英语句子成分讲解

1、一、介绍与其重要性,句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好,文章。英语的句子成分有八种,主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语,定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语,学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础,英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子,的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配,就能写出完整、正确的句子,句子成分与结构,英语的句子成分,一,主语,Walls,have ears,He,will take you to the hospital,Three plus four,equals seven,To see,is to believe,Smo,king,is not allowed i

2、n public places,Whether or not they will come,depends on the weather,二,谓语,由,_,担任,助动词或情态动词,加其他动,词的适当形式也构成谓语动词,Action,speaks,louder than words,The chance,may,never,come,again,Mary,has been working,at the dress shop since 1994,动词,动词短语,名词,代词,数词,to do,不定式,doing,动名词,句子,当,不定式、动名词或从句,在某个句子中作主语,时，为保持句子结构前后平衡

3、，避免头重脚轻,因此常用,it,作形式主语,置于,句首,而将真正的,主语放在句尾。此时,it,只起先行引导作用，本,身无词义,什么情况下用,it,作形式主语,你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗,你懂得翻,译下列句子吗,1) It is wrong to tell a lie. (,2) It is no use arguing about it. (,3) It is uncertain who will come. (,说谎是错误的,争吵是没用的,谁要来还不确定,1. We,love,China,2. She,seems,tired,3. He,can speak,English,4. We,h

4、ave finished,reading this book,谓语,谓语,说明主语,做什么,或,怎么样,通常由,_,充当,动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词,动词,实义动词,连系动词,情态动词,助动词,V,情态动词,和,助动词,不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语,They,can speak,English well,They,are playing,over there,1,状态,系动词,用来表示主语状态，只有,be,a,m,is ,are,was,were,been,being,一词,He,is,a teacher,2,持续,系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种

5、状况或,态度，主要有,keep, remain, stay,He always,kept,silent at meeting,他开会时总保持沉默,系动词,3,表像,系动词，用来表示,看起来像,这一概念，主要,有,seem, appear, look,例如,He looks tired,He seems (to be) very sad,4,感官,系动词，主要有,feel, smell, sound, taste,This flower smells very sweet,5,变化,系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有,become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come

6、,He became mad after that,6,终止,系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有,prove, turn out,The rumor proved false,这谣言证实有假,His plan turned out a success,他的计划终于成功了,My father is a,professor,Whos,that, Its,me,Everything here is,expensive,The match became,very exciting,The story of my life may be,of help to others,Three times fiv

7、e is,fifteen,His plan is,to seek work,in the city,My first idea was,that you should hide your feelings,三,表语,它的位置在,_,之后,是用来说明主语的,_,_, _,的,系动词、连系动词,性质,特征,状态,名词,n,代词,pron,形容词,adj,adj,介词短语,数词,to do,不定式,句子,四）宾语,表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一,般放在,_,之后,_,词后也会跟宾语,She covered,her face,with her hands,We havent seen,her,

8、for a long time,Do you mind,opening,the window,Give me,four,please,He wants,to dream a nice dream,We need know,what others are doing,We should care more about our friends,She felt,it her duty to take good care of them,It,作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语,动词,动词短语,介,名词,n,代词,pron,动名词,代词和数词,to do,不定式,句子,介词,名词,五）定语,是修饰,_,

9、词,单词作定语时通常放在它所修,饰的名词之,_,短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰,的名词之,_,They are,woman,workers,Toms,father didnt write home until yesterday,Mary is a,beautiful,girl,The play has,three,acts,This is,her first,trip,to Europe,China is a,developing,country,I have nothing,to eat,Those,who want to go to Tibet,are to sign their na

10、me,s here,名,前,后,名词,名词所有格,形容词,adj,数词,形容词,序数词,介词短语,现在分词,doing,to do,不定式,从句,六）状语,状语表示地点、时间、原因、目,的、结果、条件,让步,伴随情况等,The best fish swim,near the bottom,I left the village,five years ago,I arrived late because of the traffic jam,Well send a car,to fetch you,The fish can eat a person in two minutes,leaving,o

11、nly bones,The students came into the classroom,singing and,dancing,If he goes,so will I,Though he is a child,he knows a lot,地点状语,时间状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,伴随状语,条件状语,让步状语,七）宾语补足语,英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之,外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整,They elected me,captain of the team,We try to make our country,strong,We found everythin

12、g,in good order,there,I should advise you,to get the chance,I saw him,going upstairs,They found the house broken in,名词,形容词,介词短语,to do,不定式,现在分词,doing,done,过去分词,宾语和宾语补足语一起构成,动词的,复合结构,八）主语补足语,如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成,为主语,原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语,I was elected,captain of the team,Our country will be made,strong,He die

