文体学复习84393

1、文体学复习Unit One1. Stylistics : A discipline that studies the ways in which language is used ；it is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use.2. Subdivision of Stylistics: General and LiteraryUnit Two1. Why should we study Stylistics?A. It helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness.B. It

2、sharpens the understanding and appreciation of literary works.C. It helps achieve adaptation in translation.Unit Three1. Dialects : Language variations that are associated with different users of the language.2. Registers : Language variations that are associated with the different use to which they

3、 are put.3. Patterns of Dialects : Individual; Temporal; Regional; Social and Standard, among which Social dialect can be further divided into socioeconomic status, ethnic, gender and age variety.4. PatternsofRegisters :Field ofdiscourse;Mode of discourseand Tenor ofdiscourse.Unit 51. Formality: Itr

4、efers to theway inwhich the style of languagewill vary inappropriatenessaccording tothe social context:the occasion and the relationshipbetween addresser and addressee.2. Two main factors that vary the degree of formality: Functional Tenorand Speech Situation.Functional Tenor: tells us the addresser

5、 s intention of using the language.Speech Situation : In order to choose an appropriate spot on the continuum, the speaker must assess the “ speechsituation -the setting, purpose, audienee, social relati ons, and topic.3. Martin Joos ClassificationA. the froze n level: writte n legal docume nts or h

6、ighly sole mn speech.B. the formal level : used for public address such as lectures or speeches where the audie nee is not known to the speaker pers on ally or where pers onal acqua intanceis not ack no wledged.C. the consultative level : Less formal gatherings such as committee meetings where statu

7、s is still fairly clearly desig ned, but where participa nts in teract.D. the casual level : Among frien ds, or peers who know each other well eno ugh that little elaborati on is n ecessary.E. the intimatelevel : between people who see each other daily and share themajority of their daily life exper

8、ie nces.Unit 61. Distinctions among speech : Speech can be spontaneous(conversing v.mono logu ing) and non-spontan eous (sub-categorized as recit in g).2. Disti nctions among writi ng: The text that has bee n writte n may bewritte n tobe spoke n as if not writte n(the lines in a drama),writte n to b

9、e spoke n(scriptsfor serm ons, speeches, lectures, n ews bullet ins and comme ntaries), or evenwritte nnot necessarily to be spoken with no relationto the spoken mode(teleph one book or dict ion aries), andwritte n not n ecessarily to be spoke n butwith a relati on ship with the spoke n mode(dialogu

10、e in a no vel).Unit 7 Conv ersati on1. Grammatical features of con versatio nA. prefere nee for short and loose senten cesB. high in cide nee of elliptical and in complete senten cesC. frequency of interrogative sentencesD. simple nominal and verbal group structure2. Lexical featuresA. prefere nee f

11、or short words and vague expressi onB. freque nt use of colloquial items and idioms and a great many phrasal verbsC. use of lexical hyperbole and of slang3. Phono logical featuresA. freque nt use of some basic prosodic patter n( There is a high proporti on of simplefalli ng ton es.)B. prosodic varia

12、ti on with in the ton e-un itC. frequency of pause and uneven tempoD. free occurrenee of paralinguistic effects4. Sema ntic featuresA. randomn ess of subject matter and gen eral lack of pla nningB. cohesive device is very marked by the freque nt use of pers onal pronoun refere nee,cross-referenee us

13、ing articles and determinersand use of coord inatingconj unction.Un it 8 Public Speech1. Grammatical features of public speechA. variation in sentence length, as it reflects the emotional state of mind of the speaker and his/her effort to evoke an active resp onse from the audie nee.B. various sente

14、nce types( most of them are statements, occasional questions are used; vocatives are used to add a touch of intimacy to the addresser-addressee relati on ship)C. morecomplex-look inggroupstructures( nominalgroups are more withpostmodification than with premodification.2. Lexical featuresA. using acc

15、urate and clea n words( much use of abstract words or even big words)B. adaptati on of word ing to particular audie neeC. less use of phrasal verbs3. Phono logical featuresA. appropriate volume and pitch variatio nB. vary ing tempo and rightly time pauseC. rhythmic effectD. distinct articulationE. f

16、ull use of non-verbal com muni cati on4. sema ntic featuresA. effective ways of orga ni zati on( problem-soluti on order)Five steps of psychology of persuasi on:Atte ntio n-Need-Satisfactio n-Visualizatio n-Actio n.Conn ectives in public speak ing: the use of tran siti onal phrases, internal preview

