gps在尾矿坝变形监测中的应用毕业设计论文完整版毕业设计正文

1、GPS在尾矿坝变形监测中的应用（此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！）GPS在尾矿坝变形监测中的应用Wei li， Chang wang摘要：随着尾矿坝变形监测技术的应用进展，本文表述了它特殊的实现方法和精度要求，变 形监测技术方法，GPS在尾矿坝变形监测中的优势， GPS较其他方法不仅更有效而且更经济。最后通过工程实例分析了 GPS在尾矿坝变形监测中的可行性和优势。关键字：尾矿坝，变形监测，GPS技术，摄影测量方法，三维激光扫描技术1简介近年来，随着中国经济的迅速发展，国民经济每年以 10%的速度迅速增长。随 着经济高速增长的动力，工业主要原材料如钢材，有色金属及水泥发展迅速。与

2、此同时，随着小型产业开发矿业和非矿业的快速发展，产品的安全问题和尾矿坝的环境问题变得越来越突出的。特别地，在尾矿坝下游是人口密集的地区，城市， 城镇和大型工厂、企业。所以尾矿坝的安全问题需要更多的关注。根据中国尾矿坝的特征和分布现状，如何提高安全管理水平是一个全社会都面临的重要的问 题。在金属和非金属矿区一步一步采取监控系统的实践和提升可以大大提高我们 的认知水平、安全监督和灾害机制的日常管理。 更重要的是，它也可以增加尾矿 坝灾祸所在地的企业、社会和政府对灾害的预测力度，以及对更方便更安全的程 序管理和尾矿坝的风险控制建立综合的评价。 在中国有大规模数量和广阔空间分 布的大坝，对于在金属和非

3、金属矿上的尾矿坝的安全系统的研究有广泛的市场前 景和重要的应用价值。2变形监测技术的简介2. 1静态变形监测方法2.1.1光电监测技术光电监测技术是一种通过使用传统的测量工具（例如经纬仪、测距仪、水准仪、 全站仪）测量角度、边长和海拔的变化来确定变形的方法，它是现在监测变形的 基本方法。常见的大地测量方法包含两个（三个）方向前方交会法、距离交会法、 极坐标法、视准线法、小角法、几何水准测量法和精密三角高程测量法等。角度 交会方法和距离交会法可以观察变形体两个方向（ X、丫方向）的位移；视准线 法、小角法和测距仪法可以观测变形体的水平位移，几何水准测量法和精度三角 高程法可以观察变形的垂直位移。

4、2.1.2机械法变形检测 机械法准直线对于一些变形监测的对象，由于其独特的结构，专用测试设备在监测变形体的 过程中可以发挥重要作用，例如用在大坝主要变形监测中的机械准值测量，可以 根据准直线上的点确定坝体的相对变化， 这种准直线可以是水平的或垂直的。因 为小走廊气流对大坝的影响，准直线的材料可以是很容易伸直的金属或呢绒。 静力水准法静力水准的工作原理是通过两个相连的装置使两个液体表面达到平衡。它分别测出了已知点到液体水平面和观测点到液体水平面的垂直高度，两者的不同就在于两点的高差。静力水准适合几何水准测量难于观测的大坝走廊或建筑物的地 基。2.1.3高精度GPS变形

5、监测与传统的测量方法相比，GPS精密定位技术不仅可以满足大坝变形监测的精度 要求（不大于1mm），而且还帮助实现监测工作的自动化。例如，为了监测大坝 的变形，技术员在大坝变形区域内选择一个 GPS CORS站和大量监测点。在基 站与监测站，技术员分别安装进行持续自动观测的全球定位系统接收机。通过使用适当的数据传输技术，观测数据被实时的传送到数据中心进行观测数据的处 理，分析与预测。通过利用精密广播星历和双频GPS接收机获得的水平位移和垂直位移的精度 优于1毫米。在建筑物监测的运用中，GPS技术不仅可以逃脱不通视和气候条件 的限制（可以在大雾和暴风雪条件下实行全天候监测），但也可以收集、传输和

6、管理数据，分析变形和自动预测。所以它能达到远程在线实时监测的目的。 此外, 全球定位系统还可以实施动态变形监测和输出实时定位的结果。由GPS相对定位产生的基线向量，通过测量平差可以获得高精度的大地高程。 重要监测是指通 过垂直位移监测得到的相对沉降。我们不用转换转换，可以直接使用大地高程系 统，这不仅会简化计算工作，也保证观测结果的精度。2.2动态变形监测方法2.2.1摄影测量方法通过摄影测量方法测量工程结构变形是通过在变形体附近选定的稳定位置用 相机或视频摄像机拍照。然后变形可以通过比较监测点在不同时间获取的二、 维坐标获得。222三维激光技术 三维激光扫描三维激光技术是一种在

