语法之七——五大句型结构

1、语法之七?五大句型结构? 1. S+Vi The cat died.? 2. S+Vt+O. She killed many wolves? 3.S+Vt+Oi+Od I give her a model car.? 4. s+Vt+O+C I name the dog Xixi.? The dog is named Xixi.? I keep a dog named Xixi.? 5. S+Vli nk+CMr. Fish remai ns you ng.双宾与宾补的区别?双宾和宾补的区别：? S （主）+V（谓）+10 （间宾）+DO （直宾）与 S+V+O（宾）+OC（宾补）两者在形式上

2、虽然有些相似，但如果掌握正确的方法，就很容易区分了，例如：1. He gave me a book他给我一本书2. He calls me Tom他叫我汤姆第2句中的宾语me （我）和宾语补足与Tom （汤姆），可以形成逻辑上的主谓关系，即 我是汤姆”但第1句不可 以，间接宾语me和直接宾语a book不存在逻辑上的主谓?（她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶。）? It + be + 名词词组 + doing / that .? e.g. It is no good telling lies.?（撒谎没好处。）? It is a pity that you didn t go to see the f

3、ilm yesterday.?（你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。）? It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party.?（没有共产党就没有新中国，这是毋庸质疑的。）?It + be + 过去分词 + that .? 该句型常见动词有： say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc.? e.g. It is said that they have inven ted a new type of comput

4、er.?（据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。）? It is believed that China will become one of the stro ngest coun tries in the world.?（大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。）? It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami.关系，即不能想象为我是一本书”? Vt+ C:? Call, name, make elect, appoint, consider, designate? 5. S+Vli nk+CMr.

5、 Fish remai ns you ng.? Vlink:? 1.表存在:be, remain, keep, lie. stay? 2. 表变化 become, come, go turn, get, grow, last ,weigh? 3. 表感观 seem look appear, sound, smell, taste, feel? E.g. it feels good.定语从句和同位语从句的区别?定语从句和同位语从句的区别:（参见语法讲义-种从句P7）? It is a fact that you can t deny.? It is a fact that she has don

6、e her best.? it作形式主语，形式宾语的用法 ？? it作形式主语? 1.他犯了那样一个错误真是遗憾。? That he made such a mistake is a pity .? It is a pity that he made such a mistake.? 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子 中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。? It作形式主语的常见句型：? It + be + 形容词 + to do sth. / doing / that?

7、e.g. It is very important to learn a foreign Ianguage.?（学一门外语非常重要。）? It is useless crying over the spilt milk.?（覆水难收。）? It was really surprising that she married a man like that.?（据报道，至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生。）? It + seems / appears / happens等不及物动词 +that? e.g. It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much

8、.?（似乎他非常喜欢流行歌曲。）? It appears that Tom might change his mind.?（看来汤姆可能会改变主意。）?若句子是疑问形式，就只能用it作形式主语。? e.g. Does it matter much that they won t cometomorrow?（他们明天不来很重要吗？）? Is it true that he will go abroad next week?（他下周出国是真的吗？）? It + takes + （sb.） + some time + to do sth.?这是一个表示“（某人）花多少时间干某事”的句型，其中it是形

9、式主语，代替后面的不定式“to do sth.），句型中的sb.也可以省略。? e.g. It took me some time to read the reading materials.?（我花了一些时间才读完那段阅读材料。）? It took him fourtee n hours to go to New Zeala nd from Shan ghai by pla ne.?（从上海乘飞机去新西兰花了他14小时。）? How long does it take you to go to Beijing from Qingdao by train?（从青岛坐火车到北京一般要花多久时间？

10、）? I am not sure, but I think it takes at least nine hours to get there.?（我不能肯定，但估计至少要九个钟头才能到那儿。）? it作形式宾语? 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子 中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱, 常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it仍 只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。（1）make /find/ feel / con sider / think it + adj / n + thatto do（2） it指代后面从句所叙述的内容，常用于这些动词后，like/

11、dislike/love/hate /appreciate/make+it后常跟 if 或when 从句 I hate it when people laugh at the old （3） depe nd on it that1.1 likein the autu mn whe n the weather is clearand bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one2.You may depe nd onthat you pare nts will helpyou whe never you n eed it. A.them B. yourself C.

