[英语四六级]大学英语写作

1、essay writing 1 an introduction to writing introduction vif you dont think clearly, you wont write clearly. vdisciplined thinking is the key to effective writing. four steps 1. discover a clearly stated point, or thesis. 2. provide logical, detailed support for your thesis. 3. organize and connect y

2、our supporting material. 4. revise and edit so that your sentences are effective and error- free. van important difference between writing and talking in writing, any idea you in writing, any idea you advance must be supported advance must be supported with specific reasons or with specific reasons

3、or details.details. point and support in a paragraph no, thanks. going to the movies is just too much of a hassle. parking, people, everything. the hazards of moviegoing valthough i love movies, ive found that there are drawbacks to moviegoing. one problem is just the inconvenience of it all. to get

4、 to the theater, i have to drive for at least fifteen minutes, or more if traffic is bad. it can take forever to find a parking spot, and then i have to walk across a huge parking lot to the theater. there i encounter long lines, sold- out shows, and ever-increasing prices. and i hate sitting with m

5、y feet sticking to the floor because of other peoples spilled snacks. vanother problem is my lack of self-control at the theater. i often stuff myself with unhealthy calorie-laden snacks. my choices might include a bucket of popcorn, a box of milk duds, a giant soda, or all three. the worst problem

6、is some of the other moviegoers. kids run up and down the aisle. teenagers laugh and shout at the screen. people of all ages drop soda cups and popcorn tubs, cough and burp, and talk to one another. all in all, i would rather stay home and wait to see the latest movie hits on cable tv in the comfort

7、 of my own living room. van effective paragraph na point is advanced nthat point is then supported vthe evidence that supports the point in a paper often consists of na series of reasons followed by examples and details that support the reasons nanecdotes, personal experiences, facts, studies, stati

8、stics, and the opinions of experts. diagram of an essay vintroduction nopening remarks to catch readers interest nthesis statement central idea nplan of development (optional) vbody ntopic sentence 1 (supporting point 2) + specific sentences ntopic sentence 2 vconclusion nsummary (optional) ngeneral

9、 closing remarks (or both) the writing process pre-writing vtask: write about some annoyance in everyday life 1.free writing 2.questioning (why? when? where? who?) 1.why dont i like to go to a movie? 2.when is going to the movies a problem? 3.where are problems with moviegoing? 4.who creates the pro

10、blems? 3.making a list / brainstorming 4. clustering / diagramming / mapping moviegoing might see old boyfriend noisy people teenagers adults yelling telling plot coughing and sneezing too many people line at box office traffic getting to theater 5. preparing a scratch outline 草拟提纲草拟提纲 writing a fir

11、st draft vrevising nrevising content nis my paper unified? ndo all my supporting paragraphs truly support and back up my thesis? nis my paper supported? ndo i have specific evidence for each of the points? nis there plenty of specific evidence for each supporting point? nis my paper organized? ndo i

12、 have an interesting introduction, a solid conclusion, and an accurate title? ndo i have a clear method of organizing my paper? ndo i use transitions and other connecting words? nrevising sentences nrevising sentences ndo i use parallelism to balance my words and ideas? ndo i have a consistent point

13、 of view? ndo i use specific words? ndo i use active verbs? ndo i use words effectively by avoiding slang, cliches, pretentious language and wordiness? ndo i vary my sentences? 3 the first and second steps vstep 1 begin with a point, or thesis nwrite statements, not announcements ni want to talk abo

14、ut the crime wave in our country. navoid statements that are too broad nmen and women are very different navoid statements that are too narrow nmake sure statements develop only one idea nstudying with others has several benefits, but it also has drawbacks and can be difficult to schedule. step 2 su

15、pport the thesis with specific evidence vthe importance of specific details ndetails excite the readers interest. they make writing a pleasure to read, for we all enjoy learning particulars about people, places and things. ndetails serve to explain a writers points. they give the evidence needed for

16、 us to see and understand general ideas. vague support vs. specific support v many people in the theater show themselves to be inconsiderate. they make noises and create disturbances at their seats. included are people in every age group, from the young to the old. some act as if they were at home i

17、n their own living room watching the tv set. v little kids race up and down the aisles, usually in giggling packs. teenagers try to impress their friends by talking back to the screen, whistling, and making what they consider to be hilarious noises. adults act as if they were at home in their own li

18、ving room and comment loudly on the ages of the stars or why movies arent as good anymore. vand people are often messy, so that youre constantly aware of all the food theyre eating. vand people of all ages crinkle (使使 变皱变皱) candy wrappers, stick gum on their seats, and drop popcorn tubs or cups of c

