澳大利亚体育参与研究

1、澳大利亚体育参与研究 硕士学位论文 thesis of master degree 论文题目: 澳大利亚体育参与研究(英文): a study of sport participationin australia 作 者: 赵 烨指导教师:张勇先 2009 年 5月10 日 论文题目: (中文)澳大利亚体育参与研究(外文)a study of sport participation in australia所在院、系、所 :外国语学院专 业 名 称 :英语语言文学 指 导 教 师 姓 名、职 称 :张勇先 教授论 文 主 题 词 :澳大利亚体育;澳大利亚体育参与; 澳大利亚社会;澳大利亚文化

2、学 习 期 限 :2007 年 9 月至 2009 年 7 月 论文提交时间: 2009 年 5 月 10 日独 创 性 声 明本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果,也不包含为获得中国人民大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献已在论文中作了明确地说明并表示了谢意。签名:赵烨 日期:2009 年 5 月 7 日关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解中国人民大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留送交论文的复印件,允

3、许论文被查阅和借阅;学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。签名:赵烨 导师签名:张勇先 日期:2009 年 5 月 7 日 a study of sport participation in australia_a masters thesis presented to the school of foreign languages renmin university of china _in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the master of arts degree _by zhao ye m

4、ay 2009摘要 2008年北京完美地为全世界献上了一场奥运的饕餮盛宴。中国在最高级别的体育赛事中取得历史性突破使得全体国人为之骄傲自豪,但同时在竞技体育上的巨大成功也唤起了学者和民众对我国全民体育运动方面的思考。澳大利亚人对体育运动的参与热情享誉全球,国民的身体素质和澳大利亚的社会发展,文化建设方面都因此受益颇多,因此对澳大利亚体育的发展和较高体育参与度的形成过程有一个较为深入理解和分析一方面有利于更多的了解澳大利亚社会与文化,另一方面,中国也可以从中学习和借鉴经验,促进我国的全民体育的发展。 地处南半球的澳大利亚地广人稀。其国土面积位列世界第四,是中国的3/4,但据 2008 年底的统计

5、,人口仅为 2100 万。对于很多中国人来说,澳大利亚既熟悉又陌生。很多人对这个国家的印象存在于考拉、袋鼠、悉尼歌剧院、阳光、海洋和沙滩,其他方面却了解不多,而有关体育方面,除了游泳明星和澳大利亚网球公开赛外,更是知之甚少。事实上,澳大利亚虽然历史不长而且人口稀少,但在竞技体育方面却成绩斐然。澳大利亚是除了发源地希腊外唯一参加了1896年至今所有现代奥林匹克运动会的国家,还曾经承办过墨尔本和悉尼两届奥运会。而且澳大利亚在历届奥运会上的表现让人印象深刻。2008年他们从北京赢得了14块金牌,在奥运历史上共获得过131枚金牌。在英联邦运动会和其他国际赛事上也有良好的表现。而这些成就的取得与澳大利亚

6、民众对各种体育运动的积极参与密不可分。体育运动自其殖民地时期以来在澳大利亚人的日常生活中就扮演着至关重要的角色。澳大利亚人不仅仅热衷于观看体育节目,而且更愿意亲身参与到各种体育运动中去。 本文将从介绍澳大利亚体育的历史入手,结合近年来其国民体育参与情况,深入地对澳大利亚的体育参与情况进行分析。另外还将体育参与的发展与澳大利亚的历史演变,文化承袭和社会进步等方面相联系,试图从这些方面找出澳大利亚人体育参与传统的形成的深层次原因。最后进一步分析这一传统对澳大利亚社会和文化等方面产生的影响。 从具体框架上来说,文章第一章对澳大利亚体育和体育参与情况进行概括性的描述,引出本文的研究问题、框架和研究方法