17、s and summaries, and the use of sig npostsB. effective ways of deliveryparallelism: makes the stateme nt clear, con siste nt and compelli ngan tithesis: lends extra impact to the stateme ntrepetiti on: helps create a strong emoti onal effecta. synonym: add force, clear ness or bala nee to a sentence

18、b. alliterati on: spruce up speechesUn it 9 Advertisi ng1. Functions of Advertis ingA. marketi ng roleB. educational roleC. economic roleD. social role2. Two types of n ewspaper ads:display and classified3. Graphological featuresA. full use of graphological contrastsB. prominent use of picturesC. cl

19、ear identification of the advertiser4. Grammatical featuresA. prefere nee for short sentencesB. comb ined use of various types of senten cesC. use of simple verbal groupsD. use of heavily modified nominal groups5. Lexical featuresA. wide use of affirmative and commendatory words and expressionsa. Co

20、mparis ons are many in advertis ing, usually to affirm the improveme nt made to a product or service.b. Most prominent is the use of a large nu mber of adjectivesB. Freque nt use of pers onal pronounsC. Exte nsive use of n eologisms6. Sema ntic featuresA. heavy relia nee on overall layoutFive parts

21、of comp onen ts: the headli ne, the body, the illustrati on, the sig nature and the epigrammatic sloga n.B. high atte nti on to positi oning and themeC. use of rhetorical devisesa. repetiti onb. parallel structurec. metaphorical uses of Ian guaged. allusi ons and puns7. Con spicuousfeatures of bus i

22、n ess-to-bus in essadvertis ing: Busin ess copytens to be Ion ger,more detailed and more factual. Emphasisis placed on accuracyand complete ness.文体学复习（二）Unit 10 News Report1. Gen eral featuresA. simple, easy-to-un dersta nd Ian guageB. The n eed to be compact, and clear, and in teresti ng poses part

23、icular dema nd on thegraphological desig n of headli nes on the peculiar arran geme nt of eve nts, and on thecon trast in headli nesclarity, direct ness and vivid ness of Ian guage.2. Graphological feature:3.Grammatical featuresA.B.alter nat ing use of long and short stateme nt-type senten cesfreque

24、 nt use of in verted sentence structure and expa nded simple senten cesC.use of heavy modified nominal groups: the presenee ofmuch complex pre-a ndD.post-modification of the nominal group in this variety of Englishuse of simple verbal groups4.Lexical featuresA.B.wideuse of n eologisms:wordswithexte

25、ndedmea ningC.D.E.5.non ce-wordsco in ageswordsborrowed exte nsively fromgambli ng, ect.exte nsive use of abbreviati onsavoida nee of superlatives and tarni shed word orn ame ntsavoida nee of uno bjective word ingSema ntic featuressportsand tech no logy.prefere nee for journ alistic words and set ex

26、pressi onsA.B.dist inctive discourse patter nsimple way of tran siti onC.skilful headli ninga. Headlines play a vital part in drawing the readersatte nti on to the n ews story.b. Rhetorically,headlines seek novelty and humor byin trigu ingarra ngeme nts ofwords and phrases, alluding,punning and vari

27、ousfigurativeuse of Ianguagewhe never there is a cha nee.Unit 11 Scie nee and Tech no logy1. three abbreviatio ns:A. EST = the En glish of scie nee and tech no logyB. ESST = the En glish of specialized scie nee and tech no logyC. ECST = the En glish of com mon scie nee and tech no logy2. Generalfeat

28、ure : impersonal formal style very high concentrationof technicalterms and a nu mber of mathematical symbols.3. Grammatical featuresA. more use of Ion ger and stateme nt-type senten cesB. prefere nee for impers onal sentence patter nsa. freque nt use of sentences in troduced by an an ticipatory Itb.

29、 freque nt use of passive structureC. wide use of non-finite structure and prepositional phrasesD. use of expanded premodification:Nominal groups in EST are characterized byexpa nded noun premodificati on.E. tendency to nominalization:Nominalizationis another way of making sentencescompact, impers o

30、nal and formal.F. wide use of the simple present tense: When scientists make statements which they believe to be true at all times and in all places, they use the simple prese nt ten se.G. incidenee of subjunctive mood: when explaining a problem or a phenomenon.4. Lexical Features:unique vocabulary

31、and use of com mon words with accurate anddispassi oned meaningA. specific use of highly-tech ni cal wordsHighly-technicalwords : Specialized vocabulary for a given scientific discipline.They are words with precise, narrow meanings unique to the discipli ne.B. wide use of semi-technical wordsSemi-te

