土木工程专业Building-engineering-bidding项目招投标大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

1、毕 业 设 计（论文） 外 文 文 献 翻 译文献、资料中文题目：项目招投标文献、资料英文题目：building engineering bidding 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院 （部）：专班姓学业：级：名：号：土木工程指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14building engineering biddingabstract:nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. th

2、e construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. this article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively. biddin

3、g documents should be well formulated ,which is the improtment to a successful bidding and direct influence the success or failure of the bidding work.becasue the success or failure of the bidding for the survival and development of enterprise has a direct impact, so we have a high quality, improve

4、the bid documents of the unit, prevent invalid and successful pass mark appear, become a research topic.key : bidding drawbacks of unfair competition countermeasuresbidding is a form of project transactions, project bidding process is to determine the successful bidder and the cost of the process an

5、d the price of the project, project bidding work of a very important link, do a good job bidding to determine the price, we can effectively control construction costs, and create a fair and equitable market environment, create orderly competition mechanism. bidding in construction activities, constr

6、uction enterprises in order to tender invincible works to be successful, and from the contracted projects profitable, it needs to integrate various subjective and objective conditions, the tender research strategy determine tender. tender bidding strategy, including pricing strategies and skills. al

7、l of the strategies and skills from the numerous contractors bidding on the accumulated experience and objective understanding of the law and of the actual situation understanding, but also with the contractors decision-making ability and courage are closely related.bidding documents is the general

8、programme and play book of the bidding activity through the process of bidding. the bidding documents will specify that how to conduct each bidding work, how to dispatch bidding documents, the requirements for tenderer,how to rate and decide bidding and the procedures of bidding. therefore, the pers

9、onnel who is responsible for prepare bidding documents should first have a general view of the bidding work, include all the requirements and arrangements into the bidding documents. if meet problems that have not been considered previously, then resolve them one by one during the preparation. the c

10、ourse of bidding documents preparation is also the course of making bidding scheme .in another respect, bidding documents is also the legal instuments. besides relevant law and rules, the bidding documents are the common game rules that bidder,bidding agent and tenderer should subject to through the

11、 bidding. bidding documents are the legal instuments that all the three bidding related parties should subject to, have legalforce, therefore, the bidding documents -making personnel required to have the awareness and quality of leagal in order to reflect the fair, just and legal requirement in the

12、bidding documents.in building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing chinas construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. but in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to

13、 perfect, enrich and improve. this project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the peoples republic of china for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders professional requirements of project profile was illustrated.nowadays in the engineering const

14、ruction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. the construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. this article focuses on how to decr

15、ease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively.in building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing chinas construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. but in

16、 the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. this project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the peoples republic of china for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders professional requirements of pr

17、oject profile was illustrated.the practice of project bidding purpose is to market competition of openness, fairness and justice. however, due to the construction market development is not standard, management system and the experience of inadequate, architectural engineering bidding in concrete ope

18、ration exist in acts of unfair competition, and some drawbacks. this obviously violate the bidding, the bidding process, and will lose its significance for other bidder fails to bid is unjust, disturbed the bidding (project contracting market economic order, for activities), this kind of behavior mu

19、st be prohibited, only in this way can we make construction engineering competitive trading activity lawfully healthy. this subject will i learned and social practice, present situation and construction project bidding system is expounded, and the disadvantages of bidding for construction project wi

20、th acts of unfair competition phenomenon and analysis of causes, and finally make corresponding preventive countermeasures.construction cost management system, both theoretical discussion, but also need to practice innovation. under the conditions of market economy, project cost management, competit

21、ive and orderly market for construction management services platform structures. in such a premise, the original scale and method of valuation is inappropriate, and this needs to be reformed and improved. the spirit of the governments macro regulation and control, enterprise autonomy offer, the mark

22、etwill price principle, to implement the implementation specification bill of quantity. inventory valuation bidding activities are based on market economy mechanism, based on legal, scientific, fair, open and reasonable way to determine the winning bidder of an economic activity. bidding is bidding

23、activities constitute two basic aspects. the bidding activity is merely that by bidding to choose the one with the workconstruction process capability, moderate cost, quality is excellent, short duration of construction enterprises, and this is the ultimate goal tender. i have participated in intern

