专四作文写作.ppt

1、l2010年年tem试卷试卷 lpart vi writing (45min) lsection a composition (35min) l it was recently reported in a newspaper that six students who shared a dorm at a local university hired a cleaner to do laundry and cleaning once a week. and each of them paid her 60 yuan a month. this has led to a heated debat

2、e as to whether college students should hire cleaners. lwrite on answer sheet three a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: lshould college students hire cleaners? lyou are to write in three parts. lin the first part, state clearly what your view is. lin the second part, support you

3、r view with appropriate reasons. lin the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. lmarks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks. 专四作文要求：根据所给作文题目、提纲、专四作文要求：根据所给作文题目、提纲、

4、 数据等，数据等，在在35分钟内写分钟内写200单词的左右的作单词的左右的作 文，分值文，分值15分分，要求：切题、完整、条理，要求：切题、完整、条理 清楚、结构严谨、语法正确、语言通顺、清楚、结构严谨、语法正确、语言通顺、 表达得体。体裁为表达得体。体裁为议论文、说明文议论文、说明文（记叙（记叙 文、描写文没有考过但不能排除）。文、描写文没有考过但不能排除）。 年份主题或题目 题材 体裁 题型 1995大学生打工利与弊 学生业余生活 议论文 利弊比较 1996大学生活与中学生活的不同 学生生活 说明文 对比说明 1997专业学习压力利或弊 学生学习 议论文 观点议论 1998一种解决城市空气

5、污染的办法 环境 说明文 提出建议 1999电视广告的利或弊 社会现象 议论文 利弊讨论 2000课外活动的重要性 学生生活 说明文 观点说明 2001旅游开阔视野 大众生活 说明文 观点说明 2002保持健康的最好办法 大众生活 说明文 提出建议 2003保持好心情的重要性 大众生活 说明文 观点说明 2004电话是否是否会代替写信？ 社会现象 议论文 观点议论 年份主题或题目 题材 体裁 题型 2005为艺术节提建议 校园文化生活 说明文 提出建议 2006攒钱/还是 花明天的钱 大众生活 说明文 观点说明 2007网上交友理智吗 学生业余生活 议论文 观点议论 2008做志愿者的好处 学

6、生业余生活 说明文 观点议论 2009旅游伤害环境吗 社会现象 议论文 观点议论 2010大学生聘用清洁工吗 学生业余生活 议论文 观点议论 2011 私有车能交污染税吗？大众生活 议论文 观点议论 l专业四级命题的特点命题的特点 * 题材题材常常涉及到学生生活学生生活，如学习、文化、 课外活动、文化艺术节等，大众生活如身体 健康的方法、心情愉快的重要性和旅游的作 用等，一些社会热点问题和现象，如网络、 环境、科技的负面影响和私家车等话题。 *体裁体裁以说明文说明文和议论文议论文为主，有时会有二者 的配合使用。如“保持好心情的重要性”， 首先要阐述出几个重要性，属于说明文；然 后在分析为什么要

7、那样做，属于议论文。因 此有的作文以说明文为主，有的以议论文为 主。 命题的特点命题的特点： *题型题型 l1）比较选择类作文1995，1996，1999， l2）意义、重要性、危害性说明类作文 2000，2001，2003，2006，2008, l3）观点论证类作文1997，2002，2004， 2007，2009，2010， 2011 l4）提出建议、解决问题类作文1998， 2005。 1. 专业四级写作阅卷采用专业四级写作阅卷采用整体评分整体评分方法：方法： 即：阅卷人员根据作文的内容和语言方即：阅卷人员根据作文的内容和语言方 面的表现给出归档分，然后适当给奖励面的表现给出归档分，然后

8、适当给奖励 或扣分。或扣分。 2. 从从内容内容和和语言语言两个方面对作文进行综合两个方面对作文进行综合 评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文 应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通 过语言表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是过语言表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是 否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语 清楚而确切地表达思想，即考虑语言上清楚而确切地表达思想，即考虑语言上 的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 3. 分数要正确反映学生的实际写作水平反映学生的实际写作水平， 避免分数趋中现象。最好

