2021年浅谈我国保险法代位求偿权法律内涵与外延word版

1、精选word文档 下载可编辑浅谈我国保险法代位求偿权的法律内涵与外延作者 崔崇波 李长军 发布时间 211-8-5 14:37:13保险代位求偿权是民商法代位权制度与保险理赔制度相结合的产物，具有自身独立的法律地位。关于保险代位权的权利性质，大致有三种观点1、债权移转说2、债权拟制转移说，3、赔偿请求权说。保险代位求偿权,作为法律赋予保险人的一种特殊权利,既可以使被保险人在遭受保险事故后能尽快得到补偿,又可避免其获得不当得利的可能;既能保证保险人在此种情况下不会因为支付了赔款而减弱其经济实力、降低其经济补偿能力,从而保障保险人的权益,又使有过错的第三者不能因为有保险人的赔付而推卸自己应承担的责

2、任,具有极其重要的现实意义。一、保险代位求偿权概述代位求偿权又称保险代位权，是指当保险标的遭受保险事故造成的损失，依法应由第三者承担赔偿责任时，保险公司自支付保险赔偿金之日起，在赔偿金额的限度内，相应地取得向第三者请求赔偿的权利。“保险代位权是各国保险法基于保险利益原则，为防止被保险人获得双重利益而公认的一种债权移转制度”，通常认为保险代位权其实质是民法清偿代位制度在保险法领域的具体运用。二、保险代位求偿权的成立条件保险法第45条是保险人代位权的法律依据。代位求偿权是法律赋予保险公司的权益，代位求偿制度的目的是维护保险的补偿原则、避免道德风险，同时体现社会公平原则。保险代位的理论依据通常解释为

3、1不能让被保险人因投保而取得额外的利益；2不能让有过错的第三者逃避他在法律上的赔偿责任。（一）保险代位求偿权的行使要件我国保险法关于代位求偿权的行使条件于第44条第1款“由第三者对保险标的的损害而造成保险事故的，保险人自向被保险人赔偿保险金之日起，在赔偿范围内代位行使被保险人对第三者请求赔偿的权利”。被保险人对第三人须有赔偿请求权。被保险人对第三人有赔偿请求权是保险人行使代位求偿权的先决条件。这是保险人行使代位求偿权的前提条件。被保险人因保险事故对第三人享有损害赔偿请求权，就是保险人所代位行使的实体权利，因此被保险人享有相应请求权是保险人行使代位求偿权不可或缺的条件。1、保险人已对被保险人给付

4、保险金这是代位求偿权行使的实质性条件。在保险事故发生之际，被保险人对第三人有损失赔偿请求权的，在保险人依保险合同给付保险金之前，保险人不得对造成损害的第三人行使保险代位权，因为在保险人给付被保险人保险金之前，被保险人既可向保险人请求给付保险金，也可向第三人要求损害赔偿，这个阶段保险人的代位权表现为期待权，如果被保险人向第三人请求赔偿而获得部分或者全部赔偿。2、保险代位求偿权范围以保险补偿金为限保险法第45条规定，保险人须在赔偿金额范围内代位行使被保险人对第三者请求赔偿的权利。然海商法第254条第2款规定“保险人从第三人取得的赔偿超过其支付的保险赔偿的，超过部分应当返还给被保险人。”依此可以得出

5、保险人的代位权范围可不受赔偿金额限制。只不过当其获得的赔偿数额超过其支付的补偿金额时，须将超过部分返还给被保险人。3、保险人得以自己的名义行使保险代位求偿权我国的保险法没有对保险人以谁的名义行使代位权作出明文规定理论上，但终究还是独立于被保险人之外的权利，保险人不必获得被保险人的同意或者经被保险人的转让，即可直接以保险人自己的名义向第三人行使被保险人对第三人所享有的损害赔偿请求权。被保险人基于法律的明文规定将保险代位权转移给保险人。4、“被保险人优先原则”保险事故发生后，若第三人对损害负有赔偿责任时，保险人依合同给付保险赔偿后，可就其给付范围内向第三人请求赔偿。但在不足额保险或限额赔偿责任保险

6、中，保险人的赔偿数额不能完全补偿被保险人所受损失，被保险人对第三人仍享有赔偿请求权。此时若第三人的清偿能力不足或依法所负赔偿额少于被保险人的损失，则被保险人赔偿请求权与保险人的代位求偿权发生冲突，孰先孰后，利益关切。二、保险代位求偿权立法弊端及建议保险的宗旨是为被保险人提供双重保障，以确保被保险人的损失得以充分补偿。保险人应在保险补偿金额范围内代位行使对第三者请求赔偿的权利。被保险人对代位权行使的结果享有优先受偿权。为充分发挥保险代位权的功能，应尽快完善我国的保险立法。（一）保险代位求偿权的法律性质保险代位求偿权设立的目的有相应两点一是避免被保险人因保险合同而获得双重补偿，这是保险损害填补原则

