U2语音学与音系学01

1、Chapter 2 Exercises I. Define the following terms. 1. Phonetics: The study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world s language. 2. Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds. 3. Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physic

2、al properties of the sounds produced in speech. 4. Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds. 5. Voiceless: When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 6. Voic

3、ed: Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 7. Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 8. Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols and the diacritics. 9. IPA: A standardized and intern

4、ationally accepted system of phonic transcription, its basic principle is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound. 10. Vowels: The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction a

5、re called vowels. 11. Consonants: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 12. Phonology: The study of sound system - the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into whic

6、h they fall. 13. Phoneme: the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. 14. Allophone: Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 15. Phone: A phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily d

7、istinguish meaning. It is a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 16. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 17. Suprasegmental features: The

8、phonemic features that occur above the level or the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation and tone. II. Indicate the following statements true or false. 1. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing.( T ) 2. The

9、unlimited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. ( F ) 3. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language. ( F ) 4. Only highly trained phoneticians can produce the same speech sounds. ( F ) 5. Th

10、e vowel e can be described as front, semi-open and unrounded. ( F ) 6. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels. ( T ) 7. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in all human languages form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguisti

11、c communication. ( F ) 8. Phoneticians found that a dark l often occurs at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant and a clear l often occurs after a consonant. ( F ) 9. In En glish, p ill and bill are a mini mal p air, and so are p ill and till, pin and ping. ( T) 10. The phon eme /p/

12、 and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they dist in guish meaning, therefore they re in phonetic compiementary distribution. ( F ) 11. The seque ntial rules in En glish can apply to all the other Ian guages. For exa mple, the velar n asal n ever occurs in in itial po siti on in En glish nor

13、 in Chin ese. ( F ) 12. Nasalizati on is not a phono logical feature in En glish, that is, it does not disti nguish meaning. (T) III. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word. 1. The natural or primary medium of human Ianguage is reas on s.(s ound) 2. and are the two media by natural Iangu

14、ages as vehicles for com muni catio n.( sp eech; writ ing ) 3. Phon etics looks at sounds from _(three)dist in ct, but related point of view. 4. Of the three bran ches of phon etics, the Ion gest established and un til recen tly the most highly developed is. (articulatory phonetics ) 5. phon eticia

15、ns try to describe the p hysical prop erties of the stream of sounds which a sp eaker issues.( Acoustic) 6. is made up of continuous bursts of sounds. ( Speech) 7. The articulatory app aratus of a huma n being are contained in three imp orta nt cavities. They and. ( the pharyngeal cavity, the oral c

16、avity, for some obvious and are the n asal cavity) .(glottis) 8. The first point where sound modificati on may occur is 9. Vowels may be disti nguished as 10. If, i n making a vowel sound, the orga ns of sp eech rema in in one po siti on without moving to ano ther, the result is a. If the orga ns of

17、 sp eech start in the po siti on for one vowel and the n immediately glide to the po siti on of ano ther, the result is a. ( monop hth ong; dip hth ong) 11. All English sound except m, n, are made with the palate. (raised) 12. I PA indicates. ( International Phonetic Alphabet) 13. An in itial classi

18、ficatio n will divide the sp eech sounds into two broad categories: . (vowels, consonan ts) 14. The basic un it in phono logy is. ( phon eme) .( slashes, square 15. Conven ti on ally, a phon eme is put inwhile phones are put in brackets) of the /p/ 16. An aspirated p; an unaspirated p and an unrelea

19、sed p are (all ophon es; phon eme) 17. The all ophones of the same phon eme are said to be in 18. In English, there are two kinds of stress. They are sentence stress 19. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as. (

20、intonation) .(the falli ng 20. En glish has 4 basic types of inton ati ons, they are distribution. ( compiementary) _ and. (word stress; tone; the rising tone; the fall -rise tone; the rise -fall tone) IV. In each of the following Questions, there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best

21、 answer to the question or best com pl ete the sentence. 1. The principal source of the modificatio n of the air stream is. A. ton gueB. p alate C. teethD. velum 2. The p hary nx refers to the space of cavity betwee n the lary nx and the end of the. A. ton gueB. hard p alate C. soft p alateD. vocal

22、cords 3. A sound p roduced whe n the vocal cords are draw n wide p art, lett ing air go through without caus ing vibrati on is said to be. A. resonantB. voiceless C. voicedD. vowel 4. The obstruct ion created betwee n the tip of the ton gue and thealveolar ridge results in the sou nd A. t a nd dB. k

23、 a nd 回 C. p and bD. T a nd 勿 5. are sounds articulated by the back of the ton gue aga inst the soft p alate. A. p alatalsB. den tals C. alveolarD. velars 6. The sounds T , j are the results of rais ing the front of the ton gue towards the A. hard p alateB. soft p alate C. uvulaD. velar 7. When the

24、obstructi on, compi ete at first, is released slowly with the friction result ing from p artial obstruct ion, the sounds thus p roduced are. A. affricatesB. fricatives C. liquidsD. alveolar 8. In the case of vowel soun ds, theand the mouth cavities are cha nged by the sha pe and po siti on of the to

25、n gue and lips. A. noseB. lary nxC. p hary nxD. uvular 9. The phon eme is an abstract. A. phonic B. phono logicalC. phon etic D. grammatical 10. The sound /k/ and /g/ are sep arate. D. allom orphs 9. B 10. B) A. all ophonesB. phon emesC. morp hemes (1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6.A7.A8. C V. Answer the

26、following questions in English. 1. What is the differe nee betwee n a monop hth ong and a dip hth ong? A monop hth ong is one for which the orga ns of sp eech rema in in a give n po siti on for a period of time. A diphthong is a vowel sound consisting of a deliberate glide. The organs of speech star

27、ti ng in the p ositi on of one vowel and immediately movi ng in the directio n of ano ther vowel, for exa mple: i:, i are monop htho ngs and ai, ei are dip hth on gs. 2. What is a consonant? How are they gen erally classified? A consonant is a speech sound where the air stream from the lungs is either compietely blocked, partially blocked or where the openings is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction. Consonants can be classified with reference to the manner of articulation, the place of articulatio n and abse nee of the vocal cord vibrati o