13、d,young,他死时很年轻。（此句不是原宾,补变过来的,She was called,Lucy,她名叫露西,He was seen,to go upstairs,有人看见他上楼了,同位语,是位于,名词,或,代词,后,面的个别名词或,名词词组，对前者进行补充说明,The Great Wall,one of the wonders,in the world,attracts a large number,of foreign friends,This is my cousin,Helen,这是我的表妹，海伦,We,students,should study hard. / (students,是

14、,we,的同位语，都是指同一批学生,We,all,are students. / (all,是,we,的同位语，都,指同样的我们,九,同位语,十,独立成分,感叹词、应答词、呼语、插入语,等，在句中可作独立成分，用逗号与,其他成分隔开,Oh,my god,Come in,Mr Green,This,I think,is the best way,to help them,感叹词,呼语,插入语,分词独立主格结构,分词作状语时其,逻辑主语,与句子的,主语一致,否则,应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构,例,错句,Studying hard,your score will go up,正确,1,Stu

15、dying,hard,you,can make your sc,ore go up,或,2)If you study hard,your score will go up,解析：错句中分词,studying,没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既,your score,显然做,study,的应是人，不应是,your score,分,数,正确句,1,更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻,辑主语一致,同为,you,正确句,2,则使用条件分句,带出,study,的主语,不过已经不是分词结构了,分,词独立结构常省略,being,having been,不过,The,He,sat,in,front,

16、of,them,his,dusty,face,maski,ng,his,age,All,things,considered,the,trip,wil,l,have,to,be,called,off,Game,being) over,he went home,He stands there,book,being) in hand,独立结,构还可用,with,without,引导，作状语或定语,这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形,容词、介词短语、副词或名词等,如,With nothing,to do,he fell asleep soon.,无事,可做，他很快就睡着了,The teache

17、r came in,with glasses,on his nos,e,老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句,o,n his nose,不可省略,二,五种简单句基本句型,主语,谓语,宾语,主语,谓语,间接宾语,直接宾语,主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,动词,系动词,不及物动词,及物动词,主语,系,表语,主语,谓语,1,Our city,is,at the crossing of some important railways,主语,系动词,表语,2,The city,will become,rich,主语,系动词,表语,在这类结构中最常用的系动词是,变化”类,_,_,感官”类,_,_,持续”类

18、,_,_,其他：（似乎,_ _,证明是,_,get/ become/ turn/grow/go,taste/ smell/ feel/look/sound,stay/ keep/remain,Seem appear,turn out/ prove(to be,1,主语,系动词,表语,Exercises,你的故事听起来很有趣,_,_,把鱼放在冰箱里，否则它会变坏的,_,_,这种炎热的天气将会保持几天,_,_,这个计划证明是可行的,_,_,Your,story sounded very interesting,Put the fish into fridge, or they will go ba

19、d,The hot day will remain/stay/ keep a few days,The plan turned out/proved,to be) practical,一,纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高,考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难,点所在,高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较,多，重点考查的是,get,其次是,feel,和,remai,n,考查的难度在逐年增大,二,对表示状态变化的系动词的考查,英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有,get,tu,rn,turn out,结果是,go,come,成,为,fall,become,等,1,对,get,的考

20、查,get,表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做,成”，它后面可以接形容词,v-ing,形式、过去,分词等,Sarah,hurry,up,Im,afraid,you,wont,h,ave,time,to,_,before,the,party,A,get,changed,B,get,change,C,get,changing,D,get,to,change,Be,careful,when,you,cross,this,very,busy,street,if,not,you,may,_,run,over,by,a,car,A,have,B,get,C,become,D,turn,As,we,joi

21、ned,the,big,crowd,I,got,_,f,rom,my,friends,A,separated,B,spared,C,lost,D,missed,分析：例中考查的是,get,过去分词,构成的,系表结构。例,get changed,意为,换衣服,例,get,run over,意为,碾过，压过,例,get separated,意思,是,冲散，分离,所以正确答案分别是,A,B,A,2,对,go,的考查,系动词,go,的意义是“变成，成为”，后多跟形,容词，如,go,bad,go,mad,go,wrong,go,hungr,y,go,sour,等。例如,On,hearing,the,ne