7、的要求;二是避免轻慢、放纵第三人责任，使其疏于履行注意义务，此则是当事人需对自己行为负责的要求。在实务中，对保险代位求偿权法律性质的明确是十分有必要的。保险代位求偿权主要应包括以下两方面特征1、法定性，即该权利由法律规定，不以保险合同约定为依据，只要当事人在保险合同中没有明确约定保险人放弃保险代位求偿权，该权利即成立。需要说明的是，对于保险人是否可以放弃保险代位求偿权以及放弃后如何处理的问题，下文将专门论述。2、是代位性，即保险代位求偿权对被保险人对第三者的直接求偿权在对象、内容方面没有变化，仅仅是行使主体的不同。用俗语说是“保险公司穿着被保险人的鞋子走路”。因此，上述案件中，责任保险的贷款人

8、与借款人之间关于管辖的约定与借款利率、借款期限等借款合同的内容一样对保险人有效。同样，第三者对被保险人的抗辩同样适用于保险人，完全可以针对被保险人对保险人提起反诉。（二）扩大保险代位求偿权的适用范围我国保险法把代位求偿权放在财产保险合同中，并且在人身保险合同中明文规定人身保险不适用代位求偿权(参见新保险法第68条)，于是代位求偿权成了财产保险合同所特有的制度，完全排斥其在人身保险合同中的适用。然而，随着现代保险业的发展，国际上新的险种的诞生，这种完全排斥在人身保险合同中的适用的立法已经受到挑战，因此我国新保险法对于保险代位权的适用范围的限制并非明智之举，应当赋予上述保险合同当事人以约定保险代位

9、权。如此规定，既符合保险法理，又同国际保险立法接轨。（三）明确保险人行使代位求偿权的名义在新的法律关系中，第三者仍是债务人，若其不自觉履行赔偿义务，保险人可依法向人民法院起诉请求保护。因此，从债权转让角度出发，保险人必须是以自己的名义才能行使代位求偿权。鉴于此，笔者建议修改保险法的规定，确定保险人以自己的名义行使代位求偿权。另外，中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法也明确规定，对于保险人的其它行使代位求偿权的方式，如仲裁、调解、协商等，保险人也应当以自己的名义来行使代位求偿权。参 考 文 献1、江朝国保险法论文集，台湾瑞兴图书股份有限公司，1992、邹海林保险法，人民法院出版社，1993、江朝国保

10、险法基础理论，中国政法大学出版社，24、刘宗荣保险法，三民书局股份有限公司，1995、秦道夫保险法论，机械工业出版社，2.6、邢海宝海事诉讼特别程序研究，法律出版社，22（作者单位黑龙江省佳木斯市东风区人民法院）来源 中国法院网trade union work systemtrade union work systemthe staff and workers' congresschapter i general principlesthe first is to protect my company workers democratic management power, full

11、 of enthusiasm and creativity of employees, wisdom run company, this regulation is formulated.second public companies in the implementation of the board of directors general manager responsibility system under the leadership of the building at the same time, must establish and improve the system of

12、workers' congress and other democratic management systems, security barrier and play the role of trade union organizations and representatives of the employees table in consideration of the major decision-making enterprises, supervision and supervision of administrative leadership, power and ro

13、le of safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers and so on.third the trade union committee of the enterprise is the work of the staff and workers' congress, and is responsible for the daily work of the staff and workers' congress.fourth the staff and workers' congress

14、 shall accept the ideological and political leadership of the party committee, and shall exercise its functions and powers within the limits prescribed by law.article fifth the staff and workers' congress shall actively support the general manager to exercise the authority of the management and

15、 decision making and the unified command of the production activities.sixth of workers' congress of democratic centralism.second chapter of authorityarticle seventh the staff and workers' congress shall exercise the following functions and powers:a general manager, to listen to and conside

16、r the science about the company's operating principles, long-term long-term planning, the annual plan, the basic construction plan, major technological transformation and technology introduction plan, staff training plan, its own funds allocation and use of the program, and put forward opinions

17、 and suggestions, and make a resolution on the implementation of the scheme.two, consider the company's salary adjustment through the program, the labor protection measures programs, incentives and other important regulatory rules and regulations.three, to consider the use of the program, the w