19、rushed ice and soda on the floor. vpeople are also always moving around near your, creating a disturbance and interrupting your enjoyment of the movie. vthey also cough and burp, squirm (来回扭动来回扭动) endlessly in their seats, file out （鱼贯而（鱼贯而 出）出） for repeated trips to the rest rooms or concession sta

20、nd, and elbow you out of the armrest on either side of your seat. the third step organizing and connecting the specific evidence vtwo common methods: ntime order / chronological order nto begin with, nnext, nfinally, nemphatic order / saving the best till last nfor one thing, nin addition, nmost imp

21、ortant transitions vtransitional words vtransitional sentences transitional words vaddition signals: none, first of all, second, the third reason, also, next, another, and, in addition, moreover, furthermore, finally, last of all vtime signals: nfirst, then, next, after, as, before, while, meanwhile

22、, soon, now, during, finally vspace signals: nnext to, across, on the opposite side, to the left, to the right, above, below, near, nearby transitional words vchange-of-direction signals: nbut, however, yet, in contrast, although, otherwise, still, on the contrary, on the other hand villustration si

23、gnals: nfor example, for instance, specifically, as an illustration, once, such as vconclusion signals: ntherefore, consequently, thus, then, as a result, in summary, to conclude, last of all, finally transitional sentences vthe most helpful values i learned from my parents are the importance of fam

24、ily support, of hard work, and of a good education. (thesis statement) vfirst, my parents taught me that family members should stick together, especially in time of the trouble (first supporting paragraph) vin addition to teaching me about the importance ofmy parents taught me the value of valong wi

25、th the value ofmy parents emphasized the benefits of introductions, conclusions, and titles vintroductions nattracting the readers interest nsupplying background information npresenting a thesis statement nindicating a plan of development common methods of introduction 1. begin with a broad, general

26、 statement of your topic and narrow it down to your thesis statement. 2. start with an idea or a situation that is opposite of the one you will develop. 3. explain the importance of your topic to the reader. 4. use an incident or a brief story. 5. ask one or more questions. 6. use a quotation. 1.gen

27、eral to narrow 2.starting with an opposite 3.stating importance of topic 4.incident or story 5.questions 6.quotation examples vbookstore shelves today are crammed with dozens of different diet books. the american public seems willing to try any sort of diet, especially the ones that promise instant,

28、 miraculous results. and authors are more than willing to invent new fad diets to cash in on this craze. unfortunately, some of these fad diets are ineffective or even unsafe. one of the worst fad diets is the “palm beach” plan. it is impractical, doesnt achieve the results it claims, and is a sure

29、route to poor nutrition. general to narrow vdiseases like scarlet fever and whooping cough used to kill more young children than any other cause. today, however, child mortality due to disease has been almost completely eliminated by medical science. instead, car accidents are the number-one killer

30、of our children. and most of the children fatally injured in car accidents were not protected by car seats, belts, or restraints of any kind. several steps must be taken to reduce the serious dangers car accidents pose to our children. stating importance stating importance of topicof topic concludin

31、g paragraph vcommon methods of conclusion nend with a summary and final thought. (most common) ninclude a thought-provoking question or short series of questions. nholidays, it is clear, are often not the fulfilling experience they are supposed to be. they can, in fact, be very stressful. but would

32、we rather have a holiday-free calendar? nend with a prediction or recommendation. ndisappointments are unwelcome, but regular, visitors in everyones life. we can feel depressed about them, or we can try to escape from them. the best thing, though, is to accept a disappointment and then try to use it

33、 somehow: step over the unwelcome visitor and then get on with life. the fourth step - revising sentences strategies vuse parallelism vuse a consistent point of view vuse specific words vuse active verbs vuse concise words vvary your sentences use a consistent point of view vconsistency with verbs n

34、jean punched down the risen yeast dough in the bowl. then she dumps it onto the floured worktable and kneaded it into a smooth, shiny ball. vconsistency with pronouns none of the fringe benefits of my job is that you can use a company credit card for gasoline. nthough we like most of our neighbors,

35、there are a few you cant get along with. use specific words vto be an effective writer, you must you specific words rather than general words. specific words create pictures in the readers mind. they help capture interest and make your meaning clear. vshe walked down the street. vanimals came into the place. vthe man signed the paper. vanne wandered slowly along rogers lane. vhungry lions padded silently into the sawdust-covered arena. vthe biology teacher