22、ws,of,the,accident,in,co,al,mine,she,_,pale,A,got,B,changed,C,went,D,appeared,分析：该题考查的是,go+adj.,系表结构,got,和,changed,不能与,pale,搭配起来表达这,一状态的变化，而,appeared,是表示状态存在,的系动词。所以正确答案是,C,3,对,fall,的考查,系动词,fall,表示“（不知不觉地或突然地）进入,状态”，后常跟形容词、副词或介词短语等，如,fall,ill,生病,fall,apart,散开,fall,asleep,fall,into,a,deep,sleep,睡熟,例如

23、,As,she,_,the,newspaper,Granny,_,asleep,A.read,was,falling,B,was,reading,fell,C,was,reading,was,falling,D,read,fell,分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词,fall+adj.,结构,fall asleep,是短暂性动词短语，不能用于,进行时态，故正确答案是,B,句意是“她读报,时，奶奶睡着了。,三,对表示状态存在的系动词的考查,常见的有,be,seem,appear,look,feel,smell,s,ound,keep,taste,remain,prove,stay,lie,处,于某种

24、状态,stand,处于某种状态）等,1,对,remain,的考查,系动词,remain,的意思是“保持，继续，依然不变,后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等,Having,a,trip,abroad,is,certainly,good,f,or,the,old,couple,but,it,remains,_,whe,ther,they,will,enjoy,it,A,to,see,B,to,be,seen,C.seeing,D,seen,Although,he,has,taken,a,lot,of,medicine,his,health,_,poor,A,proves,B,remain

25、s,C,maintains,D,continues,分析：例中的,remain,是个半系动词,有待被看，证实”，所以应用不定式的被,动式，故答案是,B,例中,remain poor,意,为“仍然很差,maintain,意为“维持，保,持，继续”，不与形容词,poor,连用，所以正,确答案是,B,2,对,stay,的考查,stay,意为“保持原状，维持”，后面可以接形,容词、副词、介词短语、名词等,The,weather,has,stayed,warm,all,week,Why,dont,you,put,the,meat,in,the,fridge,It,will,_,fresh,for,sev

26、eral,days,A,be,stayed,B,stay,C,be,staying,D,have,stayed,分析：该题考查的是系动词,stay,后接形容词,fresh,的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状,态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不,能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是,B,3,对,appear,的考查,appear,的含义是“似乎，好像，看来（如关于,某人的性格、感情或意图）”，此时不用进行式,后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等,She,appeared,rather,upset,about,somethin,g,看来有些什么事使她心烦,Do,let,your,mother,know,al

27、l,the,truth,S,he,appears,_,everything,上海,2001,A,to,tell,B,to,be,told,C,to,be,telling,D,to,have,been,told,分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈,她看上去已经知道一切事情。”句中,tell,后面,没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为“知道,一切”发生在“告诉真相”之前，要用完成式,所以正确答案是,D,4,对,feel,的考查,feel,的意思是“感觉是，似乎”，后常接形容词,副词、介词短语等,I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _,good

28、to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea,A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes,Do,you,like,the,material,Yes,it,_,very,soft,A.is,feeling,B.felt,C.feels,D.is,felt,分析：这两道考题考查的是,fell+adj.,的系表,结构。例中,feel good,意为“感觉舒服”；例,feel soft,意为“摸上去软和”，此时，主动结构,表示被动的含义。所以正确答案分别是,B,和,C,5,对系动词,look,的考查,look,有“看来，显得”等意，后面常接

29、形容词,介词短语、不定式短语、从句等,The,plan,looks,good,on,paper,but,will,i,t,work,这个计划从表面上看来不错，但能行得,通吗,You,dont,look,very,_,Are,you,ill,No,Im,just,a,bit,tired,A,good,B,well,C,strong,D,healthy,分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词,但,look well,的意思是“看上去气色好,符合对话的语境，故正确答案是,B,6,对,sound,的考查,sound,有“听起来，令人觉得，似乎”等含义,后面可以接形容词、名词短语、介词短语、不定,式等,S

30、he,sounds,to,be,a,very,strange,woman,听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人,What,he,said,sounds,_,A,nicely,B,pleasantly,C,friendly,D,wonderfully,分析：四个选项中只有,friendly,是形容词，可以和,s,ound,连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只能,作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是,C,7,对,taste,的考查,taste,在使用时不用进行时态，含义是“尝起来,有某种特殊的味道”，一般接形容词构成系表结,构,These,oranges,taste,nice,这些橙子味道,很好,The

31、se,oranges,taste,_,A.good,B,well,C,to,be,good,D,to,be,well,分析,taste,是系动词，所以要用形容词,good,作其表语,well,作形容词时，意思是“健康,的”，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正确答案,是,A,8,对,smell,的考查,smell,经常与形容词连用，意思是“闻起来，有,气,味,发出,的气味,This book,smells,old,这本书有一股霉味,We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we,really dont want him to smell _,A. well