7、,并对国内外对此方面的研究进行回顾和总结。 第二章是从1788年殖民者在澳洲大陆定居开始,分五个历史阶段对澳大利ii亚体育的发展历程进行描述。从中可以看出体育的发展变化与澳大利亚的社会变迁息息相关,是对其历史发展的客观反映。 在梳理了澳大利亚体育和体育参与的发展历程的基础上,第三章从自然因素,历史演变和社会变迁等方面分析澳大利亚积极参与体育运动这一传统的形成原因。首先,澳大利亚相对特殊的气候和地理条件对体育运动的传播客观上产生了积极的影响。其次,作为曾经的英国殖民地,澳大利亚体育从形成到发展都受到英国文化和体育传统的巨大影响。19世纪中期, “淘金潮”带来的社会快速发展和城市进程的加速也对澳大

8、利亚国家的形成和社会进步意义非凡。而作为移民国家的澳大利亚,其体育发展的各个阶段都少不了不断涌入的来自世界各地的移民的贡献。近年来,席卷全世界的全球化趋势和体育商业化浪潮对澳大利亚体育的发展和变革有重大意义。 第四章主要讲述体育参与对于社会和文化等方面所起到的作用。英国殖民地背景淡化了其国家和文化的认同感,体育发展过程和参与体育运动对其认同感的形成有着积极的作用。而对于多元文化的澳大利亚来说,体育运动与其凝聚力的增强,社会的团结和和谐关系密切。在历史上的社会动荡时期,体育运动扮演了提供心理安慰和稳定社会的作用。从体育运动中亲身体验到的平等主义和兄弟情谊等精神也对澳大利亚国民性格的塑造有较大影响

9、。 综上所述,澳大利亚体育是其文化不可或缺的组成部分。从体育参与中,可以解读出澳大利亚国家的发展,折射出时代的变迁和社会的进步。而澳大利亚人对体育的参与热情是植根于澳大利亚的历史文化当中,是澳大利亚国家和国民性格的形成,移民社会的稳定和谐的重要推动力。而全民性的体育参与在澳大利亚社会和历史发挥的积极作用也对我国全民体育运动的进一步的推广有较大的借鉴意义。关键词: 澳大利亚体育;澳大利亚体育参与;澳大利亚社会;澳大利亚文化iiiabstract china won 51 gold medals, more than any other country in the 2008 beijing ol

10、ympicsthis was the largest victory ever for chinahowever, the great success china achieved in competitive sports has also evoked concern regarding mass participation in sport in china australia has long been considered as a sporting nation, australians are passionate sports participants both in the

11、past and nowa better understanding of australian sport and sport participation enables china to draw on experience from australia to promote more active sport participation in chinaaustralia locates in the south hemisphere and contains only a very small population of 21 million within a landmass equ

12、ivalent to roughly 3/4 of chinahowever, the outstanding performances of its elite athletes, in particular their swimmers in world sport events like olympics in recent years have impressed the world audiencein fact, besides greece, australia is the only country who has participated in every modern ol

13、ympic games since its birth in 1896 until 2008the popularity of active participation in sport is closely linked to their performances in the olympicssport has been attached great importance and considered as an integral part of daily life in australiaaustralian people have enthusiastic passion for p

14、articipating in sports and various physical activitiesthis study intends to help with a thorough understanding of the evolution of australian sport and australians passion for sport participationfurther, it relates sport participation with broader environmental, social and cultural structures and tr

15、ies to have an insight into the influential factors leading to the formation of this sporting traditionmoreover, the roles sport and sport participation play in the development of australian society and culture are to be investigated and analyzedchapter 1 initiates the discussion with a general intr

16、oduction to australian sportresearch questions, theoretical framework and research methods as well as the literature review of existing studies are also included in this partchapter 2 narrates the evolution of australian sport by emphasizing the marked historical events in each of the 5 phases in th

17、e 220-year history since british first settlement in 1788participation rates in contemporary australia are also referred to demonstrate that active participation in sport is the tradition and lifestyle, ivwhich has been formed in the process of evolution of australian societychapter 3 explores the i

18、nfluential factors linking to the formation of this tradition from a perspective of natural environment, historical inheritance and social developmentmoderate climate and appropriate natural landscape have a positive impact on the popularity of sport; socially, british heritage has been playing a do