18、elfare of the staff and workers' welfare programs and other major issues related to the lives of the workers and staff.four, evaluation and supervision of leading cadres at all levels of the company, and put forward suggestions on punishment and the appointment.in five, the workers' congre

19、ss meeting, can by the general manager on behalf of the government, the chairman of the trade union staff representatives signed the system of equal consultation and collective contract, for the common goal for the development of the company, each other is to assume the obligation to ensure the impl

20、ementation.staff representative of the third chaptereighth employees of the company in accordance with the law to enjoy political rights were elected as representatives of the employees of cocoa.article 99 the employees' representatives to the department room or the basic level branch as a unit

21、, directly elected by the workers. the operators, technical personnel and management personnel, leading cadres and young workers, female workers have accounted for a certain proportion, the company and the department of leadership cadres of the general staff to do the total number of deputies to 55

22、points.tenth employees on behalf of the ministry or the basic unit of the department of the unit is a single unit of the delegation, elected head.eleventh staff representatives for implementation of the permanent system of election, once every two years, may be re elected. the election of representa

23、tives of the employees table unit employees, elected units and workers have the right to supervise and replace the withdrawal of representatives of the staff and workers units.the rights and obligations of the representatives of the twelfth staff and workers:a table, in the staff representative meet

24、ing, have the right to vote, to be elected in voting and voting rights. the right to execute executive congress resolutions and proposal to implement the situation to be checked.two, on behalf of workers should work hard to improve their own quality, on behalf of the legitimate interests of workers,

25、 and truthfully reflect the opinions and demands of the masses of workers, law-abiding model good books work.three, on behalf of the staff and workers to exercise democratic rights, any organization and individual shall not suppress obstruction and strike retaliation.the fourth chapter organization

26、systemthe thirteenth generation of workers congress delegation chairman presided over the meeting discussion, the members of the presidium shall, operators, managers and technicians. our company middle-level cadres, including workers, technical personnel, management staff should be more than half.th

27、e fourteenth section of the workers' congress held once a year at least for each meeting, there must be 33 points more than two staff representatives attend the seats. in case of major matters by the general manager, the labor union of the company more than 1/3 staff or staff representatives pr

28、oposal may convene the meeting. the workers' congress elections held and resolutions must be approved by all workers represented by more than half.twenty-fifth of the workers congress around increase and enhance the vitality of enterprises, promote the technology step by step, improve economic

29、efficiency, for enterprise management, an important problem of distribution system and workers life and fix the issue. staff and workers congress decided in its position within the scope of authority, without consent shall not be modified by the workers' congress change.table sixteenth employee

30、 representative congress is not in session, the need for temporary solutionan important question by trade unions called post head meeting of representatives of the staff and workers, and consultation with the down of a workers' congress report confirmed. head meeting may participate in accordin

31、g to the meeting invited the leadership of the company and other relevant personnel.the fifth chapter of the staff and workers' congress and the trade unionseventeenth work as a staff representative of the general assembly of the work of the organization, to undertake the following work:first,

32、the organization of staff and workers elected representatives.two, the collection of workers on behalf of the major issues of the proposal, presided over the work of representatives of the general assembly of the preparatory work and the organization of the meeting.three, presided over the meeting o

33、f representatives of the staff and workers on behalf of the meeting.four, the organization of specialized teams to investigate and research, to make recommendations to the workers' congress, inspection and supervision and supervision of the implementation of the resolution of the general assemb

34、ly, the implementation of the staff and workers to implement the resolution of the general assembly on behalf of workers.five, to the staff and workers into the democratic management of publicity and education, the organization of staff and workers on behalf of the learning policy, business and mana

35、gement knowledge, improve the quality of the staff representatives.six, accept and deal with the complaints and suggestions of representatives of the staff and workers, maintenance of the legitimate rights and interests of workers.seven, the organization of democratic management of its other work.th

36、e sixth chapter of the department of the room, the team's democratic managementaccording to the specific circumstances, the eighteenth department may take the form of the employees' congress or the employee's representative office to exercise democratic management power in the affairs

37、 of the authority of the department.nineteenth teams and groups of democratic management, by the workers directly participate in the team's trade union leaders and workers under the auspices of the activities carried out under the auspices of the team building by the trade union leader to assis

38、t the squad leader.the seventh chapter supplementary provisionsarticle twentieth the company's trade unions shall be responsible for the interpretation of these regulations.article twenty-first of the regulations issued from the date of promulgation.trade union workone, promote the party's