9、的给满分，最 差的记0分 。 1) content:作文是否体现主题思想。即要求文章切题 （不跑题），又要达到全文的统一（围绕一个主题）。 l2) organization:组织是否合理合理。合理的结构主要体 现在全文条理清楚，组织连贯和谐，善于使用衔接手 段使行文连贯，有逻辑性。 l3) grammar:语法文字语法文字是否有重大错误。语句合乎英 语语法习惯，文字通顺、语法正确。避免句子片段、 主谓不一、词性不对（lack, like)等（作文的硬伤）。 l4) appropriateness:得体上的要求：兼顾论题、 情景和读者的因素，使用正式、非正式、亲昵 或文学性的词汇、句式、时态、语

10、态、指示方 法等。 l5)tidiness:卷面布局整洁；字体端正清晰、规 范大小写、词间空格、段前缩进、正确使用标 点，避免拼写错误、减少涂改。 l(注意：字体可以不漂亮，但必须认真清楚；大 小错误都扣分；规范要求书写和标点，避免涂 改。严格按照字数要求，不要超出和不足。照 抄指令中原句不记入所写作文字数，因此可以 解释或改写。） l5. 作文的五个分数档次： l15， 14-12， 11-9， 8-6， 5-3，（2-0） 1.审清指令审清指令 理解指令是写作考试至关重要的环 节,因为指令包括了对作文主题、发展方式等 方面的要求。 2.确立文章的中心思想中心思想（文章的要点），必须明 确。

11、中心思想由主题思想句来表现。拟订全 文的主题思想句，确保不跑题。可以将考试 指令中的关键词，甚至标题加以灵活应用， 扩充为主题思想句-thesis statement.主题思 想句要求出现在文章的第一段。 3. 列出写作提纲写作提纲 将主题思想具体化、条理化。提 纲是文章的框架，可以显现主题发展的脉络。 列提纲有助于作者理清思路，使文章有章可循， 有理可依。提纲(outline)可以详细可以简略， 可以用短语也可以用句子。 4.确定体裁确定体裁 英语作文有四种不同的体裁，各种体 裁的写法不同。从以往的作文可以发现议论文 和说明文是考核的重点。但二者并不泾渭分明， 也不排斥。有的以议论为主，有的

12、则以说明为 主。如： will phone kill letter writing? 就是议 论文即对没有定论的观点、现象提出明确的 论点，并用论据论证论点的正确性。如the importance of extracurricular activities是对已经 明确的观点进行阐述。而one way to solve the pollution就要求提出建议。 5.确定主题句确定主题句：主题句是确保不跑题的前提。写主 题句最保险的方法就是将考试提示中的关键句，甚 至标题加以灵活应用，考生可以直接把它扩充为主 题句topic sentence。 6.安排结构安排结构 指令对文章的结构有规定：第

13、一段明确 观点（简单导入和主题思想句）；第二段提供理由 和事例（主题句和有说服力的细节和事件-一定是 具体的例子和事件，不要空虚的套话）；第三段归 纳总结（使用表示总结的词汇或词组，不要引出新 观点）。 7.草稿写作草稿写作 按照拟订的提纲进行充实，补 充必要的细节。在打草稿的过程中可以 不局限于提纲，任意发挥。以提纲为指 导，对主题思想整体布局，通盘考虑。 可以对提纲进行调整和修改。 8.适当修改适当修改 “修改出成绩”，确保主题思 想明确，文章不偏题；确保细节与主题 密切相关；确保句子和段落间的衔接； 确保文章无标点、拼写、大小写和语法 方面的错误。 l按照专业四级作文的要求，在35分钟写

