浅析现代景观设计方案中植物空间的营造

1、浅析现代景观设计中植物空间的营造摘 要:现代景观设计的主要任务是设计鲜明的视觉形象,营造足够的绿地和绿化。本文从植物空间营造入手 ,阐述了现代景观设计中园林植物 空间构成的四个维度 ,提出了六种植物空间类型 ,从生态和艺术角度阐 述其营造手法。Pick to: the main task of the modern landscape design is a distinct visual image design, build enough green space and greenery. This article obtains from the plant space construc

2、tion, and expounds the modern landscape design in the garden plant space consisting of four dimensions, and puts forward the six types of plant space, from the perspective of ecological art and its construction technique.关键词 :现代景观设计。植物。空间营造Key words: the modern Iandscape desig。Plants Space to buildA

3、bstract:The purpose of modern landscape design is to design the vivid vision image and create enough green spaces. It illustrated four dimensions of space composition in modern landscape design, proposed six types of plant space and the methods of construction based on ecology and art.Abstract: The

4、purpose of modern landscape design is to design The vivid vision image and create The enough green Spaces. It illustrated four dimensions of space composition in modern landscape design, programs The six types of plant space and The methods of construction -based on ecology and art.Keywords: modern

5、Iandscape design plants。 space constructionKeywords: modern Iandscape design The plants Space construction1854年 ,以奥姆斯特德为代表的美国 “城市公园运动 ”开创了现代景观 设计的新时代 ,园林的内涵与外延得到了极大的深化与扩展 ,园林植物 成为现代景观设计的主要表现素材。园林植物空间营造能将美化功 能与生态功能完美结合 ,人们进入园林首先感知到的便是园林植物 ,空 间感受也源于植物所形成的空间 ,因此植物空间的营造对现代景观设 计具有重要意义。Represented by olms

6、ted, in 1854, the United States city park movement created a new era of modern landscape design, landscape connotation and denotation of the greatly deepen and expand, garden plants become the main performance of the material in modern landscape design. Plant space landscape can combine beautificati

7、on function and ecological function, people enter the garden is first perceived garden plants, and space to experience also stems from a space formed by plants, thus plants space construction is of great significance for modern landscape design.1现代景观设计1 modern landscape design现代景观设计是指合理安排土地及土地上的物体和空

8、间 ,为人类创造 安全、高效、健康和舒适的环境 ,协调人与自然的相互关系。与传统 造园相比 ,现代景观规划设计的主要创作对象是大众群体 ,它为人类和 其他物种服务 ,强调人类发展和资源及环境的可持续 ,突出植物在设计 中的重要作用 ,充分发挥植物的空间构成功能、美化功能与生态功能 。因此 ,现代景观设计要设计鲜明的视觉形象 ,营造足够的绿地和绿化 ,设计建造足够的场地和为大多数人所用的空间设施 ,使人们通过视觉 为主的感受通道 ,借助于物化了的景观环境形态 ,在人类的行为心理上 引起反应、创造共鸣 ,即所谓鸟语花香、心旷神怡、触景生情、心驰 神往1,可见园林植物空间营造具有重要意义。Moder

9、n landscape design is to point to objects on the rational arrangement of land and land and space, for mankind to create the safe, efficient, healthy and comfortable environment, coordinator of the relationship with nature. Compared with the traditional landscape, modern landscape planning and design

10、 of the main groups to creation object is public, it service for humans and other species, emphasized that human development and sustainable resources and environment, highlight the plants play an important role in the design and give full play to the plant space composition function and beautificat

11、ion function and ecological function. Therefore, modern landscape design to design vivid visual image, build enough green space and greening, design build enough grounds and facilities as used by most people in the space, make people through visual feelings channels, with the aid of the materialized

12、 form of landscape environment, cause psychological reactions in human behavior, create a resonance, the so-called charactizing a fine spring day, find the scenery pleasing to both, even, with longing 1, the visible space of garden plant construction is of great significance.2园林植物空间的构成2 the composit

13、ion of the garden plant space园林空间通常是由山、水、建筑、植物和小品等诸多要素所构成的 大小不同、景象各异的多种形式的空间组合 2。同时 ,园林空间随着 时间的变化而相应地发生变化 ,因此园林空间是包括时间在内的四维 空间 ,这主要表现在植物的季相演变方面。可见 ,园林植物空间主要由 基面、垂直分隔面、覆盖面和时间四个维度构成。Garden space is usually composed of mountain, water, building, plants, and sketch, and many other elements of different

