colorname基本颜色的代表事物感觉

1、Color namingColors vary in several different ways, including hue (red vs. orange vs. blue), saturation, brightness and gloss. Some color words are derived from the name of an object of that color, such as orange or salmon, while others are abstract, like red.Differe nt cultures have differe nt terms

2、 for colors, and may also assig n some color n ames to slightly differe nt parts of the spectrum: for instanee, the Chinese character 青 has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and gree n are traditi on ally con sidered shades of 青.All la nguages that have two basic color n ames disti ngu

3、ish dark/cool colors from bright/warm colors. The n ext colors to be disti nguished are usually red and the n yellow or gree n. All Ian guages with six basic colors in clude black, white, red, gree n, blue and yellow. The patter n holds up to a set of twelve: black, grey, white, pink, red, orange, y

4、ellow, green, blue, purple, brown, and azure (distinct from blue in Russian and Italian but not English).A color name is a noun or noun phrase that refers to a specific color. The color n ame may refer to huma n percepti on of that color (which is affected by visual con text), or to an un derly ing

5、physical property (such as a specific wavele ngth of visible light). There are also nu merical systems of color specificati on, referred to as color spacesMono lexemic color words are composed of in dividual lexemes 词位,such as red, brow n, or olive.Compound color words make use of adjectives (e.g. l

6、ight brown, sea green) or multiple basic color words (e.g. yellow-gree n).There are many different dimensions by which color varies. For example, hue 色调 (red vs. orange vs. blue), saturation 饱和度 (deep vs. pale), and brightness 亮度 or intensity make up the HSI color space. The adjective fluoresce nt i

7、n En glish refers to moderately high bright ness with strong color saturati on. Pastel (A soft, delicate hue; a pale color) 浅淡的色调 refers to colors with high bright ness and low saturati on.Differe nt cultures have differe nt terms for colors, and may also assig n some color n ames to slightly differ

8、e nt parts of the human color space: for instanee, the Chinese character 青 has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and gree n are traditi on ally con sidered shades of 青.In more con temporary terms, they are 藍 (l 0, in Mandarin) and 綠 (l 0in Mandarin) respectively.Japanese also has two t

9、erms that refer specifically to the color green, 綠 (midori which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru to be in leaf, to flourish in reference to trees) and 力丿一 A (guriin , which is derived from the English word green). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the

10、 same colored lights that other countries have, the green light is called using the same word for blue, aoi, because green is considered a shade of aoi, similarly green variants of certain fruits and vegetable such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be describ

11、ed with the word aoi.Similarly, languages are selective when deciding which hues are split into different colors on the basis of how light or dark they are. English splits some hues into several distinct colors according to lightness: such as red and pink or orange and brown. To English speakers, th

12、ese pairs of colors, which are objectively no more different from one another than light green and dark green, are conceived of as belonging to different categories. A Russian will make the same red-pink and orange-brown distinctions, but will also make a further distinction between sinii and golubo

13、i, which English speakers would simply call dark and light blue. To Russian speakers, sinii and goluboi are as separate as red and pink or orange and brown.Today every natural language that has words for colors is considered to have from two to twelve basic color terms. All other colors are consider

14、ed by most speakers of that language to be variants of these basic color terms. English has the eleven basic color terms: red, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, pink, gray, white and black. Italian and Russian have twelve, distinguishing blue and azure. That doesnt mean English speakers cannot des

15、cribe the difference of the two colors, of course; however, in English, azure is not a basic color term because one can say light blue instead, while pink is basic because speakers do not saylight red .Color words in a language can also be divided into abstract color words and descriptive color word

16、s , though the distinction is blurry in many cases. Abstract color words are words that only refer to a color. In English white, black, red, yellow, green, blue, brown, and gray are definitely abstract color words. These words also happen to be basic color terms in English as described above, but co

17、lors like maroon and magenta are also abstract though they may not be considered basic color terms either because they are considered by native speakers to be too rare, too specific, or to be subordinate hues to a higher basic color term, in this case red (or maybe purple). Descriptive color words a

