2015武汉大学考博英语真题(最新整理)

1、武汉大学2015 年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题一、阅读理解justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the cri

2、me. recorded in the old testament is the expression an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. that is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. to make up for his offence, society must get even. this can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. this concepti

3、on of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. it is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. this philosophy of punishment was supported by the german idealist hegel. he believed that society owe

4、d it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. the criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. to the murderer nothing less than giving up his own

5、will pay his debt. the demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. the aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a m

6、ore adequate way to express it. it tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. the criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. before a treatment can be admi

7、nistered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. if the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. this does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be

8、quickly returned to take up careers of crime. it means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. if severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. however, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a nor

9、mal place in society. his conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. the best title for this selection is （）a. fitting punishment to the crimeb. approaches to just punishmentc. improvement in legal justiced. attaining justice i

10、n the courts2. the passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （ ） .a. type of crime that was provenb. severity for the punishmentc. reason for the sentenced. outcome of the trial3. the punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views

11、of corrective justice woul d be（）.a. forced brain surgeryb. whippingc. solitary confinementd. the electric chair4. the biblical expression an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in orde r to （）.a. prove，that equality demands just punishmentb. justify the need for punishment as a p

12、art of lawc. give moral backing to retributive justiced. prove that man has long been interested in justicein every known human society the males needs for achievement can be recognized. in a great number of human societies mens sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to

13、practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.this is the conclusion of the anthropologist margaret mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society sh

14、ould be distinguished.if talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fr om complete. there is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around theirhitherto

15、accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of womens pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business

16、 of running the world.there are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of mens status. in the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman prime minister, in india, sri lanka and israel.secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who wo

17、rk, especially marriedwomen and mothers of children. more diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts ofhitherto exclus

18、ively male leisure-time activities.everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions o fhuman life. it is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an exp

19、ression of inwardlyfelt expectations of peoples sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. in this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. amorous initiative is

20、 firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5. the phrase mens sureness of their sex role in the first paragraph suggests that they （）a. are confident in their ability to charm women.b. take the initiative in courtship.c. have a clear idea of what is considered manly.d. tend to

21、 be more immoral than women are.6. the third paragraph （）a. generally agrees with the first paragraphb. has no connection with the first paragraphc. repeats the argument of the second paragraphd. contradicts the last paragraph7. the usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（）a. is based on th

22、e study of archaeologyb. illustrates how people expect men to behavec. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joked. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. the opening quotation from margaret mead sums up a relationship between man and wo man which the author（）a. approves ofb. ar

23、gues is naturalc. completely rejectsd. expects to go on changingfarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. it makes it hard to plan ahead. but most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. farmers in europe, the u.s. and japan are luckier: they receive massiv

24、e government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. last month u.s. president bush signed a new farm bill that gives american farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes u.s. agricultural support close to cr

25、azy european levels. bush said the step was necessary to promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations. it is also designed to help the republican party win control of the senate in novembers mid termelections.agricultural production in most poor countries accounts fo

26、r up to 50% of gdp, compared to only 3% in rich countries. but most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. those who try exporting to the west find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. in 1999 the united nations c

27、onference on trade and development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. its not as if the developing world wants any favours, says gerald ssendwula, ugandas minister of

28、 finance. what we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.agriculture is one of the few areas in which the third world can compete. land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. this is no pie in the sky speculation. the biggest success i

29、n kenyas economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to europe. but that may all change in 2008, when kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the least developed country status that allows african producers to avoid paying stiff european import duti

30、es on selected agricultural products. with trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. and while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: americas african growth and

31、 opportunity act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to africas manufacturers. the lesson: the third world can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.this is what makes bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depres

32、sing. poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. such suspicions caused the seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. but last november members of the world trade organization, meeting in doha, qatar, fin

33、ally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. bushs handout last month makes a lie of americas commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trad

34、e.9. by comparison, farmers （） receive more government subsidies than others.?a. in the developing worldb. in japanc. in europed. in america?10. in addition to the economic considerations, there is a （） motive behind bush s signing of the new farm bill.?a.partisan b.social c.financial d.cultural?11.

35、 the message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that （）?a. poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?b. “the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries?c. poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization?d. farmers i

36、n poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies12. the writers attitude towards new farm subsidies in the u.s. is （）?a.favourable b.ambiguous c.critical d.reservedroger rosenblatts book black fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, s

37、uccessfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. as rosenblatt notes, criticism of black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on black history. addison gayles recent work, for example, judges the value of black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work a

38、ccording to the notions of black identity which it propounds.although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fic

39、tional enterprise. rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.writing acceptable criticism of black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. first

40、 of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by black authors? second, how does black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? rosenblatt shows that black fiction constitutes a di

41、stinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. looking at novels written by blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. these structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact

42、 that the black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.black fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it

43、 is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. for instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or

44、 trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? in addition, the style of some black novels, like jean toomers cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent themethat portrays the fate against which black heroes are pitted, a theme usually

45、conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?in spite of such omissions, what rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. black fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like

46、 james weldon johnsons autobiography of an ex-colored man. its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.13 the author objects to criticism of black fiction like that by addison gayle because it（）.a. emphasizes purely literary

47、aspects of such fictionb. misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionc. misunderstands the notions of black identity contained in such fictiond. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction14. the author of the passage is primarily concerned with （）.a. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticismb. comparing various critical approaches to a subjectc. discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticismd. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism15. the authors discussion of black fi