14、sizes, different picture of the various forms of space combination 2. At the same time, the garden space as the change of time and change accordingly, so the garden space is four dimensions, including time, space, this mainly displays in the seasonal evolution of plants. Visible, garden plant space

15、is mainly composed of base level, vertical separation surface, coverage and time four dimensions.2.1基面2.1 the base level正如凯文 林奇所说，空间主要是由垂直的面限定的，但唯一的连续的 面却在脚下 3 ”可,见基面形成了最基本的空间范围物空间主要由基 面、垂直分隔面、覆盖面和时间四个维度构成。As Kevin lynch says, the space limited by the vertical surface, but the only continuous surfac

16、e underfoot 3, the base level is forming the spatial scope of the most basic object space is mainly composed of base level, vertical separation surface, coverage and time four dimensions.2.2垂直分隔面2.2 vertical space垂直分隔面是由具有一定高度的植物构成的一个面 ,是园林植物构成 空间的最重要表现。垂直分隔面形成了明确的空间范围和强烈的空 间围合感。首先 ,树干如同直立于外部空间中的支柱

17、,他们多是以暗示 的方式来表现垂直分隔面。其次 ,叶丛的疏密和分枝的高度影响着空 间的围合感。阔叶或针叶越浓密、体积越大 ,其围合感越强烈。而落 叶植物的封闭程度 ,随季节的变化而不同 ,夏季较封闭 ,冬季较开敞。 落叶植物是靠枝条暗示着空间范围 ,而常绿植物在竖向分隔面上能形 成周年稳定的空间封闭效果。Vertical separation surface is composed of a plant has a certain height, the most important performance is made by the garden plant space. Vertical

18、 separation surface formed a clear and strong sense of space to surround close space range. First of all, the trunk as the mainstay in upright in outer space, their performance is a suggested way to more vertical space. Secondly, cluster density and the height of the branch influence to surround clo

19、se feeling of the space. Broad-leaved and coniferous more thick, the greater the volume, and its surround close feeling more strongly. And deciduous plant closed, along with the change of season, summer is more closed, more open in winter. Deciduous plant is to rely on branches implies that space sc

20、ope, and evergreen can form on the surface of the vertical separation of anniversary of the stability of the closed space effect.2.3覆盖面2.3 the coverage大中型乔木的树冠相互连接 ,构成了园林植物空间的覆盖面。植物空 间的覆盖面通常由分枝点高度在人的身高以上的枝叶形成 ,它限制了 伸向天空的视线。覆盖面的特征与枝叶密度、分枝点高度以及种植 形式密切相关。夏季枝叶繁茂 ,遮荫蔽日 ,封闭感最强烈 ,而冬季落叶 植物则以枝条组成覆盖面 ,视线通透 ,封

21、闭感最弱。Large and medium-sized tree canopy are interconnected to form the garden plant space coverage. Plant space coverage are usually made of branch point height above the height of foliage, it limits the line of sight of reaching toward the sky. Coverage of the characteristics and the branchesand le

22、aves density, height of branch point as well as planting form are closely related. Blotting out the sun shade in summer, branches and leaves bushiness, enclosed are the strongest, while winter deciduous plant with branches of coverage, the line of sight is connected fully, enclosed are the weakest.2

23、.4 时间2.4 time园林植物空间与建筑空间最大的区别在于 “时间 ”。植物随着时间的 推移和季节的变化 ,自身经历了生长、发育、成熟的生命周期 ,形成了 叶容、花貌、色彩、芳香、枝干、姿态等一系列色彩上和形象上的 变化,构成了四季分明的景象变化。植物的这种时序景观变化极大地 丰富了园林景观的空间构成 ,为人们提供了各种各样可选择的空间类 型。当植物空间由落叶植物围合时 ,空间围合的程度会随着季节的变 化而变化。春夏季 ,具有浓密树叶的树丛能形成一个个闭合的空间 ,秋 冬季来临时 ,随着植物的落叶 ,视线逐渐能延伸到限定空间以外。其次 ,季相变化中的色彩变化也十分引人注目 ,通常叶色、花色

24、在一年四季都有着丰富的变化。可见 ,园林景观是一种生命的景观 ,它是动态变化的。The biggest difference between the garden plant space and architectural space lies in time. Plants with the passageof time and the change of seasons, itself has experienced the growth, development, maturity of life cycle, formed the Ye Rong, appearance, color,