39、 road line, principles, policies, the implementation of the higher level of union spirit, under the leadership of the party committee and the completion of the work of the task.two, strengthen democratic management, do a good job of the staff and workers' congress held preparatory, and closing

40、work, do not hold regular workers delegation head of the meeting, to ensure the smooth flow of the main channel of democracy.three, adhere to the 22 maintenance of unity, do a good job in the labor dispute mediation work, the protection of the specific interests of the masses of the protection of th

41、e masses of workers from invasion.four, strengthen the source participation, actively participate in the company's various policy strategies, measures to develop, and supervise the implementation of the line, reflecting the wishes of the majority of workers and requirements.five, the organizati

42、on of workers to carry out labor competition, to make reasonable proposals, small leather, small inventions to create a living activity, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the production of workers.six, to carry out the warm and warm project activities for the workers to run everything, practical thin

43、gs, to help solve the difficult life, do a good job of mutual assistance insurance and staff and workers to study and research work.seven, establish and perfect the trade unions at all levels, achieve organization system network, fixed regularly held congress, a good new member of the development an

44、d transfer of work.eight, establish and improve the levels of female workers organization, coordination of relevant departments to do a good job of female female workers four period, play essential role of female workers into the sky, to promote the development of production, protect the legitimate

45、rights and interests of women workers are not infringed.nine, the group organized the staff to carry out health, education and teaching in music, small and diverse cultural and sports activities, active corporate cultural life, and strive to enhance the cohesion of the enterprise.ten, to strengthen

46、the financial management of the union, according to the trade union funds on time, to develop the use of the labor union funds budget, reasonable expenses, and do a good job in the collection and use of union dues.union membership management systemarticle 1 this regulation is formulated in accordanc

47、e with the relevant provisions of the articles of association of china's trade union, and with the company's actual situation.second who meet the conditions for membership in the union constitution and the provisions of the china , has signed a labor contract with the company staff can app

48、ly to join into the union.third apply for unionized workers, shall i put out the application, and the chinese national federation of trade unions shall fill in application form and trade union membership registration form, by the union approval group and grass-roots trade union audit, is a member of

49、 the union. its membership from the union committee approved the date since.fourth trade union members should actively participate in the activities of the union, the right to exercise their rights and fulfill their obligations, and timely payment of contributions.fifth members will be free to go ba

50、ck. members of the withdrawal will be written application, through the trade union group, approved by the labor union committee, from the day of withdrawal will stop paying their dues.sixth members do not have the proper reason to continue for 6 months without payment of membership dues, do not part

51、icipate in the processing will organize life, education refused to correct, should be regarded as automatic withdrawal.article 77 where serious crimes and criminal sanctions by members of trade unions, by the committee for discussion and decision, dismissed its membership.the relationship between th

52、e eighth members of the organization changes with the change of labor relations, the labor relations of the members change, the relationship between the members of the human relations with me to transfer, with the membership card to transfer.ninth to master company membership, every month 25 days be

53、fore this grass-roots trade unions shall fill in grass-roots union members report union office reported to the company, requirements in a timely manner, digital true and reliable.tenth such as the management of the members of the lost dangdang, causing unnecessary labor disputes, etc., will be held

54、responsible for the relevant personnel.eleventh handle refund formalities will have workers, and apply for membership, allowing it to re apply for the admission procedures.twelfth members retired, retired, laid-off, insurable retained membership. membership retention period from dues. members mainta

55、in membership, no longer have the right to vote and to be elected in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state. in addition to enjoy the insurance benefits, the same treatment will no longer enjoy membership.thirteenth the ordinance shall be implemented as of the date of promulgation, and

56、 the right to interpret it shall be in the company's trade union committee.union chairman job dutiesone, in the company party branch and the superior trade union under the leadership of the trade union committee, presided over this unit is responsible for the daily work. the trade union work pl

57、an, regular arrangement, examination, summing up the work, and timely reporting to the party branch and trade unions.two, the implementation of the implementation of the party's line, principles, policies, adhere to the production and operation of enterprises as the center of the heart and to d

58、emocratic management as the focus, play the essential role of working mechanism of the congress, the comprehensive carry out the activities of trade unions.three, the implementation of democratic centralism principle, chaired by members of the general assembly or a member of congress, trade union co

59、mmittee, democracy, brainstorming, the trade unions do to promote the harmonious development of enterprises and employees, the stability and unity of the home of workers.four, support the work of enterprise administration, to participate in the development of the enterprise planning, reform and innovation and life and other important work to discuss th