18、re words that are secondarily used to describe a color but primarily used to refer to an object or phenomenon that has that color. Salmon, rose, saffron, and lilac are descriptive color words in English because their use as color words is derived in reference to natural colors of salmon flesh, rose

19、flowers, infusions of saffron pistils, and lilac blossoms respectively. Often a descriptive color word will be a subordinate hyponym of a basic color term (salmon and rose descriptive are both hues of pink). In some languages colors may be denoted by descriptive color words even though English may u

20、se an abstract color word for the same color; for example in Japanese pink is momoiro(桃色,lit. peach-color) and gray is either haiiro or nezumiiro(灰色, 鼠色,lit. ash-color for light grays and mouse-color for dark grays respectively), nevertheless, as Ianguages change they may adopt or invent new abstrac

21、t color terms, as Japanese has adopted pinku () for pink and guree(歹一 )for gray from English.The status of some color words as abstract or descriptive is debatable. The color p ink was origi nally a descriptive color word derived from the n ame of a flower called a pink (see dia nthus); however, bec

22、ause the word pink (flower) has become very rare whereas pink (color) has become very com mon, many n ative speakers of En glish use pink as an abstract color word alone and furthermore con sider it to be one of the basic color terms of En glish. purple is ano ther example of this, as it was origi n

23、ally a word that referred to a dye (see Tyria n purple).The word orange is also difficult to categorize as abstract or descriptive because both its use as a color word and as a word for an object are very com mon and it is difficult to dist in guish which is the primary and which is the sec on dary

24、use of the word. On the one hand the fruit ora nge has the color ora nge, and etymologically the word orange as a fruit) from the Sanskrit narang or Tamil naraththai via the Portuguese laranja, preceded the use of ora nge as a color word in En glish. On the other hand ora nge (color) is usually give

25、 n equal status to red, yellow, gree n, blue, purple, brow n, pink, gray, white and black (all abstract colors) in membership to the basic color terms of English. Based solely on current usages of the word it would be impossible to distinguish if an orange is called an orange because the fruit is or

26、ange, or if the color orange is called orange because oranges are orange (other examples of this problem are the colors violet and in digo).Many color theorists throughout history have attempted to assig n colors to particular huma n emoti ons. They believed that see ing particular colors caused par

27、ticular emoti ons. Others even created tests they claimed would divulge the pers on ality of the participa nt.Listed below are some com mon cultural (symbolic) conno tati ons attached to colors in Western cultures, particularly in the United States. These are not necessarily consistent with color ps

28、ychology or chromotherapy:ColorCommon connotationsGrayElega nee, humility, respect, reverence, stability, subtlety, wisdom, old age, an achro ni sm, boredom, decay, decrepitude, dull ness, dust, entan gleme nt, pollutio n, urba n sprawl, strong emoti ons, bala nee, n eutrality,mour ning, formality,

29、March.WhiteLight, Revere nee, purity, snow, peace, innocence, clea nli ness, simplicity, security, humility, sterility, win ter, cold ness, criticism, surre nder, cowardice, fearfu In ess, uni mag in ative, air, fire, death (Eastern cultures), hope, Aries, Pisces (star sig ns), bla nd, empty and unf

30、rien dly(i nterior), Janu ary, celebrati on.BlackAbsenee, modernity, power, sophistication, formality, eleganee, wealth, mystery, style, evil, death (Western cultures), fear, anony mity, an ger, sad ness, remorse, mourning, un happ in ess, sex, serious ness, conventionality, rebellion, anarchism, un

31、ity, sorrow, life, rebirth(ancient Egypt), slimming quality(fashi on) Janu ary.RedPassi on, stre ngth, en ergy, fire, love, sex, exciteme nt, speed, heat, arroga nee, ambiti on, leadership, masculi ni ty, power, dan ger, gaudi ness, blood, war, an ger, revoluti on, radicalism, socialism, com muni sm

