(完整版)独立主格结构讲解及练习

1、独立主格结构的用法一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一 种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词 等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相 当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中 作状语，相当于一个状语从句。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词 短语）1. 名词（代词）+现在分词例句： The storm drawing ne

2、a，the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm draw ing n ear在 句中作：原因状语=Since the storm was drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a day由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day今天到此为止）例句： Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder

3、.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。Time permitt in g, I will go with you.独立主格作：条件状语=改写： ftime permits, I will go with you.造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。The girl stari ng at him, he did n k now what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写： As the girl stared at him, he did n tk now what to say.2. 名词（代词）+过去分词例句： He was listening att

4、entively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。例句： The meet ing gone over, every one tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。-1 -造句： 工作完成后，他回家了。The work done, he went back home.= When the work was done, he went back home.3. 名词（代词 ）+不定式在“名词 /代词 +动词不定式 ”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如 果存在着

5、逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系， 则用被动形式。例句： The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。例句： Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。造句： 还有很多作业要做，我不能和你走。A lot of home

6、 work to do, I can tgo with you.4. 名词（代词 ）+形容词 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。he stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.5. 名词（代词 ）+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。造句： The lights off, we could not g

7、o on with the work.6. 名词（代词 ）+名词His first shot failure ，he fired again 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。7. 名词（代词） +介词短语The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。三、with ， without 引导的独立主格结构with （ without）+ 宾语（名词 /代词） +宾语补足

8、语，宾语通常由名词或代词 充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.- 2 -小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词 +动词的-ing 形式）Without a word more spoke n, she left the meeti ng room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（ without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of

9、interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）The boy was walk ing, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhap

10、py.由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）在with （without）的复合结构中，多数情况下 with能省略，但without不 能省略。造句：老师走进教室，胳膊下面夹了一本书。The teacher walked into the classroom, with a book under his arm.造句：老师坐在椅子上，周围一群学生围着他。The teacher is sitting in the chair, with a group of students around him造句：工作完成了，他回家了。With the work done,

11、 he went back home.造句：由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等， 还可以作定语。1. 作时间状语My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地

12、踩在柔软的塌塌米 垫子上。The governor pondering the matte，more strikers gathered across his path.总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。2. 作条件状语Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。Such being the case you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。3. 作原因状语The b

13、oy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。4. 作伴随状语或补充说明I took my ticket ，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses， the people falling back respectfully on either side

14、我拿着车票还有我的奶酪， 雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。 人们似乎很尊 敬我，纷纷向两边退去。Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个 12 岁的男孩。 比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词 -ed 形式表示 动作已经结束，动词 -ing 形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried ，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急 , 有这么多的事情要处理。 （事情还没有处理，而且 是由经理本人来处理

15、，用不定式 to settle ）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事 情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动 词 -ed 形式 settled 表示动作已经结束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。 （两个动作同时进行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）五、独立主格结构的特殊用法1、有些分词短语可以独立存在 ,在句子中

16、没有逻辑上的主语 ,实际上已经变成了 习惯用法。这些短语有 :Generally speaking 总的说来 , Frankly speaking 坦率地说 ,Judg ing from 从判断,Suppos ing 假设，等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来 ,这条规则很容易懂。 Judgi ng from what he said, he must be an hon est man.由他所说的来判断 ,他一定是一个诚实的人。2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式 ,表明说话人的立场或态度 ,在句中

17、作独立成 分。这些短语有：to be honest老实说,to be sure确实,to tell you the truth说实 话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是 ,等等。 To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话 ,我犯了一个拼写错误。单项填空1. The lecture , he left his seat so quietly that no one comp

18、lained that his leavingdisturbed the speaker.A. beganB. beginningC. having begunD. being beginning2. Such the case, I have no other choices.A. beingB. isC. wasD. to be3. Darkness in, the young people strolled on the streets.A. setB. settingC. has setD. was set4. With all factors ,we think this progr

19、am may be better than all the others in achieving the goal.A. being considered B. considering C. considered D. are considered5. A new technique , the production increased by 20 percent.A. to have been worked outB. having worked outC. working out D. having been worked out6. On the top was the clear o

20、utline of a great wolf sitting still, ears , alert, listening.A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing7. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work , we didn taccept the offer.A. not being finished B. not having finishedC. had not been finishedD. was not finis

21、hed8. There are various kinds of metals, each its own properties （ 特性 ）.A. has B. had C. to have D. having9. The old man stood under a big tree, .A. a pipe in mouthB. with a pipe in mouthC. pipe in mouthD. pipe in his mouth10. The production steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of rawmaterial （原料 ）.A. has gone upB. is going upC. having gone up D. being gone up11The lecture， he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that hisleaving disturbed the speakerA began B beginning Chaving begun D being beginning 12Such_the case，there are no g