25、 aroma, branches, posture and a series of colour and image changes, constitutes a distinct seasons of change. This temporal landscape changes in plants have greatly enriched the landscape space, provides people with a variety of optional space type. When the plant space by deciduous plants around th

26、e timeliness, the extent of the space to surround close will vary with the seasons. Spring and summer, has the thick leaves of trees to form a closed space, fall and winter comes, the leaves of plants, the line of sight can gradually extended to the limit space outside. Second, the seasonal change o

27、f the color change is also very conspicuous, leaf color, design and color usually changes in has a wealth of all the year round. Visible, landscape landscape is a kind of life, it is a dynamic change.3现代园林植物空间类型3 the modern botanical garden space type植物空间以时间维度为导向 ,由基面、垂直分隔面和覆盖面三个构成面通过多样的变化方式组合 ,形成了各

28、种不同的空间类型。Plants with the orientation of time dimension, space consists of base level, vertical separation of surface coverage and three surface through a variety of combination way change, formed a variety of room types.3.1开敞植物空间3.1 open the plant space园林植物形成的开敞空间是指在一定区域范围内 ,人的视线高于四周 景物的植物空间 ,这种空间没有

29、覆盖面的限制 ,其空间的大小形态只是 由基面和限定该空间的竖向分隔面决定 ,但在该空间内 ,竖向分隔面仅 用低矮灌木和地被植物作为空间的限制因素。人们身处其中 ,视线通 透,视野辽阔 ,心胸开阔 ,心情舒畅 ,容易产生轻松自由的满足感。在现 代景观设计中 ,除了运用草坪和花卉外 ,应推广使用生命力强、易于养 护管理的地被植物来营造此类空间。Garden plant form of open space is to point to in certain areas within the scope of the line of sight of people above the scenery

30、 around the plant space, this space without the restrictions of coverage, the space the size of the form is just a base level and limited the space of vertical separation of decision, but inside the space, the vertical separation surface with low shrubs and ground cover only as space constraints. ,

31、people live in the line of sight is connected fully, vast, open-minded, feel better, easy to create relaxed freedom satisfaction. In the modern landscapedesign, in addition to using the lawn and flowers, should promote the use life of strong, easy to maintenance and management of groundcover plants

32、to build such a space.3.2半开敞植物空间3.2 half open space of plants半开敞植物空间是在一定区域范围内 ,四周围不全开敞 ,有部分视角用 植物阻挡了人的视线 ,方向性强 ,指向开敞面 ,是开敞空间向封闭空间 的过渡 ,是园林中出现最多的一种空间类型 （如图1。它也可以借助地 形、山石、小品等园林要素与植物配置共同完成。半开敞空间的封 闭面能够抑制人们的视线 ,从而引导空间的方向 ,达到 “障景 ”的效果。 在现代景观设计中 ,其封闭面可采用乔木、灌木、草本植物的三层配 置方式 ,取得较好的生态效益。Half open plant space

33、is within the scope of a certain area, surrounded by not fully open open, some perspective with plants, blocking the line of sight of people, directionality is strong, pointing to the open surface, is transition to the closed space, open space is a kind of space landscape in the most types (as shown

34、 in figure 1. It can also be with the help of landscape elements such as topography, rock, sketch done together with the plant configuration. Half closed surface can restrain the line of sight of people in the open space, so as to guide the direction of the space, to achieve disabled scene the effec

35、t. In modern landscape design, the closed surface can use trees, shrubs, herbs, three layers configuration mode, achieve good ecological benefits.3.3覆盖植物空间3.3 cover plant space覆盖植物空间通常位于树冠下与地面之间 ,通过植物树干的分枝点高 低,浓密的树冠来形成空间感。高大的乔木是形成覆盖空间的良好材 料 ,此类植物分枝点较高 ,树冠庞大 ,具有很好的遮荫效果 ,无论是一棵 几丛还是一群成片 ,都能够为人们提供较大的活动空

36、间和遮荫休息的 区域 ,这类植物空间的营造也是现代景观设计的主要任务。此外 ,攀援 植物利用花架、拱门、木廊等攀附在其上生长 ,也能够构成有效的覆盖空间Usually lies between under the canopy and ground cover plant space, through the plant the branch point height of the trunk, the dense canopy to create the space. Tall trees covering space is good material, this kind of plant