24、ships over the course of the project bidding, and completed over part of the calculation of quantities, combined with graduate experience in the design process, a brief analysis of the mode quantities call for tenderthe meaning of risk and risk characteristics of the general construction, the lowest

25、 price sealed bidding construction method produces several risks and incentives, according to their characteristics discussed the feasibility of risk control and prevention. comparison of engineering and engineering security risk management, insurance, similarities and differences between the two pr

26、ojects and benefits; construction project bidding and tendering process characteristics of human behavior is analyzed to reveal the bidders risk appetite and behavioral characteristics with changes in the external environment change, when the default punishment is light, the bidder preference appeti

27、te for risk and default penalties, with the increase exceeds a certain value, the risk of bidders to show preference for behavior change to avoid the risk of penalties, the greater the bidder biased in favor of a more risk-averse behavior, the results of the control and prevention of risk behavior o

28、f bidders has an important and practical significanceconstruction cost management from the quantity-one price plan model to price of separation volume model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties in

29、volved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. this will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of project bidding mechanisms play an important role in

30、 innovation. it can be said that the implementation of the project bill of quantities is a project cost management system in our country a big step forward, but also in chinas accession to the wto, the global construction industry a powerful tool for peer competition.with the construction of in-dept

31、h development of the market, the traditional fixed pricing model no longer suited to market-oriented economic development needs. in order to adapt to the current project bidding by the market needs of a project cost, we must work on the existing valuation methods and pricing model for reform, the im

32、plementation of projects bill pricing. engineering is a list of pricing model and adapt to the market economy, allowing independent contractor pricing through market competition determine prices, with the international practice of pricing model. with the bill pricing model projects to promote, in ac

33、cordance with international biddingpractices is imperative. therefore, the lowest reasonable price of the successful bidder my future is the most important evaluation methods. at this stage due to the implementation of projects bill pricing model and the problems mainly against china at this stage i

34、n the minimum reasonable price of the principles of the successful bidder, most contractors have not yet set up their own enterprises of scale, companies unable to determine the reasonable cost. this article is a scientific and fast set reasonable cost to study the key. first, from the project cost

35、of the basic concept, of the engineering bill pricing model under the cost structure, to accurately predict costs of the project provided the basis, considering the average cost of the social cost to individual enterprises and the tender stage of the cost estimates. followed through on fuzzy math an

36、d technology for smooth in-depth analysis, through close-degree, the concept of reasonable fuzzy math and exponential smoothing technologies, construction of the project cost vague prediction model, and in accordance with the relevant information and statistics information and experience to establis

37、h a framework structure, the comparison works construction cost management from the quantity-one price plan model to price of separation volume model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties involved

38、in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. this will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of project bidding mechanisms play an important role in innova

39、tion. it can be said that the implementation of the project bill of quantities is a project cost management system in our country a big step forward, but also in chinas accession to the wto, the global construction industry a powerful tool for peer competition.a healthy bidding system should be in a

40、ccordance with the open, fair and justice and the principle of good faith, and establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly construction market. in view of the current problems existing in the bidding process, adopt regulations, and formulate and perfect the institution, strengthening process

41、supervision measures, they can better regulate construction market order, prevent corruption from its source, purify construction market, promote the construction market order progressively toward standardization, institutionalized, and constantly improve the quality and level of the bidding work.re

42、ferences1 r.g. casey, d.r. ferguson, intelligent forms processing, ibmsystem journal 29 (3) (1990) 435 450.2 t. watanabe, q. luo, n. sugie, layout recognition of multikindsof table-form documents, ieee transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 17 (4) (1995) 422445.3 j.l. chen, h.j. l

43、ee, an efficient algorithm for form structureextr ction using strip projection, pattern recognition 31 (9)fig. 9. table with no obvious separating symbol between records. (1998) 1353 1368.y. cao et al. / automation in construction 11 (2002) 573584 5834 l.y. tseng, r.c. chen, recognition and data ext

44、raction of form documents based on three types of line segments, pattern recognition 31 (10) (1998) 1525 1540.5 k.c. fan, j.m. lu, g.d. chen, a feature point clustering approach to the recognition of form documents, pattern recognition 31 (9) (1998) 12051220.6 s. chandran, r. kasturi, structure reco