32、ch ni cal words:Words which are used both in ordi nary En glish and in ESTwrit in gs. Those words have differe nt specific meanings in their differe nt tech ni cal fields.C. unique use of non-technicalwords and expressions: In order to avoid ambiguity orimprecision of more commonly used words with t

33、he same apparent meanings, scie ntists and engin eers tend to use words and expressi ons with meanings which areseldom used outside EST.D. frequent use of abbreviations, symbols, formulae, and charts5. Sema ntic featuresA. wide use of connectives:a. Backward reference with use of pronoun it, the def

34、inite article the and the dem on strative this.b. Noun repetiti onc. Summariz ing nouns or thisd. Tran siti onal words or phrasesB. scarcity of rhetorical devises: EST writ ings aims at an impers on al, objective way of exposition. So clarity and accuracy is most important of their quality, ad avoid

35、anee of orn ame ntal or ambiguous expressi on is a must.6. Features of spoken EST : Most striking is its similarity with its corresponding written form: both are formal, though the spoken form can be less formal and is often en dowed with features com mon to spoke n varieties of all fields.Unit 12 L

36、egal Docume nts1. GeneralFeature : The field of legal documents covers a wide range, includingstatutes, decrees, legal provisi ons, econo mic con tracts, commodity warra nty, etc. Butall of these have a same functional tenor, that is they are concerned with imposing of obligati ons and conferring of

37、 rights. And their pers onal tenor is the samver formal,even dig ni fied.2. Graphological featuresA. use of differe nt typeB. peculiar arran geme nt of blocksC. limited range of pun ctuati on3. Grammatical featuresA. tendency to long sentences: Legal English tends to put all such sequences into the

38、form of very complex sentences capable of sta nding alone.B. wide use of statement-type sentences: As is the nature of legal documents, most ofthe sentences are stateme nts with no questi ons and only an occasi onal comma nd as is used at the end of a docume nt.C. preferenee for complex postmodifica

39、tion in the nominal group: Legal English is highly nominal ma ny of its features operate with in its nominal groups. Heavy use of postmodification is an effort to suit the need for exactness of expression so as to rule out any possible misin terpretati on.D. use of simpler verbal groups: Compared wi

40、th nominal group, verbal groups in legal documents are structurally simple. Often seen is the type modal auxiliary (often shall) +be+past participle ” or modal auxiliary (often shall or may) +be or do”4. Lexical FeaturesA. freque nt employme nt of archaic words and phrases: hereby, here in, hereof.B

41、. more use of Roma nee tha n Germa nic words: What is particularly disti nctive is the useof French and Lat in legal terms.a. in sta nee =a formal legal docume ntb. deed=a signed and usually sealed document containing some legal transfer, barga in or con tract.c. prin cipal =a corpus of estated. whe

42、reas =con sideri ng that5. Sema ntic featuresA. Prefere nee for lexical repetiti on to pronoun refere nee: Legal docume nts tend to use lexical repetition a the formal device to link their long and self-contained sentences. Therefore, pronoun reference is scarce and verbal groups are also repeated.B

43、. wide use of conjunctional phrases and parallel structure:a. Coordin ati on of words and phrases are ano ther remarkable feature of legal texts:last will and testame nt, childre n and issue, heirs and devisees.b. Parallel structure is prominent in enu merat ing con crete terms and con diti ons of a

44、 policy or con tract.C. Tendency to meticulous way of expression: Another way to achieve exactness of reference and to evade any possible misin terpretati on is to be extremely detailed inexpression lest there should arise anything disputable concerning the stipulations in rights or obligations. For

45、 example, person -meansa natural person and not acorporati on, partn ership, associatio n or bus in ess n ame.Unit 131. genre:Interestingframework which literary texts appear in the forms of poetry,no vels, dramas which writers use.2. Gen eral feature : The Ian guage of literature is not simply used

46、 for com muni cati on or even expression; it is also used as an artistic medium to create images, to bring out the rich multi-level meaning and thematic significanee of a literary work.3. Differe nee betwee n literary Ian guage and ordi nary Ian guageA. Normal use of Ianguage tends to be clearly ref

47、erential, while literary Ianguage tendsto be richer in its connotations.B. Everyday Ian guage tends to perform an in formative fun cti on, while literary Ian guagetends to perform an affective function.C. Literary Ian guage contains a higher occurre nee of special or devia nt features tha n non lite

48、rary varieties and also shows a higher in cide nee of the whole of the resources available to all the members of a speech com mun ity.D. Literary expressi on is an enhan ceme nt, or a creative ema ncipati on of the resources ofIan guage which we use from day to day.E. Moder n poets can even man age to reproduce the local or social flavor of everyday Ian