINAUSTRALIAANDNEWZEALANDIN1924,TENNISRETIREDFROMTHEOLYMPICGAMESREFERRINGALACKOFPROFESSIONALISMINTHEARRANGEMENTANDOLYIMPICGAMESDESIRETONOTSCHEDULEWIMBLEDONCHAMPIONSHIPSINANYEAROFTHEOLYMPICGAMESIN1967,THEFIRSTMETALTENNISRACQUETAPPEARSTHANKSTOWILSONWIMBLEDONHOLDSADEMONSTRATIONTOURNAMENTFORPROFESSIONALS,ANDDECLARESTHATITS1968CHAMPIONSHIPSWILLBEOPENTOALLPARTICIPANTS,AMATEURSANDPROFESSIONALSITSTHESIGNFORTENNISTOGOOPENANDIN1968,THEFIRSTOFFICIALOPENTOURNAMENTTAKESPLACEATBOURNEMOUTHONTHEENGLISHSOUTHCOAST,ANDTHEFIRSTGRANDSLAM,THENEWLYNAMEDFRENCHOPEN,LEADSINANEWERAKENROSEWALL,ARETURNINGPROFESSIONALWONBOTHEVENTSBY21STCENTURY,ITISANEWOPENERAOFTENNISHISTORYPAGE7ANYWAY,ILLLEAVETHEHISTORYHERESOLETSTURNNOWTOABRIEFUNDERSTANDINGOFTHETENNISEQUIPMENTRACQUETSANDBALLSTHEREARESOMEREQUIREMENTSABOUTTHERACQUETSFIRSTOFALL,THEHITTINGAREA,COMPOSEDOFTHESTRINGS,MUSTBEFLATANDGENERALLYUNIFORMSECOND,THEFRAMEOFTHEHITTINGAREAMAYNOTBEMORETHAN29INCHESINLENGTHAND125INCHESINWIDTHTHEN,THEENTIRERACQUETMUSTBEOFAFIXEDSHAPE,SIZE,WEIGHT,ANDWEIGHTDISTRIBUTIONTHEREMAYNOTBEANYENERGYSOURCEBUILTINTOTHERACQUETLASTOFALL,THERACQUETMUSTNOTPROVIDEANYKINDOFCOMMUNICATION,INSTRUCTIONORADVICETOTHEPLAYERDURINGTHEMATCHTENNISBALLSAREOFHOLLOWRUBBERWITHAFELTCOATINGPAGE8OFCOURSE,IFTHEREISNOCOURT,NOONECANPLAYTENNISSOLETSKNOWSOMETHINGABOUTTHETENNISCOURTTHECOURTIS78FEET2377MLONG,AND27FEET823MWIDEFORSINGLESMATCHESAND36FT1097MFORDOUBLESMATCHESADDITIONALCLEARSPACEAROUNDTHECOURTISREQUIREDINORDERFORPLAYERSTOREACHOVERRUNBALLSANETISSTRETCHEDACROSSTHEFULLWIDTHOFTHECOURT,PARALLELWITHTHEBASELINES,DIVIDINGITINTOTWOEQUALENDSTHENETIS3FEET6INCHES107MHIGHATTHEPOSTSAND3FEET914CMHIGHINTHECENTERPAGE9THEREAREFIVETYPESOFCOURTSURFACEUSEDINPROFESSIONALPLAYEACHSURFACEISDIFFERENTINTHESPEEDANDHEIGHTOFTHEBOUNCEOFTHEBALLTHESAMESURFACEPLAYSFASTERINDOORSTHANOUTDOORSNOWIDLIKETOSHOWYOUTHISFORMONTHELEFTHANDYOUCANSEETHENAMEOFDIFFERENTSURFACEANDONTHEOTHERHANDYOUCANSEETHEDESCRIPTIONFIRST,CLAY,EXAMPLESAREREDCLAYUSEDATTHEFRENCHOPENANDMANYOTHERTOURNAMENTS,ESPECIALLYINEUROPEANDLATINAMERICAANDGREENCLAYANEXAMPLEOFWHICHISHARTRUANDUSEDMAINLYINTHEUSCLAYCOURTSNORMALLYHAVEASLOWERPACEDBALLANDAFAIRLYTRUEBOUNCEWITHMORESPINSECOND,HARD,EXAMPLESAREACRYLICEGPLEXICUSHIONUSEDATTHEAUSTRALIANOPEN,DECOTURFUSEDATTHEUSOPEN,ASPHALT,ANDCONCRETEHARDCOURTSTYPICALLYHAVEAFASTERPACEDBALLWITHAVERYTRUEBOUNCETHIRD,GRASS,USEDATWIMBLEDONGRASSCOURTSUSUALLYHAVEAFASTERPACEDBALL,ANDAMOREERRATICBOUNCEWIMBLEDONHASSLOWEDITSCOURTSOVERTHEYEARSFOURTH,CARPET,ANYFORMOFREMOVABLECOURTCOVERING,INCLUDINGCARPETINGANDARTIFICIALTURFTHEBOUNCECANBEHIGHERORLOWERTHANAHARDCOURTATLAST,WOOD,POPULARFROMTHE1880STHROUGHTHEFIRSTHALFOFTHE20THCENTURY,THEREARENOLONGERANYPROFESSIONALTOURNAMENTSHELDONWOODPAGE10LETMESHOWYOUSOMEPHOTOSABOUTTHECOURTOFDIFFERENTSURFACETOKNOWMORECLEARPAGE11NOWWELLMOVEONTOTHETENNISASSOCIATIONTHEYAREITF,ATP,ANDWTATHEINTERNATIONALTENNISFEDERATIONITFISTHEGOVERNINGBODYOFWORLDTENNIS,MADEUPOF205NATIONALTENNISASSOCIATIONSTENNISASSOCIATIONOFCHINAJOINEDTHEITFINJULY1981THEITFOPERATESTHETHREEMAJORNATIONALTEAMCOMPETITIONSINTHESPORT,THEDAVISCUPFORMEN,THEFEDCUPFORWOMENANDTHEHOPMANCUP,MIXEDTEAMSTHEITFSANCTIONSTHEFOURGRANDSLAMSTHEAUSTRALIANOPEN,THEFRENCHOPEN,WIMBLEDON,ANDTHEUSOPENTHEASSOCIATIONOFTENNISPROFESSIONALSATPWASFORMEDIN1972BYDONALDDELL,JACKKRAMER,ANDCLIFFDRYSDALETOPROTECTTHEINTERESTSOFMALEPROFESSIONALTENNISPLAYERSSINCE1990,THEASSOCIATIONHASORGANIZEDTHEWORLDWIDETENNISTOURFORMENANDLINKEDTHETITLEOFTHETOURWITHTHEORGANIZATIONSNAMEIN1990THEORGANIZATIONWASCALLEDTHEATPTOUR,WHICHWASRENAMEDIN2001ASJUSTATPANDTHETOURBEINGCALLEDATPTOURIN2009THENAMEWASCHANGEDAGAINANDISNOWKNOWNASTHEATPWORLDTOURTHEATPWORLDTOURCOMPRISESGRANDSLAMS,ATPWORLDTOURMASTERS1000,ATPWORLDTOUR500SERIES,ATPWORLDTOUR250SERIES,ATPCHALLENGERTOUR,ANDITFFUTURESTENNISTOURNAMENTSTHEATPTOURALSOOVERSEESTHEWORLDTEAMCUP,PLAYEDINDSSELDORFINMAY,ANDTHEATPCHAMPIONSTOURFORSENIORSTHEWOMENSTENNISASSOCIATIONWTA,FOUNDEDIN1973BYBILLIEJEANKING,ISTHEPRINCIPALORGANIZINGBODYOFWOMENSPROFESSIONALTENNISITGOVERNSTHEWTATOURWHICHISTHEWORLDWIDEPROFESSIONALTENNISTOURFORWOMENITSCOUNTERPARTORGANIZATIONINTHEMENSPROFESSIONALGAMEISTHEASSOCIATIONOFTENNISPROFESSIONALSATPJERRYDIAMONDOFSANFRANCISCOBECAMEEXECUTIVEDIRECTOROFTHEWTAIN1974ANDREMAINEDUNTIL1985HEISCONSIDEREDTHECREATORTHEWOMENSPOINTSYSTEMFORRANKINGPLAYERSPAGE12ASASPORT,TENNISHASITSOWNWELLKNOWEVENTSNOWLETMETURNTOTHEEVENTSTHEGRANDSLAMTOURNAMENTSARECONSIDEREDTOBETHEMOSTPRESTIGIOUSTENNISTOURNAMENTSINTHEWORLDTHEYAREHELDANNUALLYANDINCLUDE,INCHRONOLOGICALORDER,THEAUSTRALIANOPEN,THEFRENCHOPEN,WIMBLEDON,ANDTHEUSOPENPAGE13THEAUSTRALIANOPENISTHEONLYGRANDSLAMTENNISTOURNAMENTHELDINTHESOUTHERNHEMISPHERETHETOURNAMENTWASHELDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEIN1905ANDWASLASTCONTESTEDONGRASSIN1987SINCE1972THEAUSTRALIANOPENHASBEENHELDINMELBOURNE,VICTORIAIN1988,THETOURNAMENTBECAMEAHARDCOURTEVENTTHISPHOTOISMARGARETCOURTARENAATMELBOURNEPARKDURINGTHE2008AUSTRALIANOPENPAGE14THEFRENCHOPENISAMAJORTENNISTOURNAMENTHELDOVERTWOWEEKSBETWEENLATEMAYANDEARLYJUNEINPARIS,FRANCE,ATTHESTADEROLANDGARROSITISTHEPREMIERCLAYCOURTTENNISTOURNAMENTINTHEWORLDANDTHESECONDOFTHEFOURANNUALGRANDSLAMTOURNAMENTSTHEOTHERTHREEARETHEAUSTRALIANOPEN,USOPENANDWIMBLEDONROLANDGARROSISTHEONLYGRANDSLAMHELDONCLAYANDENDSTHESPRINGCLAYCOURTSEASONPAGE15THECHAMPIONSHIPS,WIMBLEDON,ORSIMPLYWIMBLEDON25JUNE8JULYIN2012,ISTHEOLDESTTENNISTOURNAMENTINTHEWORLD,CONSIDEREDBYMANYTOBETHEMOSTPRESTIGIOUSITHASBEENHELDATTHEALLENGLANDCLUBINWIMBLEDON,LONDONSINCE1877ITISONEOFTHEFOURGRANDSLAMTENNISTOURNAMENTS,THEOTHERTHREEMAJORSBEINGTHEAUSTRALIANOPEN,FRENCHOPENANDUSOPENWIMBLEDONISTHEONLYMAJORSTILLPLAYEDONGRASS,THEGAMESORIGINALSURFACE,WHICHGAVETHEGAMEOFLAWNTENNISITSNAMEPAGE16THEUSOPEN,FORMALLYTHEUNITEDSTATESOPENTENNISCHAMPIONSHIPS,ISAHARDCOURTTENNISTOURNAMENTWHICHISTHEMODERNITERATIONOFONEOFTHEOLDESTTENNISCHAMPIONSHIPSINTHEWORLD,THEUSNATIONALCHAMPIONSHIP,WHICHFORMENSSINGLESWASFIRSTCONTESTEDIN1881SINCE1987,THEUSOPENHASBEENCHRONOLOGICALLYTHEFOURTHANDFINALTENNISMAJORCOMPRISINGTHEGRANDSLAMEACHYEARTHEMAINTOURNAMENTCONSISTSOFFIVEDIFFERENTEVENTCHAMPIONSHIPSMENSANDWOMENSSINGLES,MENSANDWOMENSDOUBLES,ANDMIXEDDOUBLES,WITHADDITIONALTOURNAMENTSFORSENIOR,JUNIOR,ANDWHEELCHAIRPLAYERSPAGE17THEOTHERFAMOUSEVENTISMASTERS1000TOURNAMENTSTHEATPWORLDTOURMASTERS1000ISAGROUPOFNINETOURNAMENTSFORMTHESECONDHIGHESTECHELONINMENST