37、 branch point higher, canopy, large shade has the very good effect, whether a few cluster or a bunch of slices, can provide larger space and shade for people to rest areas, construction of this kind of plant space is the main task of the modern landscape design. Moreover, climbing plants use flower

38、wearing, arch, embelished clings on its growth, can form effective covering space.3.4纵深植物空间3.4 deep plant space狭长空间的两侧被景物所挡 ,形成纵深空间 ,它具有方向感 ,将人的视 线引向空间的端点 2。在现代景观设计中 ,由植物材料营造的纵深空 间在园林中很常见 ,如两旁植有密林的河流、峡谷等形成的空间。道 路两侧栽种行道树亦能形成纵深空间。此类空间的营造宜采用枝叶 茂密的高大乔木 ,增强纵深感 ,同时也能取得更大的绿量 ,提高生态效Long and narrow space by

39、the scenery on both sides of the block, form deep space, it has a sense of direction, lead the line of sight of people to space endpoint 2. In modern landscape design, the plant material to build deep space in the garden is common, such as plant have covered on both sides of the rivers, valleys form

40、ed by space. Road on both sides of the planted trees can form deep space. Such space, build appropriate USES leaves lush tall trees, strengthens the depth, at the same time also can achieve more green quantity, improve the ecological benefits.3.5垂直植物空间3.5 vertical space of plants用植物封闭垂直面 ,开敞顶平面 ,中间空

41、旷 ,形成了一个方向垂直、向 上敞开的垂直植物空间。分枝点较低、树冠紧凑的中小乔木形成的 树列、修剪整齐的高树篱 ,都可以构成垂直空间。这类空间只有上面 是敞开的 ,使人翘首仰望 ,将视线导向空中 ,能给人以强烈的封闭感和 隔离感 ,纪念性园林中常出现这种空间。Use plants closed vertical plane, flat open top middle empty, formed a vertical direction, open up the vertical space of plants. Branch point is lower, compact canopy of

42、 the small and medium-sized trees form the high tree, manicured hedges, can constitute a vertical space. Only above this kind of space is open, make the person turned upward and to the line of sight guidance, can give a person with strong sense of closed and isolated was as bad, memorial gardens oft

43、en appear this kind of space.3.6完全封闭植物空间3.6 completely closed space of plants垂直向上类植物枝干能够构成紧密的竖向的空间边界 ,当此类植物和 低矮的水平展开型植物配植时 ,人的视线被封锁严密 ,围合感更加强烈 ,而高大的乔木作为上层覆盖整个空间时就形成了完全封闭空间。这 种空间类型多见于风景游览区、森林公园、植物园及防护林带 ,是现 代景观设计中群落结构最复杂、植物种类最丰富、生态效益最明显 的空间类型。Vertical plant stems can constitute a close space of the v

44、ertical boundary, when such plants and low level of model plants and shrubs, the line of sight of people blocked, closely surround close feeling is more strong, and tall tree as was formed when the upper cover the whole space completely closed space. This space type found in scenic area and forest p

45、ark, botanical garden and shelter belt, is the most complex community structure in the design of modern landscape, the most abundant plant species, ecological benefit is the most obvious type of space.4现代园林植物空间营造手法4 the modern botanical garden space construction technique在现代景观设计中 ,植物空间的营造首先要考虑其生态功能

46、,模拟自然 界植物群落空间进行营造 ,其次要采用一定的艺术手法进行合理配置。In modern landscape design, the construction of plant space must first consider its ecological function, simulate the nature plant community space to build, and secondly to adopt certain artistic technique to carry on the reasonable configuration.4.1 植物空间的生态化营造4

47、.1 plant space ecological construction4.1.1 乔灌草藤相结合4.4.1 halosols deserts cane combination植物空间的生态化营造就是要模拟自然界植物的生长状态 ,充分利用 立体空间 ,以地带性植物为主 ,适当引入植物新品种 ,构成以乔木为主 体,灌木、草本植物、藤本植物相结合的复合群落 ,形成“近自然 ”植物 群落景观。乔木、灌木 （藤本植物 与适量的空旷草坪结合 ,针叶与阔 叶结合 ,季相景观与空间结构相协调 ,充分利用立体空间 ,大大增加绿 地的绿量 ,是城市绿地的最佳结构。城市绿化需突出乔木 ,但如果为了 采光、通风