14、一篇200左右 的短文，因此全文只能有13-14个句子，其中引言段3， 4，3句，正文段8，7，7句，结语段3，3，4句即可。 l段落的一致性（单一性） 段落的一致性要求整个段落只有一个 主题，即坚持一个中心思想，不要介入不相关的内容，不要转 移话题，其中的每句话都要与主题有关，而不是只与上句有关。 前后的观点要一致；内容要求开展充分完整。 l段落的发展性发展性要求的主题要有具体的内容支撑，可以是事理的 论证、事实、细节或例子。避免主题中的关键词发展不充分； 观点后没有中间环节，只有例子；车轱辘话，不向前发展。 l段落的层次性层次性要求段内之间各句的作用不同，主题句统领全段； 支撑句起着发展主

15、题的作用，有的进行事理论证而有的是细节 辅助；总结句概括、归纳全段。（不一定所有的段落都有总结 句。） l段落的连贯性连贯性是指论点发展过程中的逻辑性或 连续性，是文章可读性的重要衡量手段。如记 叙文按照时间顺序展开；描写文按照空间顺序 展开；说明议论文则要求按照事理顺序展开或 按照人的一般思维方式，先有问题再有回答； 先有一般现象再有现象剖析；先有正面论据再 有反面论据，或者按照事理的重要程度，先重 要后次要等。保持连贯的方法保持连贯的方法：反复提及主题 但不重复，使用正确的连接手段-启、承、转、启、承、转、 合合的词汇（因为英语是“形合”语言）。如as the saying goes, h

16、owever, as far as is considered, evidently, in conclusion, to sum up 等； l英语有多种表示不同关系的连接词汇，如: l1） 时间（to begin with, moreover, finally; first of all, next, then, eventually; first, second, third） l2） 因果(owing to, due to, in this way, as a result, for this reason, consequently, accordingly ) l3）比较、对比(u

17、nlike, in contrast, on the contrary, similarly, in the same way, in like manner, just as, whereas, in spite of ) l4） 附加 (besides, not only but also, apart from, furthermore ) l5）递进(furthermore, moreover, equally important, last but not least, additionally, likewise, as well as, besides) l6）举例a case

18、in point, to illustrate, take for example, as follows, as an illustration, just as) l7）让步(in spite of, regardless of, even though, whereas) l8）转折(on the other side, on the contrary, nevertheless) l9）解释、同位( roughly means, in other words, assuggests, as regards, as for, in terms of, that is to say, wi

19、th regard to ) l10）选择(or rather, rather than, not but, whetheror, alternately, neithernor, either. or) l11）总结(all in all, in short, as has been mentioned, to conclude, in conclusion, in summary, on the whole) lwe can draw the conclusion from what we have talked about lpersonally, i for these reasons

20、 laccording to the above analysis, we can arrive at the conclusion that等连词，如能恰当的运用在作文中， 会增加连贯性，使句子地道流畅。 l1“引引-限限-提提”法法 l对题目进行分层认识，正确认识题目各个信息之间的关系。 然后经过引题、限题、再限题，直到点题，写出相关性好 的开场白。如： 2002年的题目 the best way to stay healthy “题眼”是healthy， 然后限题：healthy -stay healthyways to stay healthythe best way to stay

21、healthy， 即从总的健康、保持健康、保持健康的办法、保持健康的 最好办法，最后提出自己的观点。 l (1) it is estimated that 70 percent of the middle-aged people in such big cities as beijing and shanghai are in a sub-health condition.(2) therefore, health has become an important issue for the whole society. (3) as to how to stay healthy, “so ma

22、ny people, so many minds”.(4) some people favor physical exercise, while other prefer a balanced diet. (5) in my opinion, doing physical exercise is the best way to stay healthy. l2利用指令扩写、改写利用指令扩写、改写 l因为在专业四级的作文中,照抄指令不计算字数，但我们可 以根据指令中的情景写出相关性好的开场白，如2001年的作 文指令为(1)nowadays people are becoming increas

23、ingly aware of the importance of health.(2) and they have different ways to stay healthy. (3)for example, some exercise everyday; others try to keep a balanced diet.(4) what do you think is the best way to stay healthy?句（1）说明人们对健康越来越重视，句（2） （3）表明人们保持健康的方法，（4）表明你的态度。 l句（1）的释义为： ltoday, with the impro