12、it D.me? 答案：CC? 下列四种情况须用it作形式宾语：? 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在复合宾 语结构（宾语带补语）中作某些动词的宾语时（如thi nk,make, find, con sider, feel, suppose等）；? e.g. They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chin ese.英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有一些（如下为中的句型、（12）等，见圈码）很容易译错 一一其主要原因在于：英汉两语 在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：1

13、 倍数增加（1）A is n times as great （long , much ,）as B.（） A is n times greater （longer , more , ）than B.（） A is n times the size （length , amount , ）of B.（） 以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量， ）是B 的n倍或A比日大（长，多，）n-1倍.例如：This book is three times as long as （three times Ion ger than , three times the length of） that one ,

14、这本书的篇幅是那本书的 3倍（即长两倍）。注：当相比的对象 B很明显时，than （as, of） B常被省 去。?（他们发现与我们中国人一起工作很愉快。）? I don t feel difficult to understand the Special English.?（我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难。）? He makes it a rule never to borrow money.?（他立志决不向别人借钱。）? I think it no need talking about it with them.?（我认为没必要跟他们谈。）?某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐的动词，如like, enj

15、oy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句；? e.g. I don t like it that he s so lazy.?（我不喜欢他那么懒惰。）? I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs.?（我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。）?that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语；? e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you.?（尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。）? Would you see to it that she gets home early?（你负责保证她早到家，好

16、吗？）? He insisted on it that he was innocent.?（他坚持说自己是无辜的。）?由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时，须借用 it。（2）in crease to n times （）in crease n times / n-fold （）in crease by n times（）in crease by a factor of n（）以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。例如：The product ion of in tegrated circuits has bee nin creased tothree ti

17、mes as compared with last year 。集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。The output of chemical fertilizer has bee n raised fivetimesas aga inst 1986 化肥产量比1986年增加了 4倍。That can in crease metabolic rates by two or three times 。那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。The dra in voltage has bee n in creased by a factor of four. 漏电压增加了 3借（即

18、增加到原来的4倍）。注: 在这类句型中 in crease 常被 raise , grow , go/step up , multiply等词所替代。? e.g. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.?（我让你自己判断这事是否该做。）? We owe it to you that there wasn t a serious dent.?（多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。）?英语倍数最大的特点是：先说倍数”再说是谁的比谁的”等。概括起来，英语倍数表示主要就三种句 式。语倍数句型及其译法（3）There is a n-f

19、oldincrease/growth应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。（）这个句型还有其它一些形式，如：A record high in crease in value of four times was reported.据报道，价值破记录地增长了 3倍。（4）double【增加 1 倍】,treble （增加 2倍）,quadruple（增加3倍）。（）例如：The efficie ncy of the mach ines has bee n more tha n trebled orquadrupled .这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。（5）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍

20、数词来比较倍数的方法，如：A is as much （large , long，）again as B.【=A is twiceasmuch (large , long , )as B.】（）应译为：A比B多（大，长，)1倍。A is half as much (large ,1ong ,)againas B.【=Ais oneand a half times as much(large ,1ong ,)as B.】（11）应译为:A比B多（大，长）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。 2、倍数减少（1） A is n times as small （light, slow ,）as B. （12 ）

21、A is n times smaller （lighter , slower ,）than B. （13 ） 以上两句均应译为： A的大小（重量，速度， ）是B 的1/n或A比B小（轻，慢，）（n-1 ） /n。例如：The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygenatom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16 （即比氧原子约轻15 /16 ）。This sort of membra ne is twice thinner tha n ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/ 2）。注：当相比的对象 B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。减至1 / n或：减少（n 1）/ n。（ 17）这个句型还有其它一些形式，如：A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed .发现迅速减少到1 / 7。The prin cipal adva ntage of the products is a two-foldreduct ion in weight ；这些产品的主要