48、 ,遮荫的比例也不宜过大 ,绿地内灌木需占一定比例 ,地面 力争全部为草坪或地被植物所覆盖。Plant space of ecology construction is to mimic natural plant growth status, make full use of the stereo space, give priority to with zonal plant, introduction of new varieties of plants take trees as the main body, shrubs, herbs, combined compound colon

49、y of vines, form close to nature plant community landscape. Trees, shrubs, lianas combined with the right amount of open lawn, coniferous and broadleaf union, the seasonal landscape in harmony with the space structure, make full use of threedimensional space, greatly increase the amount of green of

50、green space, is the best structure of urban green space. Urban greening should highlight the tree, but if for daylighting, ventilated, the proportion of shade also shoulds not be too large, green shrubs need to account for certain proportion, the ground all for lawn or is covered by plants.4.1.2 群落多

51、样性与特色基调树种相结合4.1.2 community combining tone tree species diversity and characteristics多样性的树种决定着城市景观的丰富度和城市绿地生态效益的大小 , 可以增加群落的稳定性 ,有效防止病虫害蔓延 4。城市绿地群落多样 性的取得可根据立地条件和植物的种间关系 ,适当引进外来物种 ,在不 同地段精心选择冠型优美、寿命较长的骨干树种 ,结合一定的速生树 种,并引进鸟嗜、蜜源类绿化植物 ,形成稳定而各具特色的群落类型。 当然 ,群落多样性并不是无主次、千篇一律的多样性 ,应该以一两种基 调树种为主体形成密度合理、结构优化

52、、自然稳定、高效多能的多 样性群落。Determines the diversity of tree species richness of urban landscape and ecological benefits of urban green space, the size of the can increase the stability of the community, effectively prevent the spread of pests and diseases4. Urban green space community diversity can be obtain

53、ed according to the site conditions and the relationships between plant species, appropriate introduction of alien species, in a different location selected beautiful crown shape, long service life the backbone tree species, combined with a fast-growing tree, and introduce the bird addicted, nectar

54、source plant, plant, forming stable and distinctive community types. Community diversity is, of course, not without a primary and secondary, the diversity of the same, should take a two tone tree species as the main body to form reasonable density, optimized structure and natural stability, efficien

55、t, can the diversity of the community.4.2 植物空间的艺术化营造4.2 plant space artistic construction4.2.1 植物空间的对比与变化2 compared with the change of plant space“柳暗花明又一村 ”形象地表现了园林中通过空间的开合收放、明暗 虚实等的对比 ,产生多变而感人的艺术效果 ,使空间富有吸引力。曲折 婉蜒的河道 ,时窄时宽 ,两岸种植冠大荫浓的乔木 ,使整个河道空间时 收时放 ,景观效果由于空间的开合对比而显得更为强烈。植物亦能形 成空间明暗的对比 ,如林木森森的空间显得暗

56、 ,而一片开阔的草坪或花 坛则显得明 ,二者由于对比而使各自的空间特征得到了加强。植物构 成的空间虚实对比则是在于通过各种植物的艺术搭配营造出或开敞 或封闭的灵活多变的空间环境。Steady vividly showed through space in the garden down, light and shade opening and closing of the actual situation such as contrast, changing and moving art effect, make the space full of attraction. Twists and

57、 turns, spanning the river, the narrow width, planted on both sides of the Taiwan crown the thick of the shadow of big trees, make whole space when closed when the river, because of the space of landscape effect of opening and closing of the contrast and appear more strongly. Plants also to space of

58、 light and shade contrast, such as dense space appears dark trees, and a vast expanse of grass or flower bed is clear, both because of the contrast and make the respective space features are strengthened. Plants constitute the space the actual situation of contrast, is through the art of all kinds o

59、f plants collocation to create or open or closed flexible space environment.4.2.2 植物4.2.2 the plant更多精品源自3 e d u教案The more high-quality goods from 3 e d u lesson plans空间的分隔与引导Dimensional space and guidance在园林中,常利用植物材料来分隔和引导空间。在现代自然式园林中,利用植物分隔空间可不受任何几何图形的约束。若干个大小不同的 空间可通过成丛、成片的乔灌木相互隔离,使空间层次深邃 ,意味无穷。在规则式园林中则常用植物按几何图形划分空间,使空间显得整洁明朗 ,井井有条。其中绿篱在分隔空间中的应用最为广泛,不同形式、高度的绿篱可以达到多样