24、vement of living standard, people attach more and more importance to health; ltoday, with the heavy pressure from family, education, and career, people pay special attention to their health; lnowadays, the importance of health has been increasingly acknowledged by people. l句（2）的释义为： lthey are trying

25、 to find various ways to keep healthy; lthe ways to stay healthy may vary from person to person/may be varied among people. las to the ways to keep healthy, “so many people, so many minds.” l句（3）的释义为： lsome people favor physical exercise, while others prefer a balanced diet. lsome people insist on p

26、hysical exercise; others hold that a balanced diet is a better choice. l句（4）的释义为： lin my opinion, is the best way to stay healthy. las far as i am concerned, is the best way to stay healthy. l 根据以上译义，开场白可以写为： today, with the improvement of living standard, people pay more attention to their health.

27、they are trying to find various ways to keep healthy. some do physical exercises every day, but others prefer keeping a balanced diet. as far as i am concerned, doing physical exercises is a better choice to stay healthy. today, with heavy pressure from family, education, and career, people pay spec

28、ial attention to their health condition. as to the ways of keeping healthy, “so many people, so many minds.” some people favor physical exercise, while others prefer a balanced diet. in my opinion, doing physical exercises is the best choice. nowadays, the importance of health has been increasingly

29、acknowledged by people. the ways to stay healthy may vary from person to person/may be varied among people. some insist on physical exercise; others hold that a balanced diet is a better choice. as far as i am concerned, keeping a balanced diet is the best way to stay healthy. today, with the improv

30、ement of living standard, people attach more and more importance to health. as to the ways of keeping healthy, “so many people, so many minds.” some people insist on physical exercise; others hold that a balanced diet is a better choice. in my opinion, doing physical exercise is the best choice. l3.

31、 论点论点+解释解释 l开场白最简单的写法是在段落一开始就开场白最简单的写法是在段落一开始就 直截了当的表明自己的观点，然后对论直截了当的表明自己的观点，然后对论 点稍加解释说明，以便下文的发展限题。点稍加解释说明，以便下文的发展限题。 如如2002四级作文四级作文the best way to stay healthy. l a the best way to stay healthy l(1) there are various ways to keeping healthy, but enough sleep is definitely the basic element to stay

32、 fit.(2) i have several reasons to support my view. l b why people work l (1) jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.(2) were all used to thinking that work provide the material things of life- the goods and services that make possible our modern civi

33、lization.(3) but we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life. l4. 贴切简单的例子贴切简单的例子+观点观点 l故事能引起人的兴趣,所以在开场白中采用趣闻趣事 或情景描写可以引起读者的注意力。故事可以是自 己的经历或从报纸或新闻中听到的，千万不能

34、是所 有人都听过的例子。如： llast national day, i visited the great wall, a place i had been longing for since i was a young girl. i was deeply moved by its magnificence. moreover. the trip brought me into the history, the chinese history of fighting against the aggressors and the history of chinese people. besi

35、des scenery pleasure and history education, travel broadens peoples mind in other ways. my trip to qu fu enriches my understanding of the chinese culture. l5. 引言（数据、格言、谚语）观点引言（数据、格言、谚语）观点 l为了避免写作的主观性，我们可以在作文中出现别为了避免写作的主观性，我们可以在作文中出现别 人的声音，如数据（人的声音，如数据（according to a recent poll, 61percent of america

36、n high school students have admitted cheating on exams at least once.）、别人的话 （my teacher often said that you cant tell a book by its cover. ）、名人的至理名言（名人的至理名言（ “love makes all hard hearts gentle” by george herbert）、或一条颠扑不破）、或一条颠扑不破 的谚语（的谚语（a friend in need is a friend indeed.）等作为文）等作为文 章的开头。但应注意所引内容对主

37、题的准确和合适。章的开头。但应注意所引内容对主题的准确和合适。 如：如：honesty: is it going out of style? la (1)according to a recent poll, 61 percent of american high school students have admitted cheating on exams at least once. (2)it can be argued such a response may not mean much. (3)after all, most students have been faced with