19、minant role in australian cultural landscapes, the sporting culture took shape out of british colonizationsocial changes in the period of gold rushes have accelerated the widespread of sport and substantially shaped distinctive australian sporting culturemoreover, influxes of immigrants have shaped

20、australian sporting cultureglobalization and commercialization are imposing great influence on australian sport and sporting traditionschapter 4 analyses the roles that sport and participation in sport play in shaping australian culture and societybeing actively involved in sport helps establish a s

21、ense of national and cultural identity in the former colonial society; sport is also used in such a culturally pluralist country to unify its people and ensure social cohesion and harmony; on the other hand, comfort and energy found in some sports relieve people from sufferings and anxiety; finally,

22、 sporting spirit like quality and trust contributes to the building of national charactersin conclusion, sport including sport participation is an integral part of australian society and culturepatterns of social changes and historical evolution can be reflected and interpretedmoreover, the positive

23、 role mass participation in sport leads in the context of australia is also instructive for promotion of the mass participation in sport in china key words: australian sport; sport participation in australia; australian society; australian culturevtable of contents abstractchinese ii abstractenglish

24、iv list of tables. viii chapter one introduction.1 1.1 australia: a sporting nation 1 1.2 theoretical framework6 1.2.1 definitions of sport and sport participation6 1.2.2 sports studies. 8 1.2.3 multiculturalism. 10 1.2.4 theoretical support12 1.3 literature review 14 1.4 research methods17 chapter

25、two evolution of a sporting nation.20 2.1 history of australian sport 23 2.1.1 indigenous sport 23 2.1.2 informal games and social elite sports: 1788-1850s 24 2.1.3 distinctive australian sports: 1850s-1900s. 26 2.1.4 a new nation: 1901-second world war28 2.1.5 post-second world war era: 1940s- pres

26、ent29 2.2 sport participation in contemporary australia 31 2.3 classifications of sports in australia 33 chapter three the making of a sporting paradise.36 3.1 physical environment36 3.2 british inheritance39 3.2.1 british sports 40 3.2.2 british sporting culture. 40 3.3 social changes since 1850s42

27、 3.3.1 gold rushes. 42 3.3.2 urbanization. 43 3.4 immigration 46 3.4.1 influxes of immigrants 46 3.4.2 new sports and new participants. 48 3.5 globalization and commercialization49vichapter four sport and australian society51 4.1 national identity52 4.2 social cohesion and harmony. 56 4.3 psychologi

28、cal relief60 4.4 national characters 65 chapter five conclusion.70 bibliography.73 acknowledgement.78 vii list of tables table 1 categories of sport 7 table 2 adult participation rate in sports and physical recreation, type of participation in 2005-200633 table 3 area, coastline, tropical and temper

29、ature zones. 38 table 4 proportion of the colony and state population in the main capital cities, 1850-2001 44 table 5 changes in australian sport 1850-191445 viiichapter one introduction defining a country by using a single word or term is hardly possibleno matter whether this country has a history

30、 of thousands of years and developed a profound civilization or it came into being only several centuries agoscholars and politicians categorize countries in terms of geographical locations, political regimes and religious beliefs, etc., but all these intended definitions and descriptions substantia

31、lly focus on typical characteristics and features of a countryin this way, australia, a country with relatively unique geographical location, historical evolution and social formation process, is defined by many sporting scholars as a “sporting” nation1.1 australia: a sporting nation“there is a very

32、 special place in the australian psyche for sportit is one of the pillars of the australian way of lifeyou dont really understand what makes the australian nation tick unless you understand the great affection australians have1for sport”, comments former australian prime minister john howard 1996 if

33、 we having a look at the performances of australian national teams in international sporting events like olympics, it might be easier for a non-australian to understand the “australian psyche for sport”besides greece, australia is the only country that has been represented at every olympics since th

34、e birth of the modern games1/0. 1australia started to compete in the first modern olympic games in athens in 1896, four years earlier than its federationmelbourne olympic games 1956 was the first time that olympics came to the south hemisphere in its history and sydney ushered the new 21st century b