45、gnition of tabulated data,proceedings of 2nd international conference on document analysis and recognition, tsukuba science city, jap20 22, 1993, pp. 516 519.7 k. itonori, table structure recognition based on textblock arrangement and ruled line position, proceedings of 2nd international conference

46、on document analysis and recognition, tsukuba science city, japan, oct. 20 22, 1993, pp. 765 768.8 j.h. shamilian, h.s. baird, t.l. wood, a retargetable table reader, proceedings of 4th international conference on document analysis and recognition, ulm, germany, aug. 18 20,1997, pp. 158163.9 j.y. ch

47、iang, s.c. tue, y.c. leu, a new algorithm for line image vectorization, pattern recognition 31 (10) (1998) 15411549.项目招投标【摘要】:目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成，施 工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高 市场适应能力和竞争力。本文从降低成本、增加收入两方面阐述对施工成本的有 效控制。投标文件的编制是投标工作的一个重要环节，直接影响投标工作的成败， 投标的成败对企业的生存和发展有着直接的影响，因此要编制出高质量

48、的投标文 件，提高单位的中标率，防止无效标及废标出现。【关键词】： 招投标不正当竞争防范对策招标投标是一种工程交易形式，工程招投标的过程就是确定中标人和工程 价格的过程，而工程价格的确定，是工程招投标工作中非常重要的一个环节，搞 好招投标工程的价格确定工作，可以有效地控制工程造价，创造公平、公正的市 场环境，营造有序竞争的机制。在建筑工程招标投标活动中，建筑施工企业要想 在投标中立于不败之地，中标得到工程，然后又要从承包工程中赢利，就需要综 合考虑各种主观条件与客观因素、研究投标策略，确定投标方法。投标策略包括投标策略和作价技巧。所有的策略和技巧来自承包商的无数 次投标的经验积累以及对客观规律

49、的认识和对实际情况的了解，同时也与承包商 的决策能力和魄力息息相关。从招标进程上讲，招标文件是招标活动的总纲和剧本。每项招标工作如何 开始，如何发出招标文件，对投标人有什么要求，如何评标，如何决标，招标程 序是什么，都在招标文件中做出规定，所以编制招标文件的人员首先要对本次招 标工作有一个全局性的认识，把本次招标的要求和安排反映到招标文件当中，在 编制当中也会遇到事先没有想到的问题，那就在编制当中逐一解决，编制招标文 件的过程也是制定招标方案的过程。从另一个意义上来讲，招标文件也是法律文件，除了相关的法律法规外， 在招标的全过程中招标人，投标人，招标代理机构共同遵循的游戏规则就是招标 文件，这

50、是参加招标工作三方人士必须遵循的法律文件，具有法律效力，所以编 制招标文件的人员须有法律意识和素质，在招标文件中体现出公平、公正、合法 的要求。我国建筑工程招投标法实施以及工程施工监理制度的实践，对规范我国建 筑市场、提高建筑工程施工质量，起到了积极的作用。但是在实施过程中存在不 少缺陷，需要完善、充实和提高。本工程招标文件根据中华人民共和国招投标 法规定，对投标人，投标企业进行严格把关，对竞标者提出了专业性的要求， 对工程的概况进行了说明。目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成， 施工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高市场适应能力和竞争力。本文从降低成本、增加收入两方面阐述对施工成本的 有效控制。我国建筑工程招投标法实施以及工程施工监理制度的实践，对规范我国建 筑市场、提高建筑工程施工质量，起到了积极的作用。但是在实施过程中存在不 少缺陷，需要完善、充实和提高。本工程招标文件根据中华人民共和国招投标 法规定，对投标人，投标企业进行严格把关，对竞标者提出了专业性的要求， 对工程的概况进行了说明。实行工程招投标的目的是为了市场竞争的公开、公平、公正。但是，由于 建筑市场发育尚不规范，管理体制的束缚以及经验不足等原因，建筑工程招标投 标在具体操作中还存在不正当竞争行为和一些弊端。这显然违背了招投标的目 的，整个招标投标过程