38、the temptation to peek at a neighbors test paper. (4)and students can be hard on themselves in judging such behaviors. (5)however, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise. lb as a chinese saying goes, traveling ten thousand miles and reading ten thousand book is the

39、top ideal for people. travel does broaden our minds. it enables us to appreciate beautiful scenery, value the culture and customs of a people and learn the history. students individuality should be considered in teaching l“every human being”, stated by william ellery channing somewhere, “is intended

40、 to have a character of his own; to be what no others are, and to do what no others can do.” students individual characters and their turn of mind decide the way they learn knowledge. therefore, in teaching their individuality should be taken into consideration. l6. 疑问或问题观点疑问或问题观点 l开场白中出现疑问或问题可以引起读者

41、思考，因为读 者会尝试回答或思考该问题的解决思路。这样可以使 读者投入在写作中，而作者可以顺理成章的做答或讨 论。 如： why i teach? lwhy do i teach? my friend asked the question when i told him that i didnt want what was considered for an administrative position. he was puzzled that i did not want what was obviously a “step-up” toward what all americans ar

42、e taught to want when they grow up: money and power. certainly i dont teach because teaching is easy for me. why, then, do i teach? l7不同或相反的观点不同或相反的观点+观点观点 l 这种方法也叫反转法，作者用自己的主题相反 或不同的观点开头，然后与之相悖。表明自己的观 点和立场。 l如： what makes the world go around? lsome people think it is love that makes the world go ar

43、ound. other of less romantic but more practical turn of mind say it isnt love; it is money. but the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go around. energy is the currency of ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek

44、more food to grow to reproduce and to survive. on this cycle all life depends. l8. 场景描写场景描写 l通过生动的描写把文章的主题、事物、现象反映出 来， 以引起读者的兴趣。此法可用于记叙文或议论 文。描写的开头是文章的“闪光点”，但笔墨不必 太多，因为描写是为主题铺垫，几个动感很强的动 词即可达到效果。 如: why college students take part-time job lnowadays college students are seen waiting on tables, cleanin

45、g in stores, advertising in streets, teaching in families and doing whatever work they can find. it has become fashionable for college students to do some odd jobs in their spare time. but i think, as a college student, doing part time job will definitely had bad influence on their study. l9 直入主题直入主

46、题/开门见山开门见山 l直截了当的指出文章的主题比较适用于议论文的写 作，便于抓住主题、避免离题。 l如：no more video games lteenagers are spending far too much time and energy in video arcades these days. in my opinion, video games should be done away with. they are nothing but a waste of time, money and energy. l10. 定义法定义法 l定义法是通过对文章要讨论的主题，尤其是不太熟悉

47、 的主题进行释义来引出议论。如：should euthanasia be advocated leuthanasia, a quiet and easy death, or “mercy killing”, has become a heated topic among people recently. many people applaud it and argue that euthanasia should be advocated in our society. but i disagree strongly with this idea. l需要注意的是需要注意的是：开头段要言简意赅

48、，不 宜笔墨太多，一、两句话就要过渡到主 题上，否则会影响主体段和结尾段的字 数安排。避免说话兜圈子、主题不明确 和词不达意。主题思想句(主旨句)-表 达作者观点、立场或思想的句子，必须 出现在开头段。 l1 中间段要有主题句主题句（topic sentence）， 因 为英语中的说明文和议论文需要主题句。 （主旨句是针对全篇文章，是全文内容的总结， 并依靠全文的段落支持。因此应出现在开头段 里。）主题句是对整个段落而言，它是段落思 想的概括，并靠整个段落中的例子、细节等来 支持、开展。因此主题句应支持主旨句(thesis statement)，对主旨句有体现力；并靠段内句 子支持， 对段落有

