英语国家概况 谢福之 Chapter 2(最新修订版)

1、A Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Chapter 2 History,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,The Rise and Fall of the British Empire,Transition to the Modern Age,II,III,CONTENT,The Founding of the Nation,I,1.1

2、 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons,1.1.1 Prehistoric Period (history undocumented) 9,000 years ago part of E-Continent about 3,100 BC the native Neolithic people (Stonehenge,Stonehenge It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. P

3、eople began building Stonehenge about 5,100 years ago, dragging each stone into place,Stonehenge and its Statue,1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons,The name of BritainBritons Tribal society Celtic Language (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh,1.1.2 Celtic Britain (8th-5th Century BC,First invasionIn

4、 August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain SecondCaesars second raid in 54 BC Third and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain LeftGermanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the Roman occupation of the isla

5、nd,1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century,Julius Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar, 恺撒大帝, 100 BC-44 BC) Changed the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly. Launched a series of political and social reforms. Assassinated by a group of nobles,1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5t

6、h Century,Julius Caesar,Capable administrators the 1297 version, with the long title (originally in Latin) The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest, still remains on the statute books of England and Wales. Contained 63 clauses. Significance townspeoplefreedom

7、 of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today,1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta,Provisions of Oxford limiting the Kings power by calling regular meetings of a 15-member Privy Council (枢密院) Parlerto talk Official

8、 formation of the two houses of parliament: House of Lords House of Commons,1.2.2 Birth of Parliament,a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security and the throne promoted the concept of English nationalism promoted the development of the textile industry raised

9、the social position of the bourgeois class,1.2.3 Hundred Years War (1337-1453,House of York (约克王朝) Younger branch of the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝) of England. reigned over England from 1461-1485 The symbol of the House of York was a white rose because in Christian symbolism, white is the symbol o

10、f light, typifying innocence and purity, joy and glory. House of Lancaster (兰开斯特王朝) a branch of the house of Plantagenet. The badge of the House of Lancaster was a red rose. It represents the Virgin Mary, who was often called the Mystical Rose of Heaven. It won the Wars of the Roses,1.2.3 Hundred Ye

11、ars War (1337-1453,A war for the throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. It reduced the power of nobility and helped to increase the power of the new rising bourgeois class. The House of Lancaster won and their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the

12、 House of Tudor (1485-1603,1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485,House of Tudor (都铎王朝) An English royal dynasty of Welsh origin, which ruled England from 1485 to 1603 Marked by Henry VIIIs break with the papacy (教皇) in Rome (1534) and the beginning of the English Reformation The period witnessed the

13、 high point of the English Renaissance,1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485,Transition to the Modern Age,2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution,2.1 Religious Reformation,Reasons2 religious camps: Catholic and Protestant Immediate cause: Henry VIIIs divorce Act of Supremacy Henry VIII“the only

14、supreme head of the church of England” In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise,Henry VIII,King Henry VIII (1491-1547) King of England (1509-1547), who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. His attempt to divorce his fir

15、st wife is the immediate cause of the Reformation. In 1534, he declared himself to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England,2.1 Religious Reformation,Henry VIII,Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Her reign is often referred to as The Golden Age of English history. In government, Elizabeth was more mo

16、derate. In religion she was relatively tolerant. Consolidated the Church of England. Defended the fruit of the Reformation in essence,Elizabeth,2.1 Religious Reformation,Golden Age of English History England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts. The age of e

17、xploration: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth,2.1 Religious Reformation,parliamentary clashes over monopolies the monarchy attempted to control commercial activities in the interests of the court King C

18、harles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and ruled the country without it for eleven years,The various classes in England soon split up into two camps: Parliament: merchants, artisans and apprentices, peasants King: gentry, big landlords and monopolists,2.1 Religious Reformation,the civil war (1642-16

19、51) Between the Royalists (the Cavalier 保王党人) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads 圆颅党人) Result: the monarchy was abolished England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a republic,2.2 The Civil War,The Commonwealth (1649-1660) Cromwell, the head of the Commonwealth Conservative in social reforms and protec

20、ted property ownership In 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth,2.2 The Civil War,Cromwell,2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution,Restoration: 1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order 1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism,Glorious

21、Revolution 1688: joint sovereign of William and Mary 1689: Bill of Rights (limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament) removed the ruling monarch and established Constitutional Monarchy,Bill of Rights (人权法案) Formally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the S

22、ubject and Settling the Succession of the Crown (1689) passed by the Parliament in 1689 The main purpose: to declare illegal various practices of James II Significance: limiting the power of the monarch and guaranteeing the authority of Parliament,2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution,Seven Ye