32、, aggression, summer, autumn, stop, Mars (planet), respect, Aries (star sign), December, the Roman Catholic Church, martyrs, the Holy Spirit, con servatism (U.S. politics), wealth (Ch in a).Studies show that red can have a physical effect, increasing the rate of respiration and raising blood pressur

33、e; red also is said to make people hun gry; the red ruby is the traditi onal 40th weddi ng anni versary gift. Red is also the color of the devil in moder n Wester n culture.BlueSeas, men, productive (in terior) skies, peace, un ity, harm ony, tranq uility, cal mn ess, cooln ess, con fide nee, con se

34、rvatism, water, ice, loyalty, depe ndability, clea nli ness, tech no logy, win ter, depressi on, cold ness, idealism, obsce ni ty, tack in ess, air, wisdom, royalty, n obility, Earth (pla net), Virgo (light blue), Pisces (pale blue) and Aquarius (dark blue) (star sig n), stre ngth, steadfast ness, l

35、ight, frien dli ness, July (sky blue), February (deep blue), peace, mourning (Ira n), truthfu In ess, love, sad ness, aloofness, the VirginMary, liberalism (U.S. politics)In many diverse cultures blue is sig ni fica nt in religious beliefs, believed to keep the bad spirits away.Gree nGreat intellige

36、nee, life, nature, bad spirits, spring, fertility, youth, environment, wealth, money (US), good luck, vigor, generosity, go, grass, aggression, inexperienee, envy, misfortune, coldness, jealousy, disgrace (Ch in a), ill ness, greed, Marijua na and drug culture, corrupti on (North Africa), life etern

37、al, air, earth (classical element), sincerity, hope, Cancer (bright green, star sign), renewal, natural abundance, growth, health, August, balanee, harmony, stability, calming, creative intelligenee, Islam, the ordinary. During the Middle Ages, both green and yellow were used to symbolize the devil.

38、 Green is believed to be the luckiest of colors in some wester n coun tries in cludi ng, Brita in, 1 rela nd, and the U.S.YellowSun light, joy, happ in ess, earth, optimism, in tellige nee, idealism, wealth (gold), summer, hope, air, liberalism, cowardice, illness (quarantine), hazards, dishonesty,

39、avarice, weakness, greed, femininity, glad ness, sociability, summer, frien dship, Gemini, Taurus, Leo (golde n yellow, star sig ns), April, September, deceit, hazard sig ns, death (Middle Ages), mourning (Egypt), courage (Japa n), God (gold). Yellow ribbons were worn during times of warfare as a si

40、gn of hope as women waited for their men to return.During the Middle Ages, both gree n and yellow were used to symbolize the devil.PurpleEnvy, Sensuality, bisexuality, spirituality, creativity, wealth, royalty, nobility, ceremony, mystery, wisdom, en lighte nment, arroga nee, flamboya nee, gaudi nes

41、s, mour ning, profa ni ty, exaggerati on, confusion, pride, Scorpio (violet, star sign), May, November, riches, romanticism (light purple), delicacy (light purple), penan ce.Purple is the color of mourning for widows in Thaila nd, favorite color of Egypts Cleopatra, and the purple heart - give n to

42、soldiers who have bee n woun ded duri ng warfare.OrangeHin duism, Buddhism, happ in ess en ergy, bala nee, heat, fire, en thusiasm, flamboya nee, playfu In ess, aggressi on, arroga nee, gaudi ness, overemoti on, warning, dan ger, autu mn, desire, Sagittarius (star sig n), September.Orange has less i

43、nten sity or aggressi on tha n red and is calmed by the cheerfu In ess of yellow.Orange is the Royal family of the Netherlands. As such in the Netherlands Orange symbolises royalty and as William of Orange was a Calvinist orange symbolises protestantism particularly in Ireland( Orange Irish).BrownCalm, boldness, depth, natural organisms, nature, richness, rusticism, s