暨南大学《项目管理》chapter9reducingprojectduration

1、管理学院 School of Management,佟瑞 Edward Tong， MPM，MBA,2020/12/19,1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,93,Where We Are Now,94,Rationale for Reducing Project Duration,Time Is Money: Cost-Time Tradeoffs Reducing the time of a critical activity usually incurs additional direct costs. Cost-time s

2、olutions focus on reducing (crashing) activities on the critical path to shorten overall duration of the project. Reasons for imposed project duration dates: Time-to-market pressures Unforeseen delays Incentive contracts (bonuses for early completion) Imposed deadlines and contract commitments Overh

3、ead and public goodwill costs Pressure to move resources to other projects,95,Options for Accelerating Project Completion,Resources Not Constrained Adding resources Outsourcing project work Scheduling overtime Establishing a core project team Do it twicefast and then correctly,Resources Constrained

4、Fast-tracking Critical-chain Reducing project scope Compromise quality,96,Explanation of Project Costs,Project Indirect Costs Costs that cannot be associated with any particular work package or project activity. Supervision, administration, consultants, and interest Costs that vary (increase) with t

5、ime. Reducing project time directly reduces indirect costs. Project Direct Costs Normal costs that can be assigned directly to a specific work package or project activity. Labor, materials, equipment, and subcontractors Crashing activities increases direct costs,97,Reducing Project Duration to Reduc

6、e Project Cost,Compute total costs for specific durations and compare to benefits of reducing project time,Search critical activities for lowest direct-cost activities to shorten project duration,Identifying direct costs to reduce project time,Gather information about direct and indirect costs of sp

7、ecific project durations,98,Project CostDuration Graph,FIGURE 9.1,99,Constructing a Project CostDuration Graph,Find total direct costs for selected project durations. Find total indirect costs for selected project durations. Sum direct and indirect costs for these selected project durations. Compare

8、 additional cost alternatives for benefits,910,Constructing a Project CostDuration Graph,Determining Activities to Shorten Shorten the activities with the smallest increase in cost per unit of time. Assumptions: The cost relationship is linear. Normal time assumes low-cost, efficient methods to comp

9、lete the activity. Crash time represents a limitthe greatest time reduction possible under realistic conditions. Slope represents a constant cost per unit of time. All accelerations must occur within the normal and crash times,911,Activity Graph,FIGURE 9.2,912,CostDuration Trade-off Example,FIGURE 9

10、.3,913,CostDuration Trade-off Example (contd,FIGURE 9.3 (contd,914,CostDuration Trade-off Example (contd,FIGURE 9.4,915,CostDuration Trade-off Example (contd,FIGURE 9.4 (contd,916,Summary Costs by Duration,FIGURE 9.5,917,Project CostDuration Graph,FIGURE 9.6,918,Practical Considerations,Using the Pr

11、oject CostDuration Graph Crash Times Linearity Assumption Choice of Activities to Crash Revisited Time Reduction Decisions and Sensitivity,919,What if Cost, Not Time Is the Issue,Commonly Used Options for Cutting Costs Reduce project scope Have owner take on more responsibility Outsourcing project a

12、ctivities or even the entire project Brainstorming cost savings options,920,Key Terms,Crashing Crash point Crash time Direct costs Fast-tracking Indirect costs Outsourcing Project costduration graph,921,Project Priority Matrix: Whitbread Project,FIGURE 9.6,1,The president of a software company remar

13、ks in a speech that new technologically advanced software will be available in one year. This is an example of reducing project duration caused by:A.Imposed project deadlinesB.Time to marketC.Unforeseen project delaysD.High overheadE.Incentive contracts,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan

14、 University,22,2,Intense global competition and rapid technological advances create pressure on developing projects rapidly. This is an example of reducing project duration caused by:A.Imposed project deadlinesB.Time to marketC.Unforeseen project delaysD.High overheadE.Incentive contracts,2020/12/19

15、,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,23,3,A contractor finished a bridge across a lake 18 months early and received more than $6 million for the early completion. This is an example of reducing project duration caused by:A.Imposed project deadlinesB.Time to marketC.Unforeseen project dela

16、ysD.High overheadE.Incentive contracts,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,24,4,Adverse weather, design flaws, and equipment breakdown can create negative slack. This is an example of reducing project duration caused by:A.Imposed project deadlinesB.Time to marketC.Unforeseen pr

17、oject delaysD.High overheadE.Incentive contracts,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,25,5,Total project costs include all of the following except:A.SupervisionB.AdministrationC.Project managers salaryD.InterestE.All of these are included in total project costs,2020/12/19,Edward

18、 TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,26,6,Which of the following is not considered a project indirect cost?A.SupervisionB.ConsultantsC.EquipmentD.InterestE.All of these are considered project indirect costs,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,27,7,Project costs are generall

19、y classified as _ costs.A.DirectB.IndirectC.OverheadD.Both A and B are correctE.A, B, and C are all correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,28,8,Low-cost, realistic, efficient methods for completing an activity under normal conditions are supported by _ time.A.NormalB.Budge