7、二十世纪中期发明的新技术，也是既全球定位系统之后 在测绘和地图科学上的一种突破。此外，通过高速地三维激光扫描测量物体的表 面可以获得大面积高分辨率的三维坐标数据，它可以为建立物体的三维动态模型 获得大量表面点信息和一种新的技术手段。 三维光学扫描三维光学扫描系统通过用数码相机投射光线到物体表面并且获得物体边缘和 彩色图像。经过先进的、独特的三维图像加工和高速度、精确地处理，可以计算 每个相应图像的各个像素点的空间坐标（X,Y,Z）和颜色数据（R，G，B），并最 终生成三维数字彩色图像。2.2.3实时动态GPS定位方法随着GPS硬件和软件的改进，GPS动态监测系统已经适用于各种工程

8、结构， 特别是桥梁检测。桥梁GPS实时动态定位系统一般包括全球定位系统接收器和 相关的装置，例如光纤数据传输网络、数据收集和分类、计算机数据控制等。该 系统的主要特征是全方位的实时显示桥梁结构。当车辆通过桥梁，监测系统可以获得日益增强的主跨垂直倾斜，甲板偏转，桥边的位置和开销迁移。在传统的方 式，它只会通过点的测量数据获得相对位移或局部位移。然而，通过GPS全球定位系统桥梁建筑物三维结构的直接测量得到了实现。3变形监测方法的选择目前，变形监测常用的方法包括大地测量方法， 特殊测量方法（含各种准直测 量，倾角测量，液体静力水准系统和应变计测量），摄影测量方法（含近距离摄 影和地面立体摄影测量），

9、全球定位系统测量法，测量机器人，三维激光扫描技 术等。各种监测方法有不同的精度和适应性。表 1列举了一些常用的监测方法， 仪器仪表和精度情况，并进行了分析与比较。表一：常用的测量方法、仪器对比:mnbocbinstniinentprtd 断 higherGPS suticfl2 bour)FJai Accuracy 1mm, Vertic*l Accuracy UirmiFt can monitDr tM whole 血y* 或呷le aperaiico, high sukimtEiicin. high pneition. hcMiofi $pecd iswhich ii dasadvinug

10、eCPSRIX wiyFhl Accuracy ckj be achieved 10+1* iOmni, ven jew Accuncy can be achieved 20+HIOmmIt cw monitoring the whole diy, simple opflfliion, high auinm4lM, Ikuwd pccd i quick, plane prcctsion is high, vertical precisian it law which is disadwnnt畔匕目前，由于其价格降低，GPS在煤矿生产测量中得到了广泛应用， 并且它的精度 完全可以满足变形监测的需

11、要。所以越来越多的部门利用 GPS4行尾矿坝的变形 监测。参考文献1 Jinsong Xu. The Experimental Analysis of Height Surveying Using GPS-RTKin FlatArea, in Chi nese : Geomatics & Spatial In formatio n Techno logy ; V01.2(2008),p. 102104,2 GangChen . Research on the test method of displacementsignificaneein GPSdeformationmonitoring,i

12、n Chinese : Science of Surveying and Mapping ; V01.2(2008),P.90.92 .3 Xiaod ong Yi n. Deformati on mon itori ng tech no logy and applicati on ,in Chin ese:Yellow Rower Conservancy Press ; 2007 .4 Jia nPing Yue. Deformati on mon itori ng tech no logy and applicati on, in Chin ese :National Defense in

13、dustry; 2007.5 Xia Wu ,Jianj un Liu .Danjia ngkou heighte ning project dam the overall desig ndeformation monitoring ,in Chinese: Yangtze River ; V01.(10)2007 .6 Xiufeng , He. Deformation monitoringnew method and application(fine) / Nationalkey subject geotech nicalengin eeri ngmono graph series , i

14、n Chin ese : Science Press ；2007.7 Ju n Ya ng , Qishe ng Wu . GPS Prin ciples and Its Matlab Simulation, in Chi neseXiDian University Press ; 2006.8 Shengxiang Huang.Data Processing of Deformation Monitoring, in Chinese : WuHanUniversity ; 2003 .9 Jianjun Zhu. Theory and Method of Deformation Measur

15、ement ,in Chinese : CentralSouth University Press ; 2003.10Dimou Bai. Deformatio nMon itori ngand DeformationAnalysisof EngineeringBuilding , in ChineseSouthwest Jiaot ong Uni versity Press;2002.12原文对照:ELSEVIERAvailable online at www sciencedireol oomScience DirectProcedjflEDgincering N20l 1)000-000

16、ProcediaEngineering辛mn矶 c Im/kKite/fMPgd 僅First International Symposium on Mine Safety Science and EngineeringGPS in the tailings dam deformation monitoringWei Lia?h Chang Wangb a*Uniwnity of Science and Technotagy Liaoning Aesaurce and ChH Engineering Actnieittyr Ansitan. Lumning .11401,ChinaUniven

17、ify cf Science and咚y Liapriing ft竺pv任 pnt Crvit Ertginring Academy, Atuhan. Liapning P II40I.C(rinaGPS 如2 hourGPS_RTK wayFlat Accuracy IrnmnVertical Accuracy IdmniRai Auracy can be achievedvertical Accuracycan achieved 30+1operlicn, auwnuckni, high prefivicn, kKalion speed is slow 审hick ii disadvant