32、; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad,分析：第一空前的,smell,是不及物动词，意,为“嗅，闻，有嗅觉”，副词,badly,修饰,smell,s,而第二空前的,smell,是系动词，与形容词,b,ad,构成系表结构,答案为,D,2,主语,谓语,1,Building,has started,主语,谓语,2,The train,leaves,at 7:40,主语,谓语,_,搭配,The teacher teaches well,The child walks very slowly,_,搭配,The girl looked at the

33、picture,The children ran to the forest,动词副词,动词介词,Exercise,我每天起的很早，走到小花园，坐在凳子上,小鸟在树上欢快的歌唱，鱼儿在池塘,里自由的嬉戏，我玩得也高兴,_,_,_,_,Every day I get up early, walk to the park and s,it on the bench,The birds sings happily in the tree, the fish plays,freely in the pool and I also enjoys myself,主语,可有修饰语,定语,谓语,可有修饰语,状

34、语,如,1. The,red,sun,rises,in the east,2. So they had to travel,by air or boat,3.We got up,early so as to catch the first,bus,4. She sat,there,alone,reading a novel,5. He came back,when we were eating,6,Weak,buildings will fall down,in an earthqua,ke,but,strong,ones may stay up,3,主语,谓语,宾语,1,The boss,e

35、mployed,five more workers,主语,谓语,宾语,2,My brother takes care of the vegetable gard,en,3,Few students like taking exams,4,He forgot to close the door,5,I hope I can speak English fluently,Exercise,他车子开得如此快以至于违反了交通规则,_,_,他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光,_,_,他许诺给我一个礼物,_,_,He drove so fast that he broke the traffic rules,H

36、e took out a beer and drank it up quickly,He promised to give me a gift,4,主语,谓语,间接宾语,直接宾语,1,He,has fetched,us,some new textbooks,主语,谓语,间接宾语,直接宾语,2,Grandma,cooked,us,a nice meal,主语,谓语,间接宾语,直接宾语,3,The man told the girl that he wants to test h,er the subject,4,The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese,

37、顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗,_,_,下学期谁教你们生物,_,_,Mr. White,告诉我为什么他要出国,_,_,By the way, has she paid you money,Who will teach you biology,next term,Mr. White told me why he went abroad,但若要,先说出直接宾语（事物,后说间接宾语,人），则要借助于介词,to,或,for,如,He brings cookies to me every day,She made a beautiful dress for me,用,to,侧重指动作的方向，表示,朝着，向

38、着，对着,某,人,用,for,侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人，替某,人,常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助,to,的,bring,giv,e, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return,send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,等,需借助,for,的,buy, call, cook, choose, draw,find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等,巩固练习,1,Johnson,先生去年教我们德语,2,奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事,3,请把那本字典递给我好吗,4,他把

39、车票给列车员看,Mr Johnson taught us German last year,Grandma told me an interesting story last night,Would you please pass me the dictionary,He showed the ticket to the conductor,巩固练习,5,我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗,6,新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动,7,他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣,Shall I call you a taxi,The new machine will save you a lot of labour

40、,7.He bought a new coat for his mother wi,th his first months salary,5,主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,1,The villagers,didn,t allow,them,to do this,主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,2,I will keep the box in the shade,3,We found him a very good pupil,4,She let me stay in the company,参看第,15,张,Exercise,他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净,_,_,我建议他多读点书,_,_,他修

41、了机器,_,_,我们选他当班长,_,_,He always keeps his room clean,I suggest him reading more books,He had his machine repaired,We made him monitor,用,it,做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补,足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的,句型结构方式。即,主语,谓语,it,宾补,真正宾语,如,I found it very pleasant to be with your famil,y,巩固练习,1,我们叫她,Alice,2,我们大家都认为他是诚实的,3,他们已经把小偷释放了

42、,4,我要你把真相告诉我,5,卫兵命令我们立即离开,6,每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语,7,他每个月理一次发,8,我们不会让她在晚上外出的,We call her Alice,All of us considered him honest,They have set the thief free,I want you to tell me the truth,The guards ordered us to leave at once,Every morning we hear him read English aloud,He has his hair cut every month,We wont let her go out at night,9,那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了,10,她正在听人家讲故事,11,我从来没看见这个字这样用过,12,他感到很难跟你交谈,13,我认为有可能用另一种方法解题,14,学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立,The terrible sound made the children frightened,She is li