20、tC.OptimizedD.ExpectedE.Target,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,29,9,The shortest possible time an activity can be completed realistically is called _ time.A.ExpeditedB.AcceleratedC.CrashD.OptimisticE.Optimal,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,30,10,Th

21、e most common response for meeting unattainable deadlines is toA.Reduce or scale back the scope of the project.B.Decrease the critical pathsC.Crash all elements of the projectD.Change the time to market statementE.B, and C are correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,31,11,_

22、 costs are incurred when completing an activity in its realistically shortest time.A.NormalB.ReserveC.CrashD.AcceleratedE.Expedited,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,32,12,An activitys crash costs include _ costs.A.DirectB.IndirectC.OverheadD.Both A and B are correctE.A, B, a

23、nd C are correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,33,13,Cost slope can be determined by dividing theA.Run by the riseB.Rise by the runC.Crash cost by the normal costD.Normal cost by the crash costE.Both B and C are correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan Unive

24、rsity,34,14,The less steep the cost slope of an activity, theA.Less it costs to shorten one time periodB.More it costs to shorten one time periodC.Smaller the crash timeD.Larger the crash timeE.Cannot be determined by the information given,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,35

25、,15,Which of the following correctly calculates an activitys cost slope?A.(normal cost-crash cost)/(normal time-crash time)B.(crash cost-normal cost)/(normal time-crash time)C.(normal time-crash time)/(crash cost-normal cost)D.(normal time-crash time)/(normal cost-crash cost)E.(crash cost-normal cos

26、t)/(crash time-normal time,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,36,16,An activitys cost slope represents an activitysA.Total cost per unit of timeB.Cost per unit of timeC.Indirect cost per unit of timeD.Both B and C are correctE.A, B, and C are all correct,2020/12/19,Edward Tong

27、Copyright reserved Jinan University,37,17,In selecting the best activity to reduce you would first select the activity with theA.Earliest start timeB.Steepest slopeC.Least steep slopeD.Longest durationE.Largest crash time,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,38,18,The optimum du

28、ration for a project is at the point where:A.Direct costs are the lowestB.Indirect costs are the lowestC.Direct costs equal indirect costsD.Total project costs are the lowestE.The project changes from time-constrained to resource-constrained,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,

29、39,19,Creating a Project Cost-Duration graph is useful:A.During the pre-project planning phaseB.After the project has begunC.After the completion of the projectD.Both A and B are correctE.A, B, and C are all correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,40,20,Crashing a project s

30、hould occur:A.As early as possibleB.As late as possibleC.Midway through the projectD.Both A and C are correctE.Cannot be determined with the information given,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,41,21,If a network has several critical or near-critical paths it is deemed to be:A

31、.Well plannedB.The lowest cost alternativeC.Resource-constrainedD.SensitiveE.Insensitive,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,42,22,The project direct-cost line near the normal point is usually:A.Sloped steeplyB.Relatively flatC.RisingD.FallingE.Gently sloped,2020/12/19,Edward T

32、ongCopyright reserved Jinan University,43,23,The relationship between cost and time for various durations is assumed to be:A.LinearB.CurvilinearC.VariableD.Conversely relatedE.Exponentially related,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,44,24,A common method for shortening the pro

33、ject time is to:A.Adding resourcesB.Schedule overtimeC.Subcontract an activityD.Both A and B are correctE.A, B, and C are all correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,45,25,A positive situation where moving toward the optimum time can result in very real, large savingsthis o

34、ccurs when the network is:A.InsensitiveB.SensitiveC.Ahead of scheduleD.Shifting to the critical chainE.Implementing a fast-tracking system,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,46,26,Which of the following is/are included in a Project Cost-Duration Graph?A.Total indirect costB.To

35、tal direct costC.Total project costD.Both A and B are correctE.A, B, and C are all correct,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,47,27,One way of reducing project costs is identifying tasks that _ can do themselves.A.VendorsB.SuppliersC.CustomersD.Company employeesE.Project teams

36、,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,48,28,The most common method for shortening project time is toA.Subcontract activitiesB.Compromise the qualityC.Add additional staff and equipmentD.Work overtimeE.Reduce the project scope,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan Univer

37、sity,49,29,Which of the following is not one of the more commonly used options for cutting project costs?A.Reduce project scopeB.Have owner take more responsibilityC.Moving the completion date further outD.Brainstorming cost savings optionsE.Outsourcing project activities,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyr

38、ight reserved Jinan University,50,30,Which of the following is the most common method for shortening project time?A.Assigning additional staff and equipmentB.Subcontract workC.Schedule overtimeD.Reduce project scopeE.Reduce the quality,2020/12/19,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,51,31,According to Brooks Law, adding more people to a late project is most likely to have which of the following impact?A.Keep the project from slipping any furtherB.Get the project back on scheduleC.Make the project slips f