49、概括力。 l2 中间段需要根据主旨句确立结构和层结构和层 次次关系、逻辑性和重要性（先提问， 后 回答，先正面后反面，先次要到重要） l3 中间段的内容应该紧扣主题紧扣主题，其中各 个发展句的内容要有典型性和真实性， 句句要与主题句有关。 l4中间段要对引言段中的主题思想发展和充发展和充 实实，因此需要在主题句的引领下的论证和说 明主题思想。因此在确立主题句后，着手对 那些有可能支持主题思想句的素材进行筛选。 理想的素材要有典型性典型性-所选材料能结合事 物的本质，具有代表性和很强的说服力、真真 实性实性-所选材料是客观事实，而非作者杜撰， 增加文章的可信度和紧扣主题的相关性相关性-所 选材料

50、与主题思想相关，紧扣主题。 l5主题句的扩展方法扩展方法有：时间顺序法、 程序展开法、空间开展法、演绎归纳法、 对比对照法、举例法、因果法、分类法、 定义法等。详见英语写作手册上的 讲解和例文。 l对整个段落和整篇而言，自然的结尾非常重要，尽管段 落可以没有结尾句，但文章一定需要一个自然而符合逻 辑的结尾段。 l1.总结主题，但不要简单重复总结主题，但不要简单重复 l主题的变通（同义反复）+观点概括 l如： why do i teach l why, then, do i teach? (1)i teach because i like the pace of the academic cal

51、endar. june, july, and, august offer an opportunity for reflection, research, and writing. (2) i teach because teaching is a profession built on change. when the material is the same, i change-and, more important, my student change. l(3) i teach because i like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to

52、 learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. as a teacher, i am my own boss. if i want my freshmen to learn to write by creating their own textbooks, who is to say i cant? such courses may be huge failures, but we can learn from failures. (4) i teach because i like to ask questions th

53、at students must struggle to answer. the world is full of right answers to bad questions. so teaching gives me pace, variety, freedom, and challenge. (总结句结尾 句-主题句) l2反诘问句反诘问句 l段落结尾处的问题可以使读者参与问题的思考，给 读者留下深刻的印象。 l如： what makes pollution so severe nowadays? firstly, people throw life wastes so careless

54、ly, with them littering streets, rivers and field. secondly, the development of economy deteriorates our environment to a great extent. the major pollutant is the industrial waste. the waste gas dirt the air and the waste liquid from factories poisons the water. lthirdly, some pollutions spread out

55、fast without effective solution to them. green house effect, for instance, has caused the iceberg at the two poles to melt, which means that lots of countries will be flood- stricken. how can we live a happy and healthy life, if our environment is too polluted to have fresh air to breathe or clean w

56、ater to drink? / if our environment is going to be polluted in these ways, what a world shall we leave our later generations? l3 提出建议，呼吁行动提出建议，呼吁行动 l提建议是很好的一种结尾方式，尤其在利弊、优缺对比之 后建议人们合理安排，趋利避害是很自然的事情。在要求 写某事物的必要性、重要性、有益处等的文章中，结尾处 适合提出建议，因为既然重要、有好处我们就要行动起来。 如： lhow to develop a good study habits? lthere

57、 are other techniques that might help you with your study. only a few have been mentioned here. you will probably discover many others after you have tried these. talk with your classmates about their study techniques. share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful. to improve y

58、our study habits will definitely improve your grades. l4. 展望未来展望未来 l文章的结尾处提出对文章或段落所讨论或说明的事理、观 点的一种展望，从而把主题引申到更高的意义层次上。 要 求提出建议的文章，一般结尾要展望一下采用作者的建议 可能的前景。如：2005对艺术节提建议的文章可以结尾为： lof course, there should be other shows to attack more students and show their own talents. i really hope that my suggestion

59、s are of help to the festival. i wish this festival could be held successfully and it would be a real show of our talents. l1998对污染问题提出解决污染的文章，自然结尾处要展望 采取建议后的良好结果和前景。如： li believe by using electricity to replace petrol as an important source of power, the world would be “cleaner”, where we can breat

60、he more freely and trees will turn green again. l5. 提出警示提出警示 l指出所讨论的问题的严重性或可能出现的严重性， 以引起读者对问题的重视。如: ease burden of our school children一文的结尾： lif we do not ease our school childrens study burden now, just imagine what would become of our children in a few years: their eyes short-sighted, their backs