23、ars War (1756-1763) considered as the first global conflict in history involving most of the great powers of the time, such as Britain, France, Austria, Sweden, and Spain. Causes: overlapping interests in their colonial and trade empires between Britain and France, and territorial conflicts in the H

24、oly Roman Empire,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,The Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain for the following reasons: huge market colonies in America and Indiacapital enclosure movementlabor A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the b

25、eginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning Jenny Water frame Spinning mule Power loom Steam engine,Spinning Jenny,Power loom,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,Means of Transportation canals were dug to ship goods the steam locomotive was invented in 1814 the first railway was completed in 1825 large me

26、rchant fleet,Steam Engine,Merchant Fleet,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain,The influence: Britain changed in many ways dramatically increased industrial productivity,the process of urbanization changes in the social cla

27、ss structure the conflict between the capitalists and the proletariansthe most important political issue,2.4 The Industrial Revolution,The Rise and Fall of the British Empire,First British Empire: 19th Century It included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in

28、 the West Indies,Second British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th Century Queen Victorias foreign policyNew Imperialism It included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and Canadadominions Victoria“Empress of India” In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War a

29、gainst China In Africa, controlled Suez Canal and conquered Egypt Union of South Africathe 4th dominion,3.1 The Formation of the British Empire,3.1 The Formation of the British Empire,Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria, 1819-1901) Ruled from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in the Britain history (

30、the Victorian Age) the Victorian Age: featured by tremendous achievements in almost every aspect Her foreign policyNew Imperialism, leads to the great expansion of the British Empire,On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. It controlled about a qua

31、rter of the worlds landmass. The British boasted that they had “an empire on which the sun never set,3.1 The Formation of the British Empire,3.2 Britain in the World Wars,3.2.1 World War I,By the beginning of the 20th century, Britains dominance was challenged by other European nations and the US. T

32、wo camps in Europe: Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and US The immediate causeassassination in Sarajevo,Most countries support the Allies Powers and Allies Powers won. The cost of the war for Britain was great: drained of its manpower los

33、t the sea supremacy a huge national debt,3.2.1 World War I,Germanylaunching a plan to conquer Europe Britainappeasement declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939 alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945 great costlost its naval suprem

34、acy and in debt to the United States,3.2.2 World War II,Winston Churchill (Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, 1874-1965) British statesman, orator, and author. famous for his speechesThe famous line “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat” comes from his first speech as Prime

35、Minister. As the Prime Minister (1940-45, 1951-55), he rallied the British people during World War II and led Britain from the brink of defeat to victory,3.2.2 World War II,Winston Churchill,Independence movementIndia, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt British Commonwealth of Nations (a loosely orga

36、nized community of former British colonies,3.3 The Fall of the Empire,Britain since World War II,One of the Big Three after WWII Foreign Policy: Three Majestic Circles less involvement in the Commonwealth circle close cooperation with the United States an isolationist policy towards Europe,4.1. “Thr

37、ee Majestic Circles,NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) on April 4, 1949 During the Cold WarNATOs primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies military response to a possible invasi

38、on by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (华约). In the post-Cold War erato foster dialog and cooperation with former adversaries in the Warsaw Pact and to “manage” conflicts in Europe Britain joined the NATO in 1949,4.1. “Three Majestic Circles,Margaret Thatcher Reestablished “special relati

39、onship” with the United States against European integration,Tony Blair more positive towards Europe (but refused to join the Euro) further strengthened the close relationship with the United States,4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US,Cartoon: The Special Relationship between Britannia & Uncle Sam

40、,Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特希尔达撒切尔, 1925-2013) Britains first female prime minister who served three consecutive terms in office (1979-1990). the Iron Lady, a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. She accelerated the evolution of the British economy from

41、statism (国家主义) to liberalism,4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US,Margaret Thatcher,Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特希尔达撒切尔, 1925-2013) Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasized deregulation (放松管制), flexible labor markets, the privatization of state-owned companies, and reducing the power an

42、d influence of trade unions. Died of a stroke on April 8, 2013, at the age of 87,Margaret Thatcher,4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US,Tony Blair (Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, 1953- ) Served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997-2007. Pursued a more positive policy toward Europe

43、yet refuse to adopt the euro in 1999. Strengthened the close relationship with the United States and joined the U.S. in many military actions, such as the “Operation Desert Storm” in 1991,4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US,Tony Blair,50 Things You Need to Know About British History,In date order

44、： Stonehenge 3100 BC Roman Invasion and Civilisation 43 AD St Augustine and Christianity 3th King Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 878 Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 1066 Magna Carta and trial by jury 1215 Declaration of Arbroath 1314 Canterbury Tales 1387-1400 Peasants Revolt 1381 The longbows at Agincourt 1415,Religious Settlement 1559 Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Amrada 1588