18、age 11 can moniioritig he whole cities and townsT and lrge factories and enterprises. Therefore, the securiiy problem of the tailings dam needs more attention According to characteristics and distribution status of Chinas tailings 血叫 the problem on how toimprove management security level is an impor

19、tant problem 险ed by the whole society. The practice and promotion of monitor system carried out step by step on metal and non-metal mine can largely improve our cognitive level, security supervision and daily management Level of disaster mechanism. Whatps more, it can also increase (he disaster warn

20、ing prediction power of enteipriscs society and government of the tailings dam disaster as well as establish synthetical judgment on mone convenieat security procedure management and dam-break of risk control. For magnitude quantity and wide spatial distribution in China, there are widely marict pro

21、spect and important application value on the study of safety monitoring system of the tailings dam on cnetaJ and non-metal mine.2, A brief idtmduction of deformahon monitoring technology2.1 Static defannation monitoring methods2.1Phoioeleciric monitoring technology.Photoelectric inonitoring technolo

22、gy is a method that determines deformation by measuring the angle,side length and change of elevation with conventiona measuring inscrument (theodolitCjrangc fiiidrtkvel,wtal station),which is lhe primaiy method of monitoring defonnarion now. The common ground irionitoring methods contain forward in

23、tersection of two direction (three direction bilateral distance Lntersecticu method, polar coordinates method, collimating line, small angle, geometric leveling and precise trigonometric leveling method, etc. Angle intersection method and distance intersection method can monitor two-dimensional(X,Y

24、direction) displaxxment of defbrraabk body： collimating line method, siuall angle method and ranging method can observe level unidirectional displacement of deform able body： geomchic leveling method and precise trigonometric leveling method can observe vertical displacement of dcfbrmabi亡 body.2+1.2

25、 Mechanical defoTmaiion measurcTnent*(1) Mechanical quuMinevTo some deformaiion monitoririg objects, because of its unique structure special testing equipment can play an important role in forms of monitoring deformation, such as the measurement of Mechanical alignment, used in the main deformation

26、of the dam, can determine relative change of dam according to the point on a quasi-linear, which can be horizontal or verticaL Because of the small corridor airflow influence of the dam, material ofquasMinear can be wire or nylon that is refractive-proof Static levelingWorking principle of static le

27、veling is using liquid to achieve the ba Lance of the liquid surface of each vessel by passing conrwted devices. It irieasurcs vertical distances respectively from datum point to liquid level and observation point to liquid 1eve1t of which the diflerence is the height difference of those two points.

28、Static leveling is suitable for dam coTridar er the basement of one building where gwmctric Leveling is different to measure.2.13 High precision GPS defomation measurementGPS precision positioning technology, compared with classical measurement, not only can meet precision requircnicnt(within 1 mm)

29、of dam deformation monitoring *bu1 also help to realize automation of moniloring work. For in&tancet in order to mnnitor (he dam deformation technician select a GPS CORS and a number of monitoring points in deformation area fiar from appropriate po$idon of da叫” Iv th? b站卓 station and cnonitor statio

30、n t technician install GPS receiver respectively which carry out continuous automatic observation. By using proper data transTnission technology, monitoring data is re 住 I-time transferred U data processing center to carrying out treatment analysis and prediction of observation dataThe precision of

31、the horizontal displacement and vertical di$pl$jcement, obtained by using precision broadasl ephemeris and hours dual-frequency GPS observations, is better than LO mmr Applied in building rnonitoring, GPS technology can not only be free from limiUtion under the intervisibility and cbmate conditions,

32、 which carry out alJ-weathcr monitoring in heavy fog and snowstorm conditions .but also can poUcct transiniu and manage 曲曲* analysis deformation and autotmticlly forecast So it can reach the purpose of remote online network real-time monitoring. Besides, GPS can still cany out dynamic deformation mo

33、nitoring and export the result of real-time positioning according to 10 *20He frequency.Baseline vectors, produced by GPS relative pcsitioning, can obtain high precision gxieiic altitude by survey adjustment. As the vita observation here is the relative settlement during vertical displacinent monitp

34、rin. We could, without conversion, directly use geodetic altitude system, which will not only simplify calculaiing work, but also ensure precisian of observation result.2.2 Dynamic deformation monitoring methods2丄】Photogrammetry methodsMeasuring engineering structure deformation by Photogrammetry me

35、thods is to play a camtra or video camera on &onw selected stable positions around d&fbrmable body and phoivgraph* Then, displajconcnt can be cbtamed by conipanng tht two-dimnsional coordinates Ot tfiree-diinensional coordinates at different time of tncniloring point ”22.2 3D laser technique()3D las

36、er scanning3D laser technique is a high technology invited in the mid twentieth cenhiry* which also is a new breakthrough in surveying and mapping technology after GPS position system. Besides, getting lage* area-high resolution three-dimensional coordinates data from the surfece of the object by high speed laser scanning uiea&urenient method, it can quickly collect a lt of spac亡 point inihrmation and provide a ticw technical meaTis for EsUbJishing the object three-di mensiona I dynamic model.(2) 3D optical scanning3D optical scanning system projects gr