35、y showcasing another excessively successful olympic festival to the globetheir most updated performance in the olympic stage was in beijing: 14 gold medals, 15 silver and 17 bronze were brought back homeranking 6th in the medal table of beijing olympics, it lists in the 11th place in the all time me

36、dal table of modern olympic history with a total of 131 gold medalsfurthermore, as a country with a comparatively very small population of 21 million, australia tops in the gold medal tally by per million populations with 0.6851 gold medalsadditionally, in commonwealth games, australia leads the tal

37、ly for a long time with 643 gold medals at totality in the history of the eventfor a country with a history of only 220 years since the first european settlers arrived, undoubtedly, glorious olympic profile and its performances in all but especially recent games build australia a sporting powergalax

38、y of talented swimmers gained international reputations and challenged the extreme of human capacity in water, and the global audience remembers ian thorpe who dominated the pool of athens olympicshowever, as a matter of fact, australia also has particularly strong teams in cricket, hockey, netball,

39、 rugby league and rugby union, some of these sports can rarely watched outside of the former british coloniessporting culture is considered as a symbol and reflection of social 2development and historical evolutionit manifests a countrys comprehensive national power and strength as well as the civil

40、ization of a societyglamorous sporting events like the olympics represents much more than mere competition and champions, it is even more important that every nation is given an equal opportunity to have a full display of national images, characters and valuesas a result, many governments invest hug

41、e funds in professional sport, offering high standard trainings for both coaches and elite athletes, so as to have an even better performance in international or continental sporting events and attract more attention on their homelandswhereas, besides elite and professional sport, an equally importa

42、nt or even more important way to exhibit who “they” or “we” are should be the wide sport participation by the entire populationa history of active mass participation in sports convinces more than dozens of gold medalsaustralia has been global renowned for its cult for sport and various physical acti

43、vities, even some cultural commentators describe it as the “paradise of sport”, a paradise for common australians who are physically active and passionate about being involved in sport, either by attendance or participation in sportin australia, attendance rates in championships like australian rule

44、s football or cricket are impressive, going to the sport venues or watching tv occupies many australians weekends and leisure timemore importantly, sports participation, including various physical activities and recreation gained enormous popularitybrought initially by british settlers in the early

45、colonial era, added by all sports “imported” 3with the arrivals of immigrants from all parts of the world, diverse sports and physical activities have been played in this young country in the past two centuriesit can be said that participating in sporting activities has become one remarkably importa

46、nt tradition deeply rooted in the history and formation of this countrydespite the fact that official surveys on participation rates in sports and physical recreation conducted by australian bureau of statistics abs throughout past decades have witnessed ups and downs, the average participation rate

47、s are relatively highto those who first visit australia, it is obvious that many australians have a great interest in sportreceiving the widespread media coverage and listening to the conversations wherever people have, one can be aware of the important role sport plays in the lives of many australi

48、ans many sporting historians in australia have conducted a number of studies on the history of australian sport and peoples engagement in formal or informal sports in different periods of timealmost most of them agree that being involvement in sport as a participant and a spectator has always be an

49、integral part of australian life both in the pre-colonial era and afteras one of the most privileged sporting historians in australia, brian stoddart comments “australians have long considered themselves the greatest sporting nation in the world, possessed of abundant raw talent, a passion for parti

50、cipation, a craving for competition and an appetite for watching a variety of games” sport 15; another historian richard cashman in his 4comprehensive australian organized sport history paradise of sport: the rise of organized sport in australia, argues that “sport is their inherent right and is the

51、ir birthright, as it was one of the most prominent and authentic forms of australian culture at the time of the birth of the nation.” 90 1.2 research questions and purposes of this study this “greatest sporting nation in the world” mentioned by stoddart appears to consider that sport is one of the f

52、ew traditions that this relatively young country has been cherishinghowever, if “sport is their inherent right” and represents the “authentic forms of australian culture” even when the nation came into being, how this nationwide “passion for participation” in sport has been developed? what factors contribute to its formation? whether the development of sport also has been